UNIT 4 PROSE GRAMMAR

• Conjunctions are also known as connectors or linkers or link words.

• We use Conjunctions to join words, a group of words or sentences.

• There are three types of Conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunctions link two groups of words that independently make sense.

Examples: and, or, for, otherwise, so, but, yet, still, as well as, etc.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• These Conjunctions help us to introduce Subordinate Clauses. They are also used to join

Subordinate or dependent Clauses to Main clauses.`

Examples: when, though, although, since, until, till, after, as, before, if, unless, whereas,

while, in case, as long as, as soon as, as much as, therefore, so that, because, as

if, however, etc

Correlative Conjunctions

• These Conjunctions are always used in pairs. The two Connectors in each sentence that are

related to each other are known as ‘Correlative Conjunctions’.

Examples: neither.......nor, either.........or, not only.......but also, scarcely.......when, both........

and, no sooner.........than , such......that, etc.

Conjunctions Functions

and, not only, but also, as well as, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to to add information

Since, as, for, because, since then, before that, after that to indicate cause/reason

but, yet, still, nevertheless, on the other hand, though, although,

even though, however, on the contrary to express contrast

therefore, consequently, then, so, so that, hence, thus to show result or purpose

when, while, after, before, till, until, as soon as, as long as to indicate time

if, unless, whether, in case, provided that to add condition

or, either.........or, neither........nor, otherwise, or else to express choice

Likewise, similarly to denote comparison

where, wherever to denote place

EXERCISE

A. Complete the sentences given below choosing the right connectors given in brackets. BOLD WORDS

1. Call me in case you need money. (so that, in order that, in case)

2. I forgot that I had to meet the Principal. (whether, that, if)

3. Though he is ninety years old, he is in the pink of health. (when, since, though)

4. It is raining. Take an umbrella or else you will get drenched. (or else, and, but)

5. They faced many hardships nevertheless they are always cheerful. (although, nevertheless,

otherwise)

B Fill in the blanks with the connector that goes with the underlined words.

1. Both the minister and the officers visited the affected areas.

2. Jaya teaches not only English but also Science.

3. Either Raghu or Bala will have to buy vegetables from the market.

4. No sooner did I enter the house than it started drizzling.

C. Combine the pairs of sentences using appropriate connectors.

1. We came late. We did not miss the train.

Though we came late we did not miss the train. / We came late but we did not miss the train

2. They checked the packet twice. Then they sealed it.

After they had checked the packet twice, they sealed it.

3. Sita saw a snake. At once she ran away.

As soon as Sita saw a snake, she ran away. / No sooner did Sita see the snake than she ran away.

4. Robert completed the project. He submitted it to the teacher.

After Robert had completed the project, he submitted it to his teacher.

5. Yusuf was running high temperature. He could not take part in the competition.

As / Since Yusuf was running high temperature he could not take part in the competition.

D. Tick the correct linker.

1. _________ he was honest, he was punished. though but

2. Walk carefully _________ you will fall down. unless otherwise

3. My mother called me _________ I was playing football. or while

4. My salary is low _________ I find the work interesting. nevertheless similarly

5. The passengers rushed to board the bus _________ it arrived. as soon as as long as

E. Supply suitable linkers.

1. “Though I was alive and had a human heart, ” answered the statue, “I did not know what tears were,

when I lived in the palace and sorrow was not allowed to enter. My courtiers called me the Happy

Prince because Happy Indeed I was. So I lived and soon I died.

2. Many writers make incorrect sentences when they try to put sentences together. They may make

grammatical errors and leave out important punctuation marks. Making such mistakes is quite common

at the time of preparing the first draft . So he must carefully edit his final draft.

3. In most large cities and towns of our country, there are special schools for girls. But, there are many

co-educational schools where girls and boys study together. Most parents allow their daughters to

attend these schools, though there are some parents who are against such schools for girls in the age

of 14 or15.

F. Rearrange the words in the correct order to make meaningful sentences.

1. as / I / healthy / are / you / am / as

I am as healthy as you are.

2. your / today / put on / new / since / is / birthday /dress / the

Since today is your birthday, put on the new dress.

3. allergic / dogs / Rani / though / is / to / of / six / she / them / has

Though Rani is allergic to dogs, she has six of them.

4. speaks / Ruben / besides / German /languages / two

Ruben speaks two languages besides German.

5. loan / apply / you / if / for / you / a / get / will / immediately / it /

If you apply for a loan, you will get it immediately.

• The term “nominalisation” refers to the process of producing a noun from another part of speech

by adding a derivational affix.

• A grammatical expression is turned into a noun phrase when we nominalise a sentence.

For example,

A) After 1885, trade with Europe grew. (Verb)

B) After 1885, there was a growth in trade with Europe. (Noun)

• In sentence B, we have used the word ‘growth’ which is the noun form of the verb ‘grow’ by

adding the suffix ‘th’.

Examples

admire – admiration arrive – arrival

careless – carelessness fail – failure

include – inclusion intense – intensity

punish – punishment

G. Write the noun forms of the following words.

1. beautiful – beauty

2. breathe – breath

3. enter – entry

4. know – knowledge

5. deafen – deaf

6. zealous – zeal

7. familiar – familiarity

8. accept – acceptance

9. dangerous – danger

H. Complete the following sentences using the noun form of the words given in brackets.

1. The boy had to give a proper explanation for being late. (explain)

2. They could make prediction about the future. (predict)

3. At one point in life, he had no choice but to trust his friend. (choose)

4. The monuments are to be preserved because of their historical significance. (significant)

5. It is very difficult to work with so many distractions. (distract)

I. Rewrite the sentences nominalising the underlined words. The first one has been done for you.

1. We succeeded in our attempt.

We got success in our attempt.

2. Nalini leads a happy life.

Nalini leads a life of happiness.

3. She failed and it disappointed her.

She met with failure and it gave her disappointment.

4. India became an independent country in the year 1947.

India got independence in the year 1947.

5. The child resembles her father.

The child has resemblance to her father.

1. He is an honest person. Everyone likes him.

Because of his honesty, everyone likes him.

2. Sathya gave an explanation. The police wanted her to prove it.

Though Sathya gave an explanation, the police wanted a proof for it.

3. He speaks well. It attracts all.

His good speech is an attraction for all.

4. Suresh is always punctual and regular. It has earned him a good job.

Suresh’s punctuality and regularity has earned him a good job.

5. The policeman arrived quickly. It made us happy.

The policeman’s quick arrival made us happy.

1. My sister wanted to go to Mumbai last week. She made a decision (decide) to buy a ticket at once.

As reservation (reserve) could be done online, she gave preference (prefer) to book a ticket that way.

First, she collected information (inform) about the arrival (arrive) and departure (depart) of trains and

airplanes.

2. A few days later, Androcles was captured by his master. He had to suffer all kinds of punishment

(punish). At last, he was thrown to a lion which was in great hunger (hungry). It had been kept in an

enclosure (enclose) and had not been fed for several days. His friends stood there with teary (tear)

eyes as the lion rushed towards him. The lion stopped near him and stood for a while looking (look)

at him. Then it lay down by his side like a pet dog. Obviously (obvious), the lion recognized Androcles

and the help (help) he had given it.