Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Vocabulary:

Ecumene - portion of Earth's surface that is occupied by permanent human settlement

5 Too's - when the environment is too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry or too hilly, humans will not want to live in these areas

Density - number of people in a space

Distribution - the spatial spread of people in a space

Demographers - people who study population concentration and distribution

Demography - study of population concentration and distribution

Carrying Capacity - number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation; population that can be supported in an area

Sex Ratio - number of male births/number of female births times ratio

Natural Increase Rate/Rate of Natural Increase (RNI/NIR) - percentage by which population grows in a year

Population Doubling Time - number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant RNI

Crude Birth Rate - total number of births in a year for every 1000 people

Crude Death Rate - total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people

Total Fertility Rate - average number of children a woman will have in her life

Infant Mortality Rate - total number of deaths of babies less than a year old in a year for every 1000 births

Epidemiologic Transition - explains causes of changing death rates in the demographic transition model

Life Expectancy - average amount of years a person is expected to live

Immigrants - people entering a country to live there permanently

Emigrants - people leaving a country permanently to live somewhere else

Gravity Model - bigger cities have a bigger "pull" to migrants

Transnational Migration - process of movement and settlement across international borders where the person maintains or builds multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while settling in a new country

Transhumance - seasonal herding of animals to high and low elevations

Guest Worker - temporary labor migration adds workers to a country's workforce

Internal Migration - permanent moves that stay in a country

Interregional Migration - moving between regions

Intraregional Migration - moves that stay in the same region

Factors Related to High Population Density

In many developed countries, population is shrinking

One big question is how to fill the jobs older generations will leave behind with a smaller incoming population of working age people (too many jobs not enough people)

Changes in pop are due to mortality, fertility, and migration which are influenced by environmental, economic, social and political factors

Pop growth – stable government, stable economic situation

Pop decline – war, disease, plague, natural disasters

Stage 1

- Stabilized high death rate

- Stabilized high birth rate

- Stabilized low population

- Lack of contraceptives, medicine, education

- High infant mortality rate

- Lower average age of death

- Preindustrial age

Ex. Spread of diseases, Endemic – local, epidemic – region, pandemic – spreads across regions

Stage 2

- Lowering death rate

- High birth rate

- Rising population

- Medical advances, lack of contraceptives, still a lack of education

- Improved sanitation, better food security, medicine, pandemics are still an issue

Stage 3

- Lowering death rate

- Lowering birth rate

- Rising population

- Medical advances, increased education, increased cost of children compared to benefit

- Fewer infectious disease death, rise in death from aging, longer life expectancy and lower death rates, population growth

Stage 4

- Stabilized low death rate

- Stabilized low birth rate

- Stabilized high population

- Most developed countries

- Most people live full lives unless an accident

- Medical advances cure many diseases

- Roughly enough children born to keep the population stable

- Medical advances extend life expectancy, better diets, high life expectancy, junk food and sedentary lifestyles

Stage 5

- Death rate possibly increases

- Birth rate possibly decreases

- Population probably drops

- Either some countries have begun this stage or it’s still theoretical, either way we don’t know too much to be sure

- Infectious and parasitic diseases return because of resistance to antibiotics and disease mutation, rising urbanization and lowering life expectancy

Population Policies

Women and Demographic Change

Aging Populations - few people born, less people dying, high life expectancy

Causes for Migration

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Short distances

2. Urban areas

3. Multiple Steps

4. Rural to Urban

5. Counter Migration

6. Youth - younger people are more likely to move to a new country

7. Gender Patterns - men are more likely to move to a new country

Forced Migration

Voluntary Migration