Gierl, M., Vele, V.,  Firoozi, T., &  Lai, H. (2024, April). Producing item sets in automatic item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Sayin, A., & Gierl, M. (2024, April). Using OpenAI GPT to generate reading comprehension items. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. (2024, April). Multilingual automated essay scoring. In M Shermis (Chair), The 2024 Routledge International Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation Chapter Highlights. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Tan, B.,  Armoush, N., Mazullo, E., Bulut, O., & Gierl, M. (2024, April). Leveraging pre-trained large language models for automatic item generation: A scoping review. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Armoush, N., & Gierl, M. (2024, April). Using large language models for automatic item generation to create multiple-choice questions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Shin, J., Lai, H., & Gierl, M, (2024, April). Assessing reflective writing of medical students using natural language processing approaches. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Vele, V., & Gierl, M. J. (2024, March). Embedding automated item generation in Dentistry: The SME’s journey. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Anaheim, CA.

Vele, V., & Gierl, M. J. (2024, February). Automated item generation in Dentistry Licensure Testing. Paper presented at the Conference on the Assessment of Competence in Medicine and the Healthcare Professions (“Ottawa 2024”), Melbourne, Australia. 

Gierl, M. (2023, October). Automatic item generation. In O. Bulut (Chair), Large Language Models in Educational Assessment. Symposium conducted at the Empowering Learners in AI Conference, Online.

Lai, H., & Gierl, M. (May, 2023). Challenges with banking and deploying generated test items. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, York University, ON.

Sayin, A. & Gierl, M. (2023, April). Using automatic item generation to provide individualized feedback in formative tests. Paper accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Firoozi, T., Mohammadi, H., & Gierl, M. (2023, April). Using active learning methods to strategically select essays for automated scoring. Paper accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Lai, H., Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. (2023, April). A method for banking large numbers of generated items. Paper accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Shin, J., & Gierl, M. J. (2023, May). Using a deep recommender system for predicting test item difficulty with content coding. Paper accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.

Shin, J., Pintojun, W., Wang, B, & Gierl, M. J., (2023, May). An engagement-aware predictive model to evaluate problem-solving performance from process data.  Paper accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., Swygert, K., & Kulesher, A. (2023, March). Using metadata from automatic item generation to enhance test security.  Paper accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Dallas, TX.

Gierl, M. J., & Firoozi, T. (2022, September). Otomatik madde uretimi: Teori ve uggulamalari [Automatic item generation: Theory and practice]. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Kongresi, Izmir, Turkiye. [The Congress of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, Izmir, Turkey.]

Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. J. (2022, April). Improving the practicality of automatic essay scoring systems using active learning models. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Gierl, M. J., & Lai, H. (2022, April). Automatic item generation and the challenge of item banking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Shin, J., & Gierl, M. J. (2022, April). Automated item generation of reading inference test items: A natural language processing approach. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Gierl, M. J., & Firoozi, T. (2022, January). Preparing students for careers focused on technology-based assessment and evaluation. Advancing Assessment and Evaluation Conference, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CA.

Gierl, M. J. (2021, September). Importance of content coding for automatic item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Test Publishers, Online.

Firoozi, T., Shin, J., Okan, B., Gierl, M.(2021, June). The effect of option similarity on the item difficulty of a reading comprehension test: An application of word embedding techniques. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Online.

 Lu, C., Cutumisu, M., & Gierl, M. (2021, June). Towards automated essay scoring and feedback generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Online.

Leslie, T., & Gierl, M. (2021, June). Using automatic item generation methodology to create multiple-choice questions appropriate for entry to pharmacy practice assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Pharmacy Education and Research Conference, Online.

Lu, C. & Gierl, M. (2020, April). Automated essay scoring with multi-level representation deep learning models. Paper to be presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Online.

Lu, C., Bulut, O., Epp, C., & Gierl, M. (2020, April). Identifying online learning behaviors using log data from learning management systems. Paper to be presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Online.

