Biden surprised by low poll numbers!

He's helped the Taliban

He's helped illegal immigrants

He's helped China

He's helped Russia

He's helped Iran

He's helped the Mexican Cartels

With all the people he's helped why are his poll numbers so low?

MAYBE BECAUSE HE"S NOT HELPING AMERICANS!

On the night of July 1, the United States military departed from Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan “without notifying the base’s new Afghan commander, who discovered the Americans’ departure more than two hours after they left,” the Associated Press reported at the time.

As chaos erupted at Hamid Karzai International Airport following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban on Sunday, some members of Congress and Afghanistan war experts are asking why the United States didn’t hold on to its secure base of 20 years at Bagram, located about 30 miles north of Kabul.

“No one in their right mind would have closed Bagram Air Base while leaving behind thousands of civilians,” Arkansas GOP senator and Afghanistan war veteran Tom Cotton wrote on Twitter.

$7 billion of military equipment in equipment left behind in Afghanistan, to include Planes, guns, night-vision goggles. Current intelligence assessment was that the Taliban are believed to control more than 2,000 armored vehicles, including U.S. Humvees, and up to 40 aircraft potentially including UH-60 Black Hawks, scout attack helicopters, and ScanEagle military drones.

"We have already seen Taliban fighters armed with U.S.-made weapons they seized from the Afghan forces. This poses a significant threat to the United States and our allies," Representative Michael McCaul, the top Republican on the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee, told Reuters in an email.

Between 2002 and 2017, the United States gave the Afghan military an estimated $28 billion in weaponry, including guns, rockets, night-vision goggles and even small drones for intelligence gathering.

But aircraft like the Blackhawk helicopters have been the most visible sign of U.S. military assistance, and were supposed to be the Afghan military' biggest advantage over the Taliban.

Between 2003 and 2016 the United States provided Afghan forces with 208 aircraft, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO).

Since 2003 the United States has provided Afghan forces with at least 600,000 infantry weapons including M16 assault rifles, 162,000 pieces of communication equipment, and 16,000 night-vision goggle devices.

"The ability to operate at night is a real game-changer," one congressional aide told Reuters.

Votel and others said smalls arms seized by the insurgents such as machine guns, mortars, as well as artillery pieces including howitzers, could give the Taliban an advantage against any resistance that could surface in historic anti-Taliban strongholds such as the Panjshir Valley northeast of Kabul.

Andrew Small, a Chinese foreign policy expert at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, said the Taliban was likely to grant Beijing access to any U.S. weapons they may now have control over.

Joe Biden is sweating bullets after a bombshell report exposed this massive failure

Joe Biden’s regime is on its way to becoming one of the worst Presidencies of all time.

Biden is desperate to try and cover up his failures.

But Joe Biden is sweating bullets after a bombshell report exposed this massive failure.

Joe Biden’s catastrophic withdrawal from Afghanistan is one of the greatest foreign policy disasters the country has ever witnessed.

Biden botched the whole operation from beginning to end, leaving America’s enemies emboldened by his incompetence.

While more current Biden blunders are dominating the news, the public is still demanding answers about the tragedy in Afghanistan.

And a leading Republican is exposing Biden’s incompetence in a new report.

Idaho Senator Jim Risch, the ranking Republican on the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, dropped a scathing 148-page report detailing Biden’s failures.

The report blasts the regime for its disastrous planning and for the damage done to America on the world stage.

“While there is substantial disagreement about the policy to leave Afghanistan, Americans share outrage over how the United States withdrew last August, and what that failure has done to America’s standing in the world,” Senator Risch said.

Risch’s report argues that Biden “ignored numerous intelligence reports about the potential for a speedy Taliban takeover of Kabul, decided to abandon Bagram Air Base, disregarded dissent cables from the State Department (State), failed to plan an evacuation until it was too late, and in the process, abandoned tens of thousands of Afghan partners.”

One of the most damning pieces of evidence involves the regime’s planning for the collapse of the Afghan government.

According to the report, Biden ignored intelligence on the ground that the situation was collapsing as the withdrawal began.

Biden was so unprepared that the National Security Council didn’t convene to discuss the withdrawal until the day Kabul fell on August 14, 2021.

