Abbreviation Software Download

On July 1, 1963, the Post Office Department introduced the five-digit ZIP Code. At the time, most addressing equipment could accommodate only 23 characters (including spaces) in the bottom line of the address. To make room for the ZIP Code, state names needed to be abbreviated. The Department provided an initial list of abbreviations in June 1963, but many had three or four letters, which was still too long. In October 1963, the Department settled on the current two-letter abbreviations. Since that time, only one change has been made: in 1969, at the request of the Canadian postal administration, the abbreviation for Nebraska, originally NB, was changed to NE, to avoid confusion with New Brunswick in Canada.

This fact sheet discusses the rules currently used by NLM to construct title abbreviations for journals indexed in PubMed. Users should keep in mind that policies and procedures have changed over time at NLM, and they may encounter older title abbreviations that are not established according to the rules described below.

Download 🔥 https://shoxet.com/2y4Pz5 🔥

As of March 1, 2007, NLM generally establishes title abbreviations based on the form used by the ISSN Centre as their abbreviated key title, whenever this is available, editing only for format as described below:

The ISSN Centre constructs abbreviations generally using the same principles that NLM used prior to March 2007. The title abbreviation is based on the title proper of the journal at its first issue. The title proper includes part designations and section titles, if present, but does not include subtitle or parallel title (titles presented in other languages) information. See examples 1-2.

Each word in the title proper is compared against a master list of abbreviations issued by the ISSN International Centre. If the word or word root is found in the master list, that abbreviation is used. If a word is not found in the ISSN list, the word appears in the title abbreviation as it appears in the title proper.

As noted above, a fundamental principle of title abbreviation assignment is that each title abbreviation must be unique. If two journals have the same title, or have titles which, when the above procedures are followed, would result in the same title abbreviation, one or more qualifying elements are added to the title abbreviation to make it unique. The original city of publication (using the approved abbreviation for a place name, if one exists) is the preferred qualifier. Other elements that may be added are:

If the title proper of the journal undergoes a major change, requiring the creation of a new bibliographic record for the journal, a new title abbreviation is assigned for the new journal. The guidelines for determining major changes in title proper are governed by the cataloging guidelines, Resource Description and Access (RDA).

When including an abbreviation or acronym, provide a full expansion of the term in plain text on first use, along with the to mark up the abbreviation. This informs the user what the abbreviation or acronym means.

The optional title attribute can provide an expansion for the abbreviation or acronym when a full expansion is not present. This provides a hint to user agents on how to announce/display the content while informing all users what the abbreviation means. If present, title must contain this full description and nothing else.

This element only supports the global attributes. The title attribute has a specific semantic meaning when used with the element; it must contain a full human-readable description or expansion of the abbreviation. This text is often presented by browsers as a tooltip when the mouse cursor is hovered over the element.

Only include a title if expanding the abbreviation or acronym in the text is not possible. Having a difference between the announced word or phrase and what is displayed on the screen, especially if it's technical jargon the reader may not be familiar with, can be jarring.

The volume of biomedical text is growing at a fast rate, creating challenges for humans and computer systems alike. One of these challenges arises from the frequent use of novel abbreviations in these texts, thus requiring that biomedical lexical ontologies be continually updated. In this paper we show that the problem of identifying abbreviations' definitions can be solved with a much simpler algorithm than that proposed by other research efforts. The algorithm achieves 96% precision and 82% recall on a standard test collection, which is at least as good as existing approaches. It also achieves 95% precision and 82% recall on another, larger test set. A notable advantage of the algorithm is that, unlike other approaches, it does not require any training data.

Avoid excessive abbreviations. Use standard abbreviations only; do not make up abbreviations. Spell out on first mention and use only if it occurs a substantial number (>3 times) of times (subject to editorial discretion). Some specific examples follow:

In long titles, the following abbreviations can be used without being spelled out, provided the terms are spelled out in the Abstract or, for letters, in the first paragraph. These terms may also be used in running heads.

In instances when an abbreviation has become the de facto name, spelling out may cause confusion, particularly if the term appears only once. In these instances, write the abbreviation, then spell out in parentheses, even if it appears only once in the article. On subsequent occurrences, use the abbreviation

an act of abbreviating; state or result of being abbreviated; reduction in length, duration, etc.; abridgment; summary: His abbreviation of his famous monograph, an enormous endeavor in itself, made an excellent introduction to the volume of collected essays of which he was the editor.

The appropriate journal abbreviations for American Medical Association (AMA) style citations can be found by looking in the journal record in the NLM Catalog in PubMed. If your title is not in the NLM Catalog, the AMA Manual of Style 11th Edition offers advice for abbreviating journal titles in Chapter 13.10 "Abbreviations: Names of Journals."

Other abbreviations are acceptable when a long, cumbersome, or awkward word or phrase is used. However, even in these instances, a term should generally be abbreviated in each of the 5 parts of a manuscript (abstract, main text, figures, tables, and appendices) only when the abbreviation is used at least 3 times in that part of the manuscript.

Many specialized fields have their own terms and abbreviations that are commonly used in the field but not well-known to readers outside that field. Authors should consider whether abbreviating those terms might be confusing for readers and whether using the expanded term, rather than the abbreviation, might improve understandability. In addition, in certain fields, abbreviations may not have been standardized for certain terms. This is especially true in the fields of pharmacology, respiratory physiology, and radiology. The following lists are provided to help standardize abbreviations in these fields.

The following list provides many of the commonly used pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic terms, although it is not meant to be complete. These terms must be expanded on first mention, with the abbreviation given afterward in parentheses.

For terms in the field of pulmonary and respiratory physiology, the AVMA journals follow the guidelines given in the 11th edition of the AMA Manual of Style (amamanualofstyle.com). The following list provides many of the most commonly used terms we see in manuscripts in this field. Unless otherwise indicated, these terms must be expanded on first mention, with the abbreviation given afterward in parentheses.

Insert a space between the abbreviation and the numeral, or hyphenate if the measurement modifies a noun.

Examples

512 gigabytes (GB) of RAM

From 1 GB to a maximum of 2 GB

23 MB/day

up to 2 terabytes of physical memory with 8 terabytes of address space

200 MB of available hard-drive space

a 650-MB limit

An abbreviation is a short way of writing a word or a phrase that could alsobe written out in full. So, for example, you might write Dr Kinsey instead ofDoctor Kinsey. Here Dr is an abbreviation for the word Doctor. Likewise, thephrase for example can sometimes be abbreviated to e.g.

Abbreviations must be clearly distinguished from contractions. The key difference is that an abbreviation doesnot normally have a distinctive pronunciation of its own. So, for example, theabbreviation Dr is pronounced just like Doctor, the abbreviation oz ispronounced just like ounce(s) and the abbreviation e.g. is pronounced just likefor example. (True, there are a few people who actually say "ee-jee" for the lastone, but this practice is decidedly unusual.) A contraction, in contrast, doeshave its own distinctive pronunciation: for example, the contraction can't ispronounced differently from cannot, and the contraction she's is pronounceddifferently from she is or she has. e24fc04721