Embedded Files
4 Result: Cosmological consequences.
4 Result: Cosmological consequences.
The cosmological consequences of the inclusion of a large-scale term in the Newtonian law of gravitation are analyzed. For this, a ΛFRW -Cosmology model is solved where the cosmological constant is obtained from the expression of the UYF field at comoving scales of the order of tens of megaparsecparsec (3.1) and it is shown that it avoids the incompatibility between the observed density of material and the flatness of the universe without summoning cold dark matter (3.2). In subsection (3.3) the Hubble-Lemaître's Law is derived, followed by the discussion of the Hubble parameter with respect to the observations (3.4) and the Age of the Universe (3.5); all this before showing an understandable reinterpretation of Dark energy in the last subsection (3.6)
3.1 ᴧFRW-Cosmology.
3.1 ᴧFRW-Cosmology.
3.2 New approach for cold dark matter
3.2 New approach for cold dark matter
Hubble–Lemaître law is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. The velocity of the galaxies has been determined by their redshift, a shift of the light they emit toward the red end of the visible spectrum. Hubble's law is considered the first observational basis for the expansion of the universe.
3.3 Deduction of Hubble-Lemaître’s Law
3.3 Deduction of Hubble-Lemaître’s Law
Figure 5 . Hubble diagram for objects at 50-1400Mpc (data NED). (Falcon et al 2013)
3.4 Observational test and discussions
3.4 Observational test and discussions
Although the first determination of the Hubble constant was (Hubble 1929) today it is well known that this proportionality constant takes values less than . In fact, Sandage (Sandage 1958) gave the first reasonable estimated of the Hubble constant by studying Cepheids, he obtained that is about . Four decades later, Freedman et al. (Freedman et al. 2001) studied objects over the range of about 60-400Mpc, using Cepheids, and determined that . Bonamente et al. (Bonamente et al 2006) studied galaxies with redshift between 0,14 and 0,89, obtaining that the Hubble constant is 77.2 km/s Mpc^-1 . After nine years of recording and analysis of the CMB data from WMAP, Bennett et al. (Bennett et al 2012) calculated that . The latest value of the Hubble constant was determined by Ade et al. (Ade et al .2013), who studied the CMB through Planck satellite, where the data fitted . The measurements of the anisotropies in de Cosmic Microwaves Background (CMB) constraints indirectly the set of cosmological parameters (k, H0, m, ), by multiple statistics correlations over the acoustic peaks in the distribution of the radiation in the angular power spectrum. The results of the Planck Collaboration (2019) throw lower values for H_0. In the Planck Collaboration, the estimates of the cosmological parameters, show degeneration in the simultaneous estimates of H_0 and m; Figure 3 in Planck Collaborations (2016), because the CMB measurements are not a direct measure of the Hubble constant. Most recent direct measurements of the constant of Hubble which Space Telescope (HST), are H_0 = 75.8 (+5.2 −4.9) km/s Mpc−1 and 78.5 (+6.3 −5.8) km/s Mpc−1 depending of the target calibration (de Jaege et al. 2020), furthermore Riess (2019) had found that H_0 = 74.22 (± 1.82) km/s Mpc−1 in Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Earlier, Falcon & Genova-Santos (2008) found H_0 values as high as 73 km/s Mpc-1 using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and X-ray emission data in galaxy clusters, with the advantage that this method is independent of redshift. In order to verify the Hubble law and our value for the Hubble constant, Falcon et al (Falcon & Aguirre 2014) used the primitive technique used by Hubble, which consists in plotting the observational measurements of the velocity (via redshift) and the distance of a set of objects such as galaxies, quasars, radio sources, X-ray sources, infrared sources, etc. For this end, we considered the Master List of Redshift-Independent Extragalactic Distances of 15339 galaxies provided by NED (Version 9.2.0). The observational measurements were filtered by: (1) recent measurements (year of publication from 2009), (2) distant objects ( ), (3) redshift from 0,0167 to 0.33, and (4) accurate measurements (with maximum error of 0,5%). As result, the list was reduced to 392 objects (the complete list of the 392 objects can found on https://db.tt/vwlVdhVM) (Falcon & Aguirre 2014) . Here, we must clarify that in order to filter errors by peculiar motions we used redshifts above 0,0167, so errors are under 6% (Freedman et al. 2001)., and due the theoretical assumption of we set redshifts below 0,33, so that Lorentz factor is equally under 6% and the relativistic effects are neglected.
A Hubble diagram for the 392 galaxies, in a range of 50-1400Mpc, is shown in Figure 5 . Through a linear fit we found that (solid line), so that the determined maximum expansion rate of disagrees about 3% only. Nevertheless, because our prediction works at the limit of cosmological scales, we would hope that observational measurements shows an asymptotic behavior to an expansion rate of at distances even greater than 1500Mpc. Actually, in Figure 5we can note that observational data slightly suggest an upper slope for distances above 1000Mpc. In Figure 5, we additionally note that the data suggest a lower slope for distances lower than 500Mpc. Actually, a linear fit at that scales gives a Hubble constant of (dashed line), which agrees with the value given by Freedman et al. of (via Cepheid variables applied over the range of about 60-400Mpc) and Blakeslee et al. (Blakeslee 2001) of (via SBF with range of applicability until 125Mpc). Clearly, from the used method this consistence is expected.
3.4 The age of universe
3.4 The age of universe
The numerical integration in the present model (Ωb ≈ 0.0223, ΩIY ≈ 10.42 ΩΛ ≈0.623 and upper limit of H_0≈86,3 km s-1 Mpc-1) gives that the age of the universe is τ ~ 11.42 Gyr, in good agreement with the age of the White Dwarfs in the solar neighborhood (Tremblay et al 2014; Kilic et al 2017) and the 11.2 Gyr for the globular clusters in the Milky Way (Krauss & Chaboyer 2003). The direct Cosmochronology through White Dwarfs, offer an independent technique for the age of Milky Way (Tremblay et al 2014, Wang et al 2010), in the inner halo the estimate age is 12 +1.4-3.4 Gyr (Kilic et al 2017) . The Planck Collaboration reports that τ ~ 13.8 Gyr (Planck Collaboration 2019). Using Planck collaboration data-set (Ωb ≈ 0.0223, ΩΛ ≈0.677 and H0≈67,74) plus ΩIY ≈ 10.42, we obtain τ ~ 14.43 Gyr.
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. The first observational evidence for its existence came from measurements of supernovas, which showed that the universe does not expand at a constant rate; rather, the universe's expansion is accelerating. Two proposed forms of dark energy are the cosmological constant] (representing a constant energy density filling space homogeneously) and scalar fields
3.6 Comprehensive interpretation of dark energy
3.6 Comprehensive interpretation of dark energy
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse