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McMaster Optimal Aging Portal https://www.mcmasteroptimalaging.org
National Institutes of Health https://www.nih.gov
Biodex: The Biodex dynamometer allows us to obtain accurate measures of muscle strength. When it is combined with electromyography sensors taped to the skin, which measure muscle electrical activity during a contraction, the dynamometer can help us determine how completely a person can "activate" their muscle. This equipment isolates the body's limbs in variety of positions so we can collect precise contraction data on specific muscles. These contractions can be static "isometric" or dynamic "isokinetic" in nature. These data are used to help us gauge what percentage of a person's strength they are using during different activities, including muscle fatigue protocols.
Motion Capture System: Biomechanical motion capture is done to record the movement of bodies in space so that researchers may analyze and retrieve important information about how people walk, such as joint angles, center of mass movement, and a variety of other metrics. The basic premise of motion capture relies on reflective markers that are placed on anatomically significant body landmarks and can be tracked by infrared cameras throughout the movement. The position data of these markers during walking is used to calculate each person's movement characteristics.
Oxygen Consumption: We use oxygen to create energy throughout the body. This system measures the amount of oxygen breathed in and used by the body and the amount of carbon dioxide released from the body. During exercise and at rest, these measures give us important information about how hard the body is working, and what fuel (carbohydrates or fat) is being used at the time.
MRS, MRI: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) are sophisticated techniques that can be used to measure human energy production and anatomy noninvasively. MR machines use strong magnetic fields and radio waves (not radiation) to generate information about biochemistry, or images of the organs in the body. MRI is widely used in hospitals and clinics for medical diagnoses and follow-up without exposing the body to radiation. We use MRS and MRI in our current studies to evaluate muscle biochemistry during fatigue, and muscle size and fat composition.
SPPB Test: SPPB stands for Short Physical Performance Battery, which evaluates a person's lower extremity function. The SPPB examines 3 aspects of lower body function including: balance, walking speed, and the ability to quickly rise from a chair multiple times. The test results in a score from 0-12, with a score lower than 10 being indicative of one or more mobility limitations. Completing the SPPB test involves performing 4 balance poses, 4 short walks, and a series of timed chair rises.
VO2 Peak Test: A VO2 peak test determines a person's aerobic capacity test by measuring the greatest amount of oxygen a subject can use during a bout of intense exercise. The measurement of a subject's VO2 peak is generally considered the best indicator of true cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance. The basic premise of the test is that the more oxygen a person can use during intense exercise, the more energy they can produce and the more exercise they can do. VO2 peak serves as a gauge for cardiorespiratory fitness and is currently the gold standard used in the field.
Fatigue & Fatigability: Muscle fatigue is defined as the normal decrease in strength that happens when we use a muscle repeatedly. There are a number of causes of muscle fatigue, including some related to energy production. In addition to muscle fatigue, the term "Fatigability" has come into use to describe the sense of fatigue or exhaustion one experiences during everyday activities. Fatigability has been linked to a decreased quality of life because it is related to decreases in a person ability to freely move about and complete every-day tasks. Understanding how muscle fatigue affects a person’s fatigability is one of the main goals of the Mobility in Aging Alliance. Our S.A.G.E and U.F.O studies are currently investigating the complexities of muscle fatigue and fatigability, and our hope is that after completion of these projects we will have a better understanding of how muscle fatigue and increased fatigability affect us in older age.
Mobility: Mobility is crucial for maintaining a good quality of life and movement independence. Current research shows that as we age, our mobility usually declines, and thus our quality of life suffers as well. It is important to identify why we develop mobility impairments with old age, as a proper understanding of the causes of these changes will lead to effective interventions to prevent or reverse them.