Shin, J., Gierl, M., Lai, H., & Matovinovic, D. (2020, April). Automated reading item generation using topic modelling approach. Paper to be presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Online.

Lai, H., Gierl, M., & Matovinovic, D. (2020, March). A brief history of automatic item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Online.

Matovinovic, D. & Gierl, M. J. (2019, September). Transforming test development - Anything but the status quo. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Test Publishers, Madrid, Spain.

Gierl. M., Lai, H., & Matovinovic, D. (2019, June). Using automatic item generation for formative assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Vancouver, BC.

Shin, J. & Gierl, M. J. (2019, April). A comparison of machine learning and deep learning approaches in automated essay scoring. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Toronto, ON. 

Shin, J., Guo, Q., & Gierl, M. J. (2019, April). Using students’ written responses to inform content specialists about common misconceptions. In O. Bulut (Chair), Communicating Assessment Results: How to Inform Decision-Making in Education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Toronto, ON.

Varga, S. & Gierl, M. J. (2019, April). Confirmatory versus exploratory content classification analysis of automatically generated items. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Toronto, ON.

Brunnert, K., Vesey, W., Cole, B., Raha, K., Lima-Walton, E., Lai, H., & Gierl, M. (2019, March). Using natural language processing algorithms to select items from automatic item generation output. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Orlando, FL.

Bostick, G., Gierl, M., McCabe, E., Fleming, C., Paslawski, T., Hall, M., Hall, J., Zarski, C., McFarlane, L., & Roberts, M. (2019, January). Improving the efficiency of multiple choice question development using cognitive models and automated item generation and test assembly. American Physical Therapy Combined Sections Meeting, Washington, DC.

Damnik, G., Gierl, M., Proske, A., Körndle, H., & Narciss, S. (2018, November). Automatic generation of tasks as a means to increase interactivity and adaptability in digital learning environments (Automatische Erzeugung von Aufgaben als Mittel zur Erhöhung von Interaktivität und Adaptivität in digitalen Lernressourcen). Paper presented at the E-Learning Symposium 2018, Potsdam University.

Matovinovic, D., & Gierl. M. (2018, September). Emerging models of automatically generated test content.  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Test Publishers, Athens, Greece.

Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., & DeChamplain, A. (2018, May). Using automatic item generation to support formative feedback in medical education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Conference on Medical Education, Halifax, NS.

Gierl, M. J., Bulut, O., Guo, Q, & Zhang, X. (2018, May). Developing, analyzing, and using distractors for multiple-choice medical testing: A comprehensive review. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Conference on Medical Education, Halifax, NS. 

Zhang, X., & Gierl, J. J. (2018, April). Human machine interactive automatic item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New York, NY.

Shin, J., Bulut, O., & Gierl, M. J. (2018, April). Examining the effect of best distractor location on item difficulty. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New York, NY.

Brunnert, K., Schneiner, B., Gierl, M. J., & Lai, H. (2018, February). Using automated procedures to generate test items for nursing examinations. Electronic ePoster presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, San Antonio, TX.

Lai, H., & Gierl, M. J. (2017, November). Automatic item generation and artificial intelligence. Invited presentation, the 17 th Annual Maryland Assessment Research Center Conference, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

Gierl, M. J., & Bulut, O. (2017, August). Generating rationales to support formative feedback in adaptive testing for computer adaptive testing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association for Computerized Adaptive Testing, Niigata, Japan.

Gierl, M. J., & Zhang, X. (2017, April). Rationale generation: An expansion of the item generation framework. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Antonio, TX.

Bulut, O., Gierl, M. J., Gao, Q., & Zhang, X. (2017, April). The Achilles' heel of multiple-choice items: Distractors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Antonio, TX.

Zhang, X. & Gierl, M. J. (2017, April). Evaluating text similarity of generated items using graph theory. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Antonio, TX.

Latifi, S., & Gierl, M. J. (2017, April). Extreme scoring machine: Integrating deep language features for developing an essay scoring framework. Paper presentation at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Antonio, TX.

