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Below are the sources I used to build this website. I found Alma's written forms of self-expression, her diaries and autobiography, to be most helpful in gaining a sense of her personality. The secondary sources specifically regarding Alma should be perused critically as many focus on Alma's romantic relationships. Other secondary sources provided background information or interpretative frameworks. Some sources below include links embedded in the title of the source, for instance the link to the sheet music of "Ekstase" is embedded in the word "Ekstase".

Primary Sources

Schindler, Alma, composer. "Ekstase." Fünf Gesänge. International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) / Petrucci Music Library.

Schindler, Alma, composer. "Lobgesang" Fünf Gesänge. Josef Weinberger Ltd.

Mahler, Alma. "Alma Mahler (1879-1964) -- Complete Songs." Arranged by Julian Reynolds and performed by Charlotte Margiono and the Brabant Orchestra. Youtube, uploaded by Singer Joy.

Mahler, Alma. "Alma Mahler - 5 Lieder (1910) (orchestrated version)." Arranged by Jorma Panula and performed by Wiebke Lehmkuhl and the WDR Sinfonieorchester. Youtube, uploaded by MeeGustaaaa.

Mahler-Werfel, Alma. Diaries 1898-1902. Translated by Antony Beaumont, Cornell UP, 1999.

Mahler-Werfel, Alma. Mein Leben. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1960.

Secondary Sources

"Alma Mahler." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998.

Blum, Harold P. "Oskar Kokoschka and Alma Mahler." The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, vol. 65, iss. 1, 2011, pp. 293-309.

Citron, Marcia J. Gender and the Musical Canon. Cambridge UP, 1993.

Click, Sarah D. Art Song by Turn-of-the-Century Female Composers: Lili Boulanger and Alma Mahler, a Lecture Recital, Together with Three Recitals of Selected Works of R. Schumann, J. S. Bach, F. Chopin, M. Ravel, J. Brahms, F. Schubert and Others, University of North Texas, Ann Arbor, 1993. ProQuest.

Conolley, Sarah. "The Alma problem." The Guardian, 2 Dec. 2010.

"Erinnerungen an Gustav Mahler : Briefe an Alma Mahler." Library of Congress.

Follet, Diane F. "Redeeming Alma: The Songs of Alma Mahler." College Music Symposium, vol. 44, 2004, pp. 28–42. JSTOR.

Hilmes, Oliver. Malevolent Muse: The Life of Alma Mahler. Translated by Donald Arthur, Northeastern UP, 2015.

Hofmann, Paul. The Viennese: Splendor, Twilight, and Exile. Doubleday, 1988.

O'Neill, Aaron. "Child mortality in Austria 1800-2020." Statista, 10. Sept. 2019.

Rode-Breymann, Susanne. “Front Matter.” Alma Mahler-Werfel: Muse, Gattin, Witwe, 1st ed., Verlag C.H.Beck, 2014, pp. 2–4. JSTOR.

Images

"Alma Mahler-Mother-Sister." Wikimedia, uploaded 6 Oct. 2014.

"Alma Mahler with Hat." Bridgeman Education, 1909/10.

"Alma Mahler (1879-1964) and her two daughters Maria and Anna in 1906/7." Bridgeman Education, 1906/7.

"Anna Sofie Moll-Schindler-Bergen." Mahler Foundation, n.d.

"Emil Jakob Schindler Porträt." Wikimedia, n.d.

"1924. Franz Werfel (1890-1945), Alma Mahler (1879-1964) and Manon Gropius (1916-1935). Venice, Italy." Mahler Foundation, 1924.

"1922 c. Manon Gropius (1916-1935), Anna Sofie Moll-Schindler-Bergen (1857-1938) and Anna Justine Mahler (Gucki) (1904-1988). Casa Mahler, Venice, Italy." Mahler Foundation, 1922.