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The nasal cavity is vital in speech production. The nasal cavity extends from the nose to the nasopharynx, directly above the velum and posterior to the pharyngeal wall. This part will discuss the nose, nasal septum, nasal conchae and meatuses, and mucous membrane.
NASAL CAVITY ANATOMY
NASAL CAVITY ANATOMY
NASAL CAVITY STRUCTURES
NASAL CAVITY STRUCTURES
BASIC INFORMATION
BASIC INFORMATION
The nose is made up of various components. The nares and columella nasi are examples of the root. The root of the nose is where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone. The bridge connects the nasal bones. The dorsum of the nose is cartilage that extends from the nasal bones. The apex (or tip) protrudes the most from the face. The base of the nose is where it meets the upper lip. The anterior nares, or nostrils, are two apertures along the base. The columella nasi separates the anterior nares. The columella nasi is just the dorsum extending to the nose's base.
The nose's outer lining is epithelial (i.e., skin). Several cartilages give the nose its form underneath the mucous membrane. An extension of the septal cartilage outward from the nasal aperture. It completes the nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity into two chambers. The septum is its posterior connection. The superior perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer create the bony nasal septum (the inferior part). The lateral nasal cartilages construct the sides of the nose, while the alar cartilages (major and minor) help form the nares. Side nasal cartilages connect to the septum and nasal bones. The alar cartilages join the lateral nasal cartilages.
NASAL MUSCLES
NASAL MUSCLES
Muscle: anterior nasal dilator
Origin: lower edge of the lateral nasal cartilage
Insertion: deep tissue of the skin that covers the nasal alae
Action: dilates the nostrils
Muscle: Depressor alae nasi
Origin: incisive fossa of the maxillae
Insertion: lower region of the cartilaginous nasal septum and adjacent alae of the nose
Action: depresses the alae of the nose which constricts the nostrils
Muscle: levator labii superior alaque nasi
Origin: superior and lateral to the incisive fossa of the maxillae
Insertion: An aponeurosis of the procerus muscle as well as an aponeurosis of the nasalis form the opposite side
Action: depresses the cartilages of the nose, which narrows the nostrils
Muscle: Nasalis
Origin: Superior and lateral to the incisive fossa of the maxillae
Insertion: An aponeurosis of the procerus muscle as well as the aponeurosis of the nasalis from the opposite side
Action: depresses the cartilages of the nose which narrows the nostrils
Muscle: posterior nasal dilator
Origin: nasal aperture of the maxillae and adjacent sesamoid cartilages
Insertion: the skin of the inferior and posterior alar cartilages
Action: dilates the nostrils
Muscle: Procerus
Origin: lower nasal bones and upper lateral nasal cartilages
Insertion: skin of the lower forehead between the eyebrows
Action: depresses the medial angle of the eyebrow and wrinkles the skin over the bridge of the nose
NASAL SEPTUM
NASAL SEPTUM
According to Roth (2012), the septum is the bone and cartilage wall that separates your nose's two nostrils. Unusually, a deviated septum causes nasal obstruction.
A deviated septum may be caused by a birth defect or a nasal injury. A deviated septum causes one nasal channel to be narrower than the other. This causes respiratory issues. Frequent nosebleeds and face discomfort are other signs of a deviated septum. A deviated septum requires surgery.
Septoplasty corrects a deviated septum. Septoplasty straightens the septum, improving nasal airflow.
The nasal cavity is divided into two chambers by the nasal septum. The vestibule is the open region within the anterior nares (where kids “pick their noses”). Three bone scrolls extend into the cavity space and create longitudinal channels throughout the nasal cavity's length. The turbinates are the superior, medial, and inferior nasal conchae. The superior and medial nasal conchae originate from the ethmoid, but the inferior nasal conchae is a separate bone.
NASAL MEATUSES
NASAL MEATUSES
The nasal meatuses are created by the conchae. Each chamber has three meatuses due to the three conchae. The superior, medial, and inferior meatuses correlate to the conchae. Each meatus is underneath its concha. The paranasal sinuses flow into the nasal cavity via the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
The superior meatus, between the superior concha and the middle concha, is the smallest. The sphenopalatine foramen opens behind the posterior ethmoidal cells into the superior meatus. The sphenoidal sinus opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess above and behind the superior concha (Smith, 2015).
The middle meatus connects the inferior and middle conchas. The ethmoidal bulla contains the middle ethmoidal cells. Located underneath the bulla is the uncinate process. The fronto-nasal duct connects the ethmoidal infundibulum to the frontal sinus, which drains into the middle meatus. These air cells enter into the semi-lunar hiatus, which is positioned between the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate process (Smith, 2015).
The inferior meatus is the biggest and runs along the lateral nasal wall between the inferior concha and the nasal cavity floor.
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid forms the nasal cavity roof. In the nasal cavity, the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) is pierced through the cribriform plate. The nasal cavity's posterior end opens into the nasopharynx, the upper section of the pharynx. The posterior nares, or choanae, connect the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.
A mucous membrane lines the inside of the nasal cavity. It is ciliated like the remainder of the respiratory tube. Small hairs protrude from the mucous membrane surface. A thin mucous coating coats the nasal cavity. This barrier captures creatures and pollutants. Its cilia constantly push mucus and intruders toward the nasal cavity. Polluted mucus travels down the throat and into the stomach.
IMAGE SOURCES:
https://healthjade.com/nasal-septum/
https://www.therespiratorysystem.com/nasal-meatus/
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nose_and_sinuses/
https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Anatomy_of_the_nose_and_paranasal_sinuses
https://www.rehabmypatient.com/face/levator-labii-superioris-alaeque-nasi
https://www.rehabmypatient.com/head/procerus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilator_naris_muscle
REFERENCES:
Roth, E. (2012, August 15). Septoplasty: Procedure, Risks, and Recovery. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/septoplasty#:~:text=Septoplasty%20and%20turbinate%20reduction%20are
Fuller, D. R., Pimentel, J. T., & Peregoy, B. M. (2012). Applied anatomy & physiology for speech-language pathology & audiology. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
Smith, J. M. (2015). Nasal Meatus - The Respiratory System. Www.therespiratorysystem.com. https://www.therespiratorysystem.com/nasal-meatus/
Seikel, J. A., Drumright, D. G., & Seikel, P. (2013). Essentials of anatomy & physiology for communication disorders. Delmar Cengage Learning.
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