De Champlain, A., & Gierl, M. J. (2017, March). Implementing automated item generation in a large- scale medical licensing examination Program: Lessons learned. Invited presentation for the Certification and Licensure Division at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Phoenix, AZ.

Latifi, S. M. F., & Gierl, M. J. (2016, April). Modeling the global text features for enhancing the automated scoring system. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Washington, DC.

Zhang, X., & Gierl, M. J. (2016, April). Recovering the item model structure from automatically generated items using graph theory. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Washington, DC.

Lai, H., Gierl, M., Tan, A., Daniels, V., & Hillier, T. (2016, April). Framework for feedback and remediation with electronic objective structured clinical examinations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Washington, DC.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., Fung, K., & Zheng, B. (2016, April). Using technology-enhanced processes to generate items in multiple languages. Invited paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Washington, DC.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., Spielman, A., Byrne, B. E., & Waldschmidt, D. (2016, March). Modeling approaches for automatic item generation in dental education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Dental Education Association, Denver, CO.

Budden, C.R., Gierl, M. J., Zhu, J., & White, J. (2016, March). Evaluation of surgical skills in plastic surgery: Validity and reliability of assessment using the O-SCORE. Paper presented at the 17th Ottawa Conferences on the Assessment of Competence in Medicine and the Healthcare Professions, Perth, Australia.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., DeChamplain, A., & Boulais, A., Touchie, C., & Pugh, D. (2016, March). Enhancing automatic item generation: An evolution from concept to practice. Paper presented at the 17th Ottawa Conferences on the Assessment of Competence in Medicine and the Healthcare Professions, Perth, Australia.

Lai, H., Gierl, M., DeChamplain, A., & Boulais, A. (2015, April). Systematically generating plausible distractors: Field-testing results and psychometric implications from item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Conference on Medical Education, Vancouver, BC.

Lai, H., Forbes, K., Tan, A., Pinsk, M., Hillier, T., Davila-Cervantes, A., Gierl, M., & Daniels, V. (2015, April). Converting from single to parallel forms examination: Applications of modern psychometric techniques. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Conference on Medical Education, Vancouver, BC.

Gierl, M., Lai, H., DeChamplain, A., & Boulais, A. (2015, April). Evaluating the psychometric properties of generated test items. Electronic poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Lai, H., Gierl, M., & Hogan, J. (2015, April). Modeling and evaluating generated items under common core standards. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Boughton, K., Gierl, M. J., Houston, L., & Rich, C. (2015, April). A methodology for multilingual automatic item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Latifi, F., Gierl, M., Wang, R., & Wang, A. (2015, April). A novel approach for quantify semantics of automatically generated items. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Gierl, M. J., Boughton, K., Rich, C., & Houston, L. (2015, March). Multilingual automatic item generation: Overview and demonstration. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., Boulais, A., & DeChamplain, A. (2015, March). Using automated essay scoring to grade innovative item types administered in multiple languages. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., Pugh, D., Touchie, C., Boulais, A., & DeChamplain, A. (2015, March). Evaluating the psychometric properties of generated test items. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., & Hogan, J. (2015, March). Generating test items pre-aligned to Common Core Standards. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Ball, M. M., Gierl, M. J., & Lai, H. (2015, March). Using automatic item generation to develop practice non-verbal reasoning items for a high stakes medical admission test in Australia. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Latifi, F., Lai, H., Matovinovic, D., & Boughton, K. (April, 2014). Evaluating the quality of items generated using automatic processes. In J. Masters and K. Becker (Chairs), Experimental Research on Test Item Design and Construction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Latifi, S. M. F., Gierl, M. J., & Boulais, A. P. (April, 2014). Setting new directions for clinical competency assessment using natural language processing. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Gotzmann, A., Gierl, M., & Rogers, T. (April, 2014). Does vertical scaling based on content or distribution type influence the classification decisions on annual yearly progress measures? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA

Latifi, S. M. F., Gierl, M. J., Boulais, A. P., & De Champlain, A. F. (April, 2014). Technology-enhanced scoring of a multilingual medical licensing examination. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA

Lai, H., Hillier, T., & Gierl, M. J. (April, 2014). Processing evaluation comments using natural language processing in medical education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Lai, H., Hillier, T., Gierl, M. J., & Tanygin, V. (April, 2014). Deploying TAO in medical education using a rapid development framework. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA.

Latifi, S. M. F., Gierl, M. J., Boulais, A. P., & De Champlain, A. F. (April, 2014). Contrasting three automated scoring approaches for Bilingual Medical Licensing Examination. Paper presented at the 16th Ottawa Conferences on the Assessment of Competence in Medicine and the Healthcare Professions, Ottawa, ON.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. & De Champlain, A. (April, 2014). Creating plausible distractors in an item generation framework. Paper presented at the 16th Ottawa Conferences on the Assessment of Competence in Medicine and the Healthcare Professions, Ottawa, ON.

Latifi, S. M. F., Guo, Q., Gierl, M. J., Lacroix, D., Mousavi, S. A., & Fung, K. (2013, June). Towards automated scoring using open-source technologies. Paper presentation at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Victoria, BC.

Gierl, M. J., & Lai, H. (April, 2013). Using technology to generate items for medical exams. In M. Gierl (Chair), The Infusion of Technology in Test Development: Advances and Demonstrations. Invited paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., Fung, K., & Zhang, B. (April, 2013). Developing and evaluating methods to automatically generate items in multiple languages. In P.C. Kyllonen & J. Bertling (Chairs), Advances in Automatic Item Generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Lai, H., & Gierl, M. J. (April, 2013). Evaluating granularity of skills in diagnostic assessment: An application of the HCI and ICI. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Roberts, M., & Gierl, M. J. (April, 2013). Developing and evaluating score reports for a diagnostic mathematics assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., Fotheringham, A., Roy, M., & Boyer-Richer, J. (April, 2013). Generating multiple-choice test items in medical education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Conference on Medical Education, Quebec City, QC.

Gierl, M. J., & Breithaupt, K. (2012, September). Using automated item generation to produce assessment tasks for medical licensure exams. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Test Publishers, Berlin, Germany.

Wiley, A., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, September). Policies and procedures for the development of more effective item writing and test development. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Test Publishers, Berlin, Germany.

Gierl, M. J., Breithaupt, K., Lai, H., Fotheringham, A., & Roy, M. (2012, August). Using automated processes to generate items for general medical knowledge exams. In K. Breithaupt (Chair), Developments in Computerized Adaptive Testing at the Medical Council of Canada. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association for Computerized Adaptive Testing, Sydney, Australia.

Lai, H., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, May). Using a systematic process to generate items for medical education. Paper presented at annual meeting of the Canadian Education Research Association. Waterloo, ON.

Gierl, M. J., & Lai, H. (2012, April). Using automatic item generation to create items for medical licensure exams. In K. Becker (Chair), Beyond essay scoring: Test development through natural language processing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, BC.

Lai, H., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, April). Calibrated item generation for cognitive diagnostic assessment. In P. de Boeck (Chair), Random Item Latent Structure Models. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, BC.

Lai, H., Cui, Y, & Gierl, M. J. (2012, April). Item consistency index: An item-fit index for cognitive diagnostic assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, BC.

El Atia, S., & Gierl, M. J (2012, April). Evaluating the effect of socio-linguistic factors on translated and/or adapted educational tests in a bilingual context. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, BC.

Li, J., Cui, Y., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, April). Bootstrap confidence intervals for range-restricted coefficient alpha. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, BC.

Lai, H., Babenko, O., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, April). Two applications of complex sum scores for diagnostic assessment. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, BC.

Douglas, A., Wiley, A., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, April). Development of a taxonomy of test item features and components: The foundation of a more efficient assessment design process and prediction of item performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, BC.