With the fall of the Afghan government likely, there was no planning to evacuate Americans and Afghan allies.

The report found that “there is no record provided that the DC met any time before August 14 to begin discussions on safe and orderly relocations out of Afghanistan.”

The most terrifying news contained in the report is that Bagram Air Force Base, home to a major American prison, was abandoned and senior members of Al Qaeda were freed.

This report confirms an earlier bombshell from Axios where leaked documents showed the regime scrambling to figure out what to do as Afghanistan fell to the Taliban.

While Biden and top aides involved in the catastrophe have escaped responsibility thus far, that could soon change.

With Republicans expected to retake control of Congress this November, Biden could face a Republican-led investigation to get to the bottom of this tragic failure.

Renewed Right will keep you up-to-date on any new developments in this ongoing story.

Risch Afghanistan Report 2022 

LEFT BEHIND 

A Brief Assessment of the Biden Administration’s Strategic Failures during the Afghanistan Evacuation 

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

February 2022

Dear colleagues,

Over the past 20 years, the United States and its allies were engaged in a military and diplomatic

mission in Afghanistan. Our mission made great achievements in combatting terrorism and

supporting the rights of the citizens of Afghanistan, particularly women and girls. While there is

substantial disagreement about the policy to leave Afghanistan, Americans share an outrage in how

the United States withdrew last August and what that failure has done to America’s standing.

Despite countless warnings that the Taliban had the ability to take the country swiftly, the Biden

Administration failed to properly plan a coordinated evacuation of U.S. citizens, Afghans, and allied

partners. The administration waited until less than a day before Kabul fell to make senior leadership

decisions on organizing and executing a withdrawal, which proved to be too little too late. While

the Department of Defense and Department of State pulled off a major feat in the number of people

evacuated, more of our partners could have been saved if proper planning had been conducted.

There are many issues to investigate and address, but this report will describe how the

Biden Administration’s failure of duty allowed for a quick Taliban takeover of Afghanistan and

a botched withdrawal that left hundreds of Americans and tens of thousands of Afghan partners

behind. The United States will have to deal with the fallout of this failure for years to come.

Sincerely,

James E. Risch

Ranking Member

To see PDF Document click on link below

6 January Capitol Riot

Where was security? deliberately absent

Why was the request for the National guard overruled by Schumer?

What about your plant within the crowd trying to incite the crowd and being shouted down as a Fed, Ray Epps?

Where is the Scaffolding commander, some say was Thomas Caldwell

Why is there no mention of Rose Ann Boylan who got trembled to death in the DC tunnel? Her body was dragged away while a rescuer was administering CPR.

What about Ashli Babbitt shot to death by DC finest?

Ashli Babbitt was trying to stop people from breaking in, and she was shot to death by a DC police officer

Was a setup! Queen Creek resident Ray Epps ex-Marine accused of being an 'FBI plant sent to help incite January 6 Capitol riot' Listen to the crowd shouting “NO! FED, FED” 

Are the Democrats trying to reduce the population of the earth so as to save the earth for the poor little bunnies?

Are the Democrats trying to play G-d and trying to control the population? Abortion, late term abortion, and now Infanticide? The issue of infanticide rocketed to the top of headlines. Virginia’s Gov. Ralph Northam (D) propelled the debate when he voiced shocking support for what some have called “after-birth abortion” by publicly stating that disabled babies could be denied proper medical treatment after they’re born. That prompted US Senate Republicans to try and pass a law saying babies should be given medical treatment if they’re alive and have made it outside the womb after surviving an abortion. Democrats blocked the move.

Update to Infanticide 25 May 2022

AB 2223 is a pro-abortion California bill that contains language that would restrict the investigation and reporting of certain kinds of infant deaths, and could effectively legalize infanticide. 

The population depicted in this movie is so indoctrinated and brainwashed from childhood, they willingly submit to the will of the computer that runs this futuristic society. A computer system like they NOW have in communist China called, believe it or not SKYNET!

(SkyNet focused on installing cameras connected to facial recognition algorithms.

“Chinese state-run media has claimed Skynet can scan the entire Chinese population in one second with 99.8 percent accuracy, yet such claims ignore glaring technical limitations,” Peterson wrote).

