Clinical Feasibility For Enhancing Intranasal Therapeutic penetration 

The experimental setup shown in Figure is a representation of the nasal drug delivery process with a pharma-quality nasal pump sprayer manufactured by Dr. Ferrer Biopharma (Hallandale Beach, FL). The physical spray tests were designed to assess drug penetration for two different orientations of the nozzle: (a) when the nozzle was placed at an approximately 15-18° angle to the horizontal and inserted at a shallow depth of 5 mm inside the airspace (see Figure a); this specific orientation aligned with our recent in silico findings on improved usage protocols to enhance targeted delivery of drugs at key infection and inflammation sites along the airspace, e.g., the nasopharynx (for viral infections) and the osteomata complex (for complications such as chronic rhinosinusitis), and (b) when the nozzle was placed at 67.5° to the horizontal and inserted at a shallow depth of 5 mm inside the airspace (see Figure b); this latter orientation is a schematic replication of the usage instructions that come with over-the-counter nasal spray products.