Lai, H., Gierl, M., & Turner, S. (2012, March). A systematic process for generating items on medical licensure exams in Canada. Paper presented at the 15th Ottawa Conferences on the Assessment of Competence in Medicine and the Healthcare Professions, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Gierl, M. J. & Lai, H. (2012, February). Using weak and strong theory for automatic item generation. In J. Olsen (Chair), Alternative Approaches in Item and Test Generation and Modeling. Invited paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., & Roy, M. (2012, February). Automatic generation of items for a test of general medical knowledge. In K. Breithaupt & M. J. Gierl (Chairs), Perception and practical solutions in CBT: What test takers believe, and how innovation can improve program quality. Interactive workshop paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Wiley, D., Douglas, A., & Gierl, M. J. (2012, February). Development of a taxonomy of attributes and components of test items: The foundation of a more efficient assessment design process. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Gierl, M., Lai, H., Li, J., & Breithaupt, K. (2011, October). Evaluating differential item functioning on computerized adaptive tests. In K. Breithaupt (Chair), Developments in Computerized Adaptive Testing at the Medical Council of Canada. Invited paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association for Computerized Adaptive Testing, Pacific Grove, CA.

Roy, M., Gierl, M. J., Breithaupt, K., & Lai, H. (2011, August). Analytic methods to evaluate item and test fairness: A case study of the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part I (MCCQEI). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Medical Education in Europe, Vienna, Austria.

Li, J., Cui, Y., Gierl, M. J., & Chan, W. (2011, July). Bootstrap confidence intervals for the meta-analysis of correlations corrected for indirect range restriction. Paper presented at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Hong Kong, PRC.

Lai, H., Li, J., & Gierl, M. (July, 2011). Effectiveness of CATSIB on computer adaptive sequential tests. Poster presented at the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Hong Kong, PRC.

Gierl, M. J. (2011, June). An introduction to methods for automatic item generation. In. D. Higgins (Chair), Survey of Current Issues in Natural Language Processing and Automated Scoring for K-12 Education. Invited paper presented at the annual meeting of the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) National Conference on Student Assessment, Orlando, FL.

Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., & Alves, C. (2011, April). Using item models for automatic item generation. In. I. Bejar (Chair), Advances in Item Generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Roberts, M., & Gierl, M. J. (2011, April). Developing and evaluating score reports for a diagnostic mathematics assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Cui, Y., & Gierl, M. J. (2011, April). Statistical classification for cognitive diagnostic assessment: An artificial neural network approach. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Gierl, M. J., Alves, C., & Huff. K. (2011, February). Automatic item generation with College Board AP examinations. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Phoenix, AZ.

Taylor-Majeau, R., & Gierl, M. J. (2011, February). Enhance linkages between assessment and learning through dynamic computer-based score reports for cognitive diagnostic assessments. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Phoenix, AZ.

Gierl, M., Alves, C., Roberts, M., & Lai, H. (2010, May). Using principled test design to develop and evaluate a diagnostic mathematics program. In J. Leighton (Chair), Conceptual and Technical Advances in Formative and Summative Assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Montreal, QC.

Leighton, J. P., & Gierl, M. (2010, May). Cognitive models for reading, math, and science: Implications for formative and summative assessment. In J. Leighton (Chair), Conceptual and Technical Advances in Formative and Summative Assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Montreal, QC.

Lai, H., & Gierl, M. J. (2010, May). A user-friendly approach to scoring cognitive diagnostic assessments. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Montreal, QC.

Gierl, M. J., Alves, C., & Taylor-Majeau, R. (2010, April). Using principled test design to develop and evaluate a diagnostic mathematics program at Grades 3 and 6. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Denver, CO.

Leighton, J. P., & Gierl, M. J. (2010, April). Cognitive diagnostic assessment for education: Theory and applications. Invited lecture for the American Educational Research Association (Division D), Denver, CO.

Gierl, M. J. & Leighton, J. P. (2010, April). Developing cognitive models and construct maps to promote assessment engineering. In R. M. Luecht (Chair), Application of Assessment Engineering to Multidimensional Diagnostic Testing in an Educational Setting. Paper presented in symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Denver, CO.