This is a good example of Democrats rushing into a project without forethought and proper planning. 

Biden has proposed paying for his plan primarily by increasing the corporate tax rate from 21% to 28%.

Many people do not understand corporate taxation, and the Democrats take advantage of that misunderstanding.

For the most part, this misconception comes down to two factors: a misunderstanding of how corporate income is defined, and a misunderstanding of how corporate income is taxed.

First, there’s reason to believe that many of the corporations you think of as being profitable won’t actually turn a profit this year. That’s because companies report what’s called “book income” on their financial statements, which follow typical U.S. accounting standards and are designed to make companies appear as profitable as possible to shareholders.

However, the tax code operates under different accounting rules. For tax purposes, governments use what’s called “taxable income,” which is defined by law.

U.S. policymakers worry about China ‘weaponizing’ drug exports

By DOUG PALMER and FINBARR BERMINGHAM | SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST

12/20/2019 05:02 AM EST

Last year, the U.S. imported $115 billion of finished pharmaceutical products, with just $1.5 billion coming from China.

Shouldn’t we manufacture these drugs in the Good ole USA? Providing jobs for Americans?

One of the biggest national security threats in the U.S.-China trade war could be to the everyday medicines taken by millions of Americans.

The U.S. relies on imported medicines from China in a big way. Antibiotics, over-the-counter pain meds and the stuff that stops itching and swelling — a lot of it is imported from China.

“Medicines can be used as a weapon of war against the United States,” Rosemary Gibson, a senior adviser on health care issues at the bioethics-focused Hastings Center and co-author of “China Rx: Exposing the Risks of America’s Dependence on China for Medicine,” told lawmakers last month. “Supplies can be withheld. Medicines can be made with lethal contaminants or sold without any real medicine in them, rendering them ineffective.”

"Of Course He Votes the Democratic Ticket" (1876)

A political cartoon by Thomas Nast from Harper’s Weekly depicts the intimidation techniques that the Democratic Party used to suppress the votes of Black Southerners in the election of 1876.

LAST UPDATED: July 19, 2022

This image appeared in Harper’s Weekly in 1876. The caption reads:

“Of course he wants to vote the Democratic ticket!” Democratic “Reformer”: “You’re as free as air, ain’t you? Say you are or I’ll blow yer black head off!

Green New Deal

Climate Change

Climate change with mass extinctions has happened 5 times, they were called ice age! These Ice ages had names, Huronian, Cryogenian, Andean-Saharan, Karoo, and Quaternary. There was even a little ice age.

Only 150 years ago, Europe came to the end of a 500 year cold snap so severe that thousands of peasants starved. The Little Ice Age changed the course of European history.

The summer of 2022 has not been kind to Europe. Northern Italy went more than 100 days without rain. Droughts reduced seasonal crop yields by as much as one-sixth. And cities across Europe were forced to ration water as once-mighty rivers like the Tiber and Rhine dried up, revealing long-submerged traces of the past: a World War II barge in Germany, a 2,000-year-old bridge in Rome, a megalithic monument in Spain.

These sobering statistics recently led Andrea Toreti, a researcher with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre in Milan, to make a shocking declaration: that the 2022 drought is likely Europe’s worst in nearly 500 years, rivaling a 1540 “megadrought” that has long been an object of fascination for climate historians.

“1540 is a very famous event, and if we look back over the last 500 years, it is the only one that gets close … in terms of severity,” says Toreti.

Occurring during a stretch of unusually warm summers in the midst of Europe’s “Little Ice Age,” a period of global cooling and extreme weather that affected the continent between the 14th and 19th centuries, the 1540 drought’s heat was so extreme that even state-of-the-art climate models could not predict it when fed nearly 1,200 years of climate data.

Gee, Could it have been man made pollution that caused the "Little Ice Age?

That hasn’t stopped scientists from trying to understand the drought and its impacts on European society. For nearly four decades, Christian Pfister, a climate historian at the University of Bern in Switzerland and co-author of Climate and Society in Europe: The Last Thousand Years, has pored over tree ring data, pollen samples and centuries-old chronicles in hopes of determining exactly what happened.

