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FACIAL BONES MNEMONICS
FACIAL SKELETON
SUMMARY:
Facial bones and skull bones cooperate in complicated ways to create articulation systems. The mandible contains the lower dental arch, alveolar areas, and the tongue's resting place. The maxillae are responsible for the majority of the hard palate, alveolar ridge, upper dental arch, and dominating features of the nasal cavities, while the palatine bones are responsible for the remainder of the hard palate and the attachment point for the velum. The nasal septum is formed when the midline vomer articulates with the ethmoid's perpendicular plate and the cartilaginous septum. The cheekbone is formed by the zygomatic bone articulating with the frontal bone and maxillae. The tiny nasal bones construct the nasal cavity's top edge. The ethmoid bone forms the skull and face's central structure, with the prominent crista galli extending into the cranium and the perpendicular plate separating the nasal cavities. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones of the skull are located above the brain's frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The sphenoid bone is prominent in the braincase, with the sphenoid's conspicuous greater and lesser wings placed lateral to the corpus. The pituitary gland is located in the hypophyseal fossa. Near the foramen magnum, the clivus connects to the occipital bone.
Facial Bones Table of Contents (Click the Links)
image source: https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa60007
Image source: https://www.microblife.in/what-is-maxilla-bone/
MAXILLAE
MAXILLAE
These bones, which comprise the majority of the central face immediately lateral to the nose and below the eyes, are the second largest in size after the mandible. The intermaxillary suture connects the two maxillae at the midline, slightly behind the nasal entrance. Between the two upper central incisors and between the maxillae's palatine processes, this suture continues.
PARTS OF THE MAXILLAE:
- Nasal crest = where vomer bone resides
- Frontal processes = frontal bone and zygomatic process
- Orbital process = creates inferior orbit of the eye
- Alveolar processes = houses the upper teeth
- Intermaxillary suture = continues between two upper central incisors and between palatine processes
- Canine eminence = prominence on the surface of the superior maxillary bone caused by the socket of the canine tooth
- Palatine process = anterior ¾ of hard palate
- Nasal crest
- Anterior nasal spine
image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotation_Maxilla.gif
image source: https://thancguide.org/cancer-types/oral/hard-palate/anatomy/
A tiny aperture called the incisive foramen is located just posterior to the upper central incisors. During very early development, a triangular area called the premaxilla is formed by thin sutures that stretch bilaterally from the incisive foramen to the space between the lateral incisors and canines. This is a distinct bone in some species, but in humans, the sutures are generally entirely united, and hence the two parts of the premaxilla are considered to be part of the maxillae's palatine processes.
Each maxilla is comprised of a corpus (or body) and a number of processes. Each maxilla articulates with a total of nine additional bones. The ethmoid, frontal, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, opposite maxilla, nasal, palatine, vomer, and zygomatic are only a few of them.
Notable are the frontal process, which articulates with the cranium's frontal bone, and the zygomatic process, which articulates with the facial section of the skull's zygomatic bone. Additionally, each maxilla contains an orbital process that forms a large portion of the inferior orbit of the eye. A tiny aperture called the infraorbital foramen is located just under the orbit of the eye. Each maxilla has a number of alveolar processes that house the upper teeth.
Notable is a relatively vertically oriented ridge in the maxilla that houses the canine teeth (the third tooth from midline). This ridge is appropriately named the canine eminence. The palatine processes are remarkable because they comprise about three-fourths of the hard palate's front third.
Image source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maxilla_close-up_inferior_animation.gif
Each maxilla's palatine process merges with its mate to produce the majority of the oral cavity's roof and the nasal cavity's floor. Each palatine process has a tiny ridge called the nasal crest on the nasal side. Both maxillae's nasal crests produce a horizontally oriented groove that houses the perpendicularly directed vomer. The nasal crests extend anteriorly to form the anterior nasal spine. Close examination of the maxillae reveals that they are not solid bones but rather have a hollow core. The maxillary paranasal sinuses are the biggest of the paranasal sinuses. At birth, the maxillary paranasal sinuses are present.
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Body_of_mandible_-_close_up_-_animation01.gif
MANDIBLE
MANDIBLE
It is the biggest of the skull's face bones. The mandible begins embryonic development as two halves linked at the mental symphysis, which runs vertically between the two lower central incisors. The mandible is made up of two rami and an anterior corpus (the mandibular rami). The corpus spreads outward in the area of the mental symphysis, generating the mental protuberance. Mental tubercles surround the mental protuberance on all sides. Dental alveoli for the lower teeth are located at the upper border of the corpus. A tiny aperture termed the mental foramen is located just lateral and slightly superior to each mental tubercle. Additionally, an indistinct ridge termed the oblique line runs posteriorly and superiorly from each mental tubercle. A more noticeable ridge runs horizontally from side to side along the inner (posterior) surface of the corpus. The mylohyoid line is the term given to this ridge. This mylohyoid line is the mylohyoid muscle's insertion.
The mandibular rami emerge at about a 90-degree angle to the corpus, but this angle varies somewhat across individuals. Two processes are located on the upper border of the mandibular rami. The coronoid process is the anterior process, while the condylar process is the posterior process. The coronoid process is more angular in shape, while the condylar process is more circular in shape. The mandibular notch divides the coronoid and condylar processes. The temporomandibular joint is formed when the condylar process of either side articulates with the temporal bone of the skull (TMJ).