Gierl. M. J., Alves, C., Lai, H. (2010, April). Using item templates and automated item generation principles for assessment engineering. In R. M. Luecht (Chair), Application of Assessment Engineering to Multidimensional Diagnostic Testing in an Educational Setting. Paper presented in symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Denver, CO.

Alves, C., Gierl. M. J., Lai, H. (2010, April). Using automated item generation to promote principled test design and development. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Denver, CO.

Gierl. M. J., Alves, C., Lai, H. (2010, January). Using automated item generation to support on-line diagnostic testing in K to 6 mathematics. Poster presented at the Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu, HI.

Gierl. M. J., Alves, C., Lai, H. (2009, October). Automatic item generation to support continuous, on-line computer-based testing. Paper presented at E-Learn 2009-World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, Vancouver, BC.

Lai, H., Gierl, M. J., & Alves, C. (2009, June). Development of an item model taxonomy for automatic item generation in computer adaptive testing. Poster presented at the GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing. Minneapolis, MN.

Gierl, M. (2009, May). Reliability and attribute-based scoring in cognitive diagnostic assessment. In M. Gierl & J. Leighton (Chairs), Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment In Canada: Technical Advances and Applications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, ON.

Cui, Y., & Gierl, M. J. (2009, May). Validating a cognitive theory of algebra learning: The union of cognitive psychology and educational measurement. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, ON.

Lai, H., Alves, C., Zhou, J., & Gierl, M. J. (2009, May). Using automated generation to address practical test development problems. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, ON.

Alves, C., Roberts, M., Gotzmann, A., & Gierl, M. J. (2009, May). The use of SEM and AHM to investigate the validity of a reading assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, ON.

Gierl, M. J. Alves, C., Roberts, M., & Gotzmann, A. (2009, April). Using judgments from content specialists to develop cognitive models for diagnostic assessments. In J. Gorin (Chair), How to Build a Cognitive Model for Educational Assessments. Paper presented in symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Zhou, J., Gierl, M. J., & Cui, Y. (2009, April). Attribute reliability in cognitive diagnostic assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Cor, K., Alves, C., & Gierl, M. J. (2009, April). Three applications of automated test assembly within a user-friendly modeling environment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Cui, Y., Gierl, M. J. & Leighton, J. P. (2009, April). Estimating the Attribute Hierarchy Method with Mathematica and SAS. In A. Rupp (Chair), Software for Calibrating Cognitive Diagnosis Models: An Overview of the Current State-of-the-Art. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Gotzmann, A., Roberts, M., Alves, C., & Gierl, M. J. (2009, April). Using cognitive models to evaluate ethnicity and gender differences. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Roberts, M., Alves, C., Gotzmann, A., & Gierl, M. J. (2009, April). Development of a mathematics construct map to promote diagnostic inferences about student performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Roberts, M. & Gierl, M. J. (2009, April). Development of a framework for diagnostic score reporting. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Lai, H., Turnbull, A. & Gierl, M. J. (2009, April). Incorporating auxiliary information for automatic item generation. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.

Leighton, J. P., & Gierl, M. J. (2008, June). Cognitive diagnostic assessment for education: Theory and applications. Invited lecture for the International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Durham, NH.

Gierl, M. J., & Zhou, J. (2008, May). Formative, computer-based, classroom assessment: Concepts, models, and applications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Vancouver, BC.

Gierl, M. J., Zhou, J., & Alves, C. (2008, May). Using item models to promote automatic item generation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Vancouver, BC.

Alves, C.B, & Gierl, M. J. (2008, May). Teaching effectiveness as operationalized and measured with construct maps. Poster presented at the annual meeting of Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Vancouver, BC.

Zhou, J., & Gierl, M. J. (2008, March). Computer adaptive-attribute testing: Incorporating psychological principles with assessment practices in computer adaptive testing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New York, NY.

Zheng, Y, & Gierl, M. J. (2008, March). Using Cochran's Z Statistic to test the kernel-smoothed IRF differences between focal and reference group. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.