The 1540 drought began much like today’s. “Northern Italy was extremely dry,” Pfister explains. “There was not a drop of rain during winter.” Italian chronicles say it was “like July” in December, with no rain falling for nearly 200 days in a row.

Soon, the drought that began in Italy spread to Germany, Poland, Switzerland, France and Czechia. In a 2014 paper that calls the drought a “worst case,” Pfister and his colleagues showed that rainfall was down by as much as 80 percent in some regions. Rivers like the Rhine, Elbe and Seine dried up to the point that people could wade across them on foot. The Thames was so low that the sea flowed inland and reversed the river’s direction.

Like today, receding waters revealed lost treasures from previous generations. Chroniclers marveled when, on the shores of the shrinking Lake Constance, a woman named Anna Schmid came across 900 silver coins from the time of Emperor Augustus.

Away from the water, there was little silver lining. Farmers’ fields became so dry that giant cracks deep enough to swallow people’s legs appeared in the soil. That dried-up earth reflected even more heat into the atmosphere, feeding an unbearable heatwave that the Protestant reformer Martin Luther interpreted as a sign of the end times. Officials ordered clergy in Germany, Italy and England to beg God for forgiveness and pray for the deliverance of rain.

Instead of water, God delivered wine—some of the best ever created, according to some sources. The extreme heat meant that by the usual harvest time, grapes in Germany and France had dried almost to raisins. The resulting “late harvest,” or Spätlese, wine was deliciously sweet. A bottle of the 1540 vintage became so coveted that Swedish soldiers tore apart the German city of Würzburg looking for a barrel of it almost 100 years later; the previous inhabitants had hidden the wine in a wall. In 1540, however, the drink was cheap and abundant. Chronicler Hermann von Weinsberg, writing in Cologne, described people all over the city lying in the gutters, dead drunk, “like pigs.”

At the time, drinking wine was perhaps cheaper—and safer—than drinking water, which was often contaminated by human waste that could no longer be washed away. In some places, water was in such short supply that peasants were charged for well water and laundering of clothes was forbidden. “Everything stank terribly,” Pfister says. “People [in the chronicles] complained about this.”

An epidemic of dysentery, an intestinal infection that causes bloody diarrhea, soon ripped through the continent. Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, a historian and physical geographer at the University of Stockholm, says the death toll from disease had “probably the highest impact of all” the miseries wrought by the 1540 drought. Experts are unsure of how many people died of dysentery and similar illnesses in 1540, but Ljungqvist estimates that half a million Europeans succumbed to diseases, most after drinking tainted water. 

Food was in similarly short supply. With nowhere to pasture, cattle died of heat stroke and hunger, decimating Europe’s dairy supply. The price of bread skyrocketed, too, not because Europe’s grain crops were failing, but because there was no water to power the mills that made flour.

As if famine wasn’t enough, Europeans were also chased from their homes by forest and structural fires—the most in any peacetime year since at least 1000 C.E. One blaze reduced the entire German town of Einbeck “to ashes in a matter of hours,” causing as many as 500 deaths, wrote Pfister in 2017.

With tens of thousands left unhoused, unemployed and often diseased, local leaders quickly gave in to paranoia to explain the calamities. Authorities searched for the alleged secret symbols of mordbrenner, or organized arsonists, whom they blamed for setting fires.

“They needed scapegoats,” Pfister says, and they found them in religious opponents and climate refugees wandering between German towns. Resurrecting the methods of 15th-century witch hunts, officials rounded up and tortured migrants in hopes of eliciting confessions; figures as esteemed as Martin Luther gave credence to theories of a papal plot to incinerate Protestant towns. In the German region of Baden-Württemberg, a man and his wife were tortured five separate times after threatening to burn down a woman’s house in a moment of anger.

Despite the paranoia it inspired and its record-breaking temperatures, Pfister says the 1540 drought had “[almost] no long-term consequences.” European crops and communities seemingly bounced back from 1540 in a way they weren’t able to following unusually cold weather climate events just a few decades later.

That fact is itself a subject of interest among climate historians as they explore the connections between extreme weather events and social upheaval.

