Lessons
Fossil Fuels
Renewable Sources of Energy
Energy Conservation
NC Standard
ESS.8.4 Understand the environmental implications associated with the various methods of obtaining, managing, and using energy resources.
ESS.8.4.1 Construct an explanation to classify the primary sources of energy as either renewable (Geothermal, Biomass, Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric) or nonrenewable (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Nuclear).
ESS.8.4.2 Engage in argument from evidence to explain the environmental consequences of the various methods of obtaining, transforming, and distributing energy.
ESS.8.4.3 Analyze and interpret data to illustrate the relationship between human activities and global temperatures since industrialization.
ESS.8.4.4 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare the long term implications of the use of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources and the importance of stewardship and conservation
What makes an energy resource nonrenewable?
What are examples of nonrenewable resources?
What is the result of burning fuels?
How is electricity created?
What are fossil fuels?
When did the demand for fossil fuels as energy increase?
What are some characteristics of coal?
What are some disadvantages of coal as an energy source?
What are some characteristics of oil?
What are some disadvantages of oil as an energy source?
What are some characteristics of natural gas?
What are some disadvantages of gas as an energy source?
Nonrenewable Resource: Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed primarily of methane (CH₄), a compound made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. It also contains smaller amounts of other hydrocarbon gases like ethane, propane, and butane, as well as non-hydrocarbon gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. This mixture is formed deep underground under heat and pressure from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years.
Transformation: Burning
Nonrenewable Resource: Oil is primarily made of hydrocarbons, complex organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen, but also contains trace amounts of other elements like sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. This crude oil formed over millions of years from the compressed, heated, and transformed remains of ancient marine plants and animals (like plankton) that were buried under layers of sediment, sand, and rock.
Transformation: Burning
Nonenewable Resource: Coal is a combustible, nonrenewable natural resource consisting of carbon-rich sedimentary rock formed from ancient plant matter over millions of years through heat and pressure
Transformation: Burning
Nonrenweable Resource: Uranium serves as a nuclear fuel by undergoing nuclear fission, the process where uranium-235 atoms are split by neutrons, releasing significant heat to generate electricity in a power plant. The mined uranium ore is milled into "yellowcake," then converted to a gas and enriched to increase the concentration of the fissile U-235 isotope. This enriched uranium is then made into ceramic pellets, encased in fuel rods, and assembled into fuel assemblies for use in a nuclear reactor's controlled chain reaction.
Transformation: Fission
What make an energy resource renewable?
What type of energy does solar energy provide?
How does solar energy work?
What are disadvantages of using solar energy?
What are disadvantages of using hydroelectricity?
What are disadvantages of using tidal power?
What are disadvantages of using wind as energy?
What are examples of biomass fuels?
What are disadvantages of using biomass as energy?
What is geothermal energy?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy?
Solar energy works primarily through two methods: Photovoltaics (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). PV systems use solar panels to convert sunlight directly into DC electricity using photovoltaic cells, which is then converted to AC by an inverter for home or grid use. CSP systems use mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, generating heat to produce electricity, often for large power plants.
Wind energy works by using a wind turbine to convert the wind's kinetic energy into electricity. When wind blows, it turns the turbine's propeller-like blades, which spin a low-speed shaft connected to a gearbox that increases speed to a high-speed shaft. This shaft then turns a generator, producing electricity that travels through cables and a transformer to the electrical grid .
Water energy, or hydropower, works by using the power of moving water to spin a turbine connected to a generator, which then produces electricity. Dams are built to create a reservoir, holding back water, and when released, the water flows through a penstock (pipe) to turn the turbine. This rotational motion spins the generator, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy that can be sent to the power grid.
Biomass energy works by converting organic materials like plants, waste, and animal manure into usable energy, primarily through direct combustion to produce heat and steam for electricity, thermochemical conversion into fuels like syngas or bio-oil, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion to create biogas. In direct combustion, the heat from burning the biomass boils water, creating steam to spin a turbine connected to a generator, which produces electricity.
Geothermal energy uses the Earth's internal heat to generate power or provide heating/cooling. For electricity, hot water and steam are pumped from deep underground to spin turbines, which drive generators to produce electricity. For heating and cooling, geothermal heat pumps circulate a fluid through pipes buried shallowly in the Earth, absorbing or releasing heat to regulate a building's temperature.
Tidal energy is a simple concept: moving water from tides spins underwater turbines, which power a generator to create electricity. The energy comes from the regular, predictable movement of the ocean's tides, which are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Increased use of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution.
What must happen to resources before they can be used as energy?
What is one of the effects of transforming energy?
What are some alternatives to using fossil fuels?
What can you predict will happen if we continue to use fossil fuels?
What are two ways to preserve our current energy resources?
What is efficiency?
How is energy lost?
How does insulation work?
Why are fluorescent bulbs preferable to incandescent bulbs?
What is energy conservation?
Test Review
Terms & Concepts
Natural resources: renewable and nonrenewable
Effects of burning fossil fuels: acid rain, global warming
Identify disadvantages of using each type of renewable and nonrenewable resource.