Zhou, J., Gierl, M. J., & Cui, Y. (2007, June). Computerized attribute-adaptive testing: A new computerized adaptive testing approach incorporating cognitive psychology. In D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2007 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing. Retrieved [date] from www.psych.umn.edu/psylabs/ CATCentral/

Gierl, M. J., Cui, Y., & Hunka, S. (2007, April). Diagnostic testing using the Attribute Hierarchy Method. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Saskatoon, SK.

Gierl, M. J. (2007, April). Engineering and evaluating mathematics assessments using the Attribute Hierarchy Method. In R. Luecht (Chair), Assessment Engineering: An Emerging Discipline. Symposium conducted at the 2007 annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Gierl, M. J., Cui, Y., & Hunka, S. (2007, April). Using connectionist models to evaluate examinees' response patterns on tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Tan, X., & Gierl, M. J. (2007, April). Refinement of the DETECT indices for evaluating the strength and structure of multidimensionality. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Wang, C., & Gierl, M. J. (2007, April). Investigating the cognitive processes underlying student performance on the SAT Critical Reading subtest. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Zheng, Y., & Gierl, M. J. (2007, April). Using real data to compare DIF detection and effect size measures among Mantel-Haenszel, SIBTEST, and Logistic Regression procedures. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Gierl, M. J., & Huff, K. (2007, February). Cognitive diagnostic assessment: Current research and implementation issues. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Pope, G., McKenzie, K., Sadesky, G., & Gierl, M. J. (2007, February). Using computer adaptive testing to support formative classroom-based assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Test Publishers, Palm Springs, CA.

Wang, C., & Gierl, M. J. (2006, August). Investigating the reading skill hierarchies on an L2 English test. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Speech, Writing, and Context Language and Literacy Acquisition, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CA.

Cheng, I., Gierl, M. J., & Basu, A. (2006, June). Evaluating performance features with 3D item types for use with computer-based tests in education. Paper presented at the International Conference on Frontiers in Education: Computer Science and Computer Engineering, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Gierl, M. J. (2006, May). Using test data from two Western Canadian Protocol provinces to identify and evaluate factors that elicit gender differences in mathematics. Paper presented at the Edudata Canada Research Forum, Vancouver, BC.

Gierl, M. J., Leighton, J. P., & Tan, X. (2006, April). Evaluating the cluster consistency of DETECT when the data display complex structure. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Luecht, R. M., Gierl, M. J., Tan, X., & Huff, K. (2006, April). Scalability and the development of useful diagnostic scales. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Cui, Y., Leighton, J. P., Gierl, M. J., & Hunka, S. (2006, April). A person-fit statistic for the Attribute Hierarchy Method: The hierarchical consistency index. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Tan, X., & Gierl, M. J. (2006, April). Evaluating the consistency of DETECT indices and item clusters using simulated data that display both simple and complex structure. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

Wang, C., Gierl, M. J., & Leighton, J. P. (2006, April). Investigating the cognitive processes underlying student performance on a foreign language reading test: An application of the Attribute Hierarchy Method. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

Zhou, J., & Gierl, M. J. (2006, April). Evaluating the performance of MULTISIB using different multidimensional matching criteria. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Leighton, J. P., & Tan, X. (2005, May). Cluster consistency of DETECT with different dimensional structures: Issues and concerns. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, London, ON.

Leighton, J. P., & Gierl, M. J. (2005, May). Identifying models of cognition in educational measurement: What are the costs and benefits with each? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, London, ON.

Tan, X., & Gierl, M. J. (2005, May). Using local DIF analyses to assess group differences on criterion-referenced examinations: Implications for practice in Canada. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, London, ON.

Wang, C., & Gierl, M. J. (2005, May). Exploring the dimensionality of a reading comprehension test using nonparametric procedures. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, London, ON.