“The impacts of … extreme weather are always a function both of the actual weather … and also of social and political vulnerabilities,” says Samuel White, a climate historian at Ohio State University and the author of A Cold Welcome: The Little Ice Age and Europe’s Encounter With North America. In 1540, “we don’t see the kinds of political and economic conjunctures that would make the impact of losing one year’s harvest spiral into a larger crisis.”

The 1540 drought was only the latest in a series of worsening summer seasons that had ravaged Europe over the previous decade. “The 1530s might be one of the driest—if not the driest—decades in the past 500 years,” Ljungqvist explains.

According to one recent analysis, the summers of 1534 and 1535 were nearly as “disastrously dry” as 1540. They were accompanied by their own apocalyptic phenomena, including plagues of crop-devouring caterpillars.

In Transylvania, a 1535 famine caused by drought was so bad that dead bodies littered the roads, their mouths stuffed with grass. A 17th-century chronicle describes men and women in this period wandering naked, mad with hunger, and eating “unclean things”: cats, dogs and even—supposedly—other people.

But the historic droughts of the 1530s and ’40s may actually have been a respite from a more devastating climate phenomenon. “You had many years in this time with even worse harvests, due to wet and cold conditions,” says Ljungqvist.

The 16th century fell right in the middle of Europe’s Little Ice Age. “People were very sensitive to wet and cold summers,” which pushed back the arrival of seasons, infected crops with mold and made animals sick, creating widespread food scarcity and famines, says Pfister. “And if you had several [cold] summers in a sequence, that was absolutely the worst.” 

That’s exactly what happened just a few decades after the 1540 drought, when a series of volcanic eruptions in the tropics produced cooler summers in Europe. “You have some of the most significant cooling of the past millennium in the Northern Hemisphere,” White says. “This produces not only severe harvest failures and real famines … but [also interacts] with growing political problems.”

White cites a multi-year famine that killed half of all livestock and worsened a 1590 rebellion in the Ottoman Empire. Pfister, meanwhile, points to the witch hunts of the 1560s, which saw religious puritans blame women for the continent’s bad weather. Other extreme weather effects during the period were less sinister but no less far reaching. The failure of Habsburg vineyards in 1595, for example, prompted a shift from wine to beer that holds true in Central Europe to this day.

The long-lasting consequences of these later decades’ cold spells are one reason White believes the 1540 drought isn’t viewed as so severe in retrospect, despite the remarkable suffering that accompanied it. “We tend to compare [the drought’s effects] to impacts in other stages of the Little Ice Age, which were much worse,” he says. “In comparison to those later events, those impacts really pale.”

European society was on some level accustomed to mass death, its population still shrunken by the ravages of the Black Death, which had peaked some 200 years prior. “They were used to epidemics that caused a lot of mortality,” says Pfister. “They were not so shocked.”

The continent’s inhabitants were also more accustomed to extreme climate events generally. Town sites were often chosen with some consideration for flooding. Crops were selected for their hardiness in a drought. By comparison, 16th-century Europeans had experienced dozens more weather-related crises than modern ones. Pfister counts 18 severe warming events in Europe before 1719. Between 1720 and 1990, when climate change really started having an impact, “we have just one of them,” he says, a heatwave in the summer of 1947 that caused crop failures across Eastern Europe.

Europeans today make more demands of their environment. Ljungqvist notes that they are more dependent on water, using much more per capita in the home. Europe’s power supply relies partly on power plants that use vast amounts of water for cooling or depend on full lakes and rivers for generation. “So we have new types of problems,” he says.

When comparing Europe of 1540 to 2022, one thing matters above all: While severe droughts were the exception to the Little Ice Age’s unusually cold, wet summers, severe droughts may become the norm in the near future. “We’re going to see … events like this occurring very frequently, and we may even see events that exceed the 1540 event very soon,” White says.

Toreti, who made the widely publicized comparison to 1540 in August, says that’s one reason Europe can’t expect to bounce back from this year’s drought as easily it did 500 years ago. “This year’s drought … revealed [for some] the threat that this kind of extreme event could cause to the European system,” he explains.

Without effective mitigation, Toreti says, by mid-century, “these kinds of events become the norm … [and] we will have to change, fundamentally, the way we manage our agriculture and energy sector.”

As Pfister points out, Europeans have always adapted to extreme weather events. In response to the cold summers of the Little Ice Age, they swapped wheat for barley and oats, grapes and wine for plums and brandy.