Image source: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/osteology/mandible/
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Body_of_mandible_-_close_up_-_animation02.gif
PARTS OF MANDIBLE (SUMMARY)
- Anterior corpus
- Mandibular rami = broad part
- Angled 90 degrees from your body
- Anterior: coronoid process
- Posterior: condylar process; arctic with temporal bone to form TMJ
- Mandibular notch
- Mental symphysis = middlemost portion; external fusion point of maxilla
- Mental protuberance = chin
- Dental alveoli = where teeth will form
- Mental foramen = one of two foramina (openings) located on the anterior surface of the mandible
- Mylohyoid line = insertion of mylohyoid muscle
NASAL BONES
NASAL BONES
The nasal bones are tiny and serve as a protective barrier for the nose. These bones create the bridge of the nose and are located medially to the maxillae's frontal processes. Despite their diminutive size, they articulate with the frontal bone, ethmoid perpendicular plate, and maxillae, as well as the septal cartilage. At the inter-nasal suture, the two nasal bones are fused together in the middle. Additionally, a nasal foramen may occur in one or both bones.
SUMMARY:
- Paired
- Form bridge of the nose
- Lie medially to frontal processes of maxilla
- Articulate with: frontal bone, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, maxillae, septal
cartilage(cartilaginous portion of the nose)
- Nasal suture
- Nasal foramen may also exist on one/both bones
Image source: https://biologydictionary.net/nasal-bone/
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotation_nasal_bone.gif
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palatine_process_of_maxilla_-_animation02.gif
PALATINE BONES
PALATINE BONES
The paired palatine bones are fashioned like a "L" and make up the posterior one-fourth of the hard palate, as well as a section of the nasal cavity's floor and lateral walls. Additionally, these bones contribute to the formation of the inferior orbits of the eyes. The horizontal structures that comprise the posterior region of the hard palate are particularly noteworthy. Each horizontal process's anterior edge is serrated to facilitate articulation with the maxillae's palatine processes. When the two horizontal processes join, a posterior nasal spine is formed. The posterior edge of the horizontal processes is unattached and serves as the velum's attachment point. The palatine bones, together with the ethmoid, frontal, inferior nasal conchae, maxillae, and vomer, articulate with one another.
SUMMARY:
- Paired, somewhat; not as obvious because it is separated by medial palatine suture
- Posterior ¼ of hard palate = portion of floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity because it is flat on the base and projects superiorly on the lateral sides
- Also help form inferior orbits of eyes
- Horizontal processes = form posterior portion of hard palate
- Anterior border is serrated, arctic with palatine process of maxillae
- Posterior border is free, point of attachment for velum
Image source: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/palatine-bone
image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer
image source: https://www.getbodysmart.com/skull-facial-bones/nasal-vomer-inferiorturbinate
image source: https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/skull-facial-bones-mnemonic
LACRIMAL BONES
LACRIMAL BONES
The lacrimal bones are the smallest bones in the skull's face region. They were given this name due to their closeness to lacrimal (tear) glands. These bones, in addition to forming a component of the eyes' medial orbits, articulate with the ethmoid, frontal, inferior nasal conchae, and maxillae.
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotation_lacrimal_bone.gif
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE
One of these bones is located in each of the two chambers that comprise the nasal cavity, more precisely at the lowermost portion of the nasal cavity's lateral wall. These bones articulate anteriorly with the maxilla and posteriorly with the palatine bones. Along with the superior and medial nasal conchae (which are components of the ethmoid bone), the inferior nasal conchae are thin bone scrolls that are sometimes referred to as the turbinate bones. Meatuses filter and humidify air; also help you to smell better.
Image source: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/inferior-nasal-concha
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rotation_zygomatic_bone.gif
ZYGOMATIC BONE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
They contribute to the formation of a section of the lateral and inferior walls of the eye's orbits.
Each bone is composed of a corpus and four processes: frontosphenoidal; orbital; maxillary; and temporal, which denote the bones' connections to other bones (the frontal, maxillae, sphenoid, and temporal bones). The maxillary and temporal processes are particularly noteworthy. The maxillary process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the maxillary process. Laterally, the zygomatic bone's temporal process articulates with the temporal bone's zygomatic process. These articulations combine to produce the zygomatic arch, more generally referred to as the cheekbone.
PARTS OF ZYGOMATIC BONES (SUMMARY):
- Corpus
- Frontosphenoidal process = articulate with frontal and sphenoid bones
- Orbital process = forms the lateral and inferior border of the orbital cavity
- Maxillary process = attaches to maxillae
- Temporal process = attaches to temporal bone
- Zygomatic arch/cheekbone
- Arch is there for a reason because the space created by this arch is an opening for a muscle that courses from the superior portion inferiorly
Image source: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-zygomatic-bone
VOMER BONE
VOMER BONE
Vomer is a bone with a slightly quadrilateral form that makes up the bottom part of the bony nasal septum (the upper half of the bony nasal septum comes from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone). The vomer is located in the horizontal groove produced by the maxillae's nasal crests. Along with the maxillae, the vomer articulates with the palatine bones below and the ethmoid perpendicular plate and sphenoid rostrum above. Its posterior border is unarticulated, however it articulates with the cartilaginous nasal septum at its anterior border.
Image source: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-vomer
REFERENCES:
Fuller, D. R., Pimentel, J. T., & Peregoy, B. M. (2012). Applied anatomy & physiology for speech-language pathology & audiology. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
Seikel, J. A., Drumright, D. G., & Seikel, P. (2013). Essentials of anatomy & physiology for communication disorders. Delmar Cengage Learning.
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