Still, even Pfister is nervous about the rate of change today. “The speed is so rapid that I’m afraid we don’t have enough time to adapt,” he says.

When it comes to climate, Pfister says, “the focus is always on the averages. [But] what hits people, really, … are the extremes.”

This is only the beginning. With rising temperatures, Pfister adds, “you will get more cold extremes, you will get more hot extremes and you will get more extreme extremes.”

At least the wine will be quite something.

Just now found this!!

Scientists have often speculated whether the Maunder Minimum, a 70-year dearth of sunspots in the late 17th to early 18th century, was linked with the coldest part of the Little Ice Age, during which Europe and North America experienced bitterly cold winters. This regional cooling might be linked with a drop in the sun's extreme ultraviolet radiation. In fact, the sun could currently be on the cusp of a miniature version of the Maunder Minimum, since the current solar cycle is the weakest in more than 50 years. 

A link to this will be in the section about (There is more to the science of climate change than man’s activity. )

John Last 

John Last is a freelance journalist and producer based in northern Italy. He writes on history, religion, and politics from locations around the globe. Follow him on Twitter @johnwlast.

Biomass 

In many parts of the world, wood as a fuel was hard to find, and in many cases dried animal dung was readily available, collected and used to make fire for cooking and to keep warm.  

Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter. (Dried animal dung in 3rd world countries, see below.) Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, around a quarter higher than burning coal, but has been classed as a “renewable” energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plants can be regrown. It has become popular among coal power stations, which switch from coal to biomass to comply with the law. Biomass most often refers to plants or plant-based materials that are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

Dry animal dung fuel (or dry manure fuel) is animal feces that has been dried in order to be used as a fuel source. It is used as a fuel in many countries around the world. Using dry manure as a fuel source is an example of reuse of excreta. A disadvantage of using this kind of fuel is increased air pollution.

• In Egypt dry animal dung (from cows & buffaloes) is mixed with straw or crop residues to make dry fuel called “Gella” or “Jilla” dung cakes in modern times and “”khoroshtof”” in medieval times. Ancient Egyptians used the dry animal dung as a source of fuel. Dung cakes and building crop residues were the source of 76.4% of gross energy consumed in Egypt’s rural areas during the 1980s. Temperatures of dung-fueled fires in an experiment on Egyptian village-made dung cake fuel produced

“”a maximum of 640 degrees C in 12 minutes, falling to 240 degrees C after 25 minutes and 100 degrees C after 46 minutes. These temperatures were obtained without refueling and without bellows etc.””

Camel dung is used as fuel in Egypt.

The Asian brown cloud is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants from combustion, biomass burning and industrial processes with incomplete burning. The cloud is associated with the winter monsoon (November/December to April) during which there is no rain to wash pollutants from the air.

Notice it said "to wash the pollutants from the air". Think about it, man has been burning Biomass for over a million years. (Ever since man learned how to make fire)

Asian brown cloud

The Indian Ocean brown cloud or Asian brown cloud is a layer of air pollution that recurrently covers parts of South Asia, namely the northern Indian Ocean, India, and Pakistan. Viewed from satellite photos, the cloud appears as a giant brown stain hanging in the air over much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, possibly also during earlier and later months. The term was coined in reports from the UNEP Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX).

The term atmospheric brown cloud is used for a more generic context not specific to the Asian region.

Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate

By Alan Buis,

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

A century ago, Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch hypothesized the long-term, collective effects of changes in Earth’s position relative to the Sun are a strong driver of Earth’s long-term climate, and are responsible for triggering the beginning and end of glaciation periods (Ice Ages).

Specifically, he examined how variations in three types of Earth orbital movements affect how much solar radiation (known as insolation) reaches the top of Earth’s atmosphere as well as where the insolation reaches. These cyclical orbital movements, which became known as the Milankovitch cycles, cause variations of up to 25 percent in the amount of incoming insolation at Earth’s mid-latitudes (the areas of our planet located between about 30 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator).

The Milankovitch cycles include:

1. The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity;

2. The angle Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbital plane, known as obliquity; and

3. The direction Earth’s axis of rotation is pointed, known as precession.