Gierl, M. J., Tan, X., Wang, C. (2005, April). Identifying cognitive dimensions that affect student performance on the New SAT. In M. Gierl & K. Huff (Chairs), Enhancing the Diagnostic Value of Large-Scale Achievement Tests: Technical Developments and Applications. Paper presented in symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Walker, C., Gierl, M. J., & Ricker, K. (2005, April). Assessing differential item functioning among multiple groups: A power and type I error analysis using TESTGRAF. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Ricker, K., & Gierl, M. J. (2005, April). The consequences of multidimensionality to the robustness of IRT equating using a common-items nonequivalent groups design. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Tan, X., & Gierl, M. J. (2005, April). Using local DIF analyses to assess group differences on multilingual examinations. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Li, Y., Y., & Gierl, M. J. (2004, October). Translating achievement tests: The use of the multidimensional DIF analysis paradigm for enhancing fairness and equity. Paper presented at the International Testing Commission Fourth International Conference on Equitable Assessment Practices, Williamsburg, VA.

Gierl, M. J. (2004, May). Using the multidimensional-based DIF analysis paradigm to identify and interpret subgroup differences on educational and psychological tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Winnipeg, MB.

Ricker, K., & Gierl, M. J. (2004, May). The consequences of multidimensionality on IRT equating. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Winnipeg, MB.

Gierl, M. J. (2004, April). Using the DIF analysis framework to identify the matching and studied subtest for multidimensional tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Bolt, D. M., & Gierl, M. J. (2004, April). Application of a regression correction to three nonparametric tests of DIF: Implications for local DIF assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Ackerman, T. A., Walker, C., Gierl, M. J., & Heafner, T. (2004, April). Using the fusion model to develop a high stakes science assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Gierl, M. J., Bisanz, J., & Li, Y. Y. (2004, April). Using the multidimensionality-based DIF analysis framework to study cognitive skills that elicit gender differences. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA.

Gierl, M. J., & Bolt, D. (2003, April). Implications of the multidimensionality-based DIF analysis framework for selecting a matching and studied subtest. In C. Walker & M. Gierl (Chairs), Applications and Practical Considerations of Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Walker, C., Gierl, M., Ackerman, T., Ricker, K., & Gosz, J. K. (2003, April). The effect of model misspecification on exploratory and confirmatory models in multidimensional item response theory. In C. Walker & M. Gierl (Chairs), Applications and Practical Considerations of Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Rogers, W. T., Gierl, M. J., & Lin, J. (2003, April). Differential validity and utility of successive and simultaneous approaches to the development of equivalent achievement tests in French and English. In W. T. Rogers (Chair), Test Adaptation and Translations: Development and Evaluation Advances. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Puhan, G., & Gierl, M. J. (2003, April). Evaluating the comparability of English- and French-speaking examinees on a science achievement test administered using two-stage testing. In W. T. Rogers (Chair), Test Adaptation and Translations: Development and Evaluation Advances. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL.

Rogers, W. T., Gierl, M. J., Tardif, C., & Lin, J. (2002, December). Differential validity and utility of successive and simultaneous approaches to the development of equivalent achievement tests in French and English. Paper presented at the conference, Measurement for the Social Sciences: Classical Insights into Modern Approaches, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

Puhan, G., & Gierl, M. (2002, May). Evaluating the effectiveness of two-stage testing for English and French examinees on the SAIP 1999 science test. Paper presented as the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Toronto, ON.

Leighton, J. P., Gierl, M. J., & Hunka. S. (2002, May). An approach for assessing thinking skills: The Attribute Hierarchy Model. Paper presented as the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Toronto, ON.

Marais, A., & Gierl, M. (2002, May). Identifying the impact of test items displaying language DIF on equating conversion functions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Toronto, ON.

Ercikan, K., Gierl, M., McCreith, T., Puhan, G., & Koh, K. (2002, May). Comparability of English and French versions of SAIP for reading, mathematics and science items. Paper presented as the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Toronto, ON.

Gierl, M. J., Bisanz, J., Bisanz, G., & Boughton, K. (2002, April). Using differential bundle functioning analyses to evaluate cognitive characteristics predicted to cause gender differences in mathematics. In M. J. Gierl (Chair), New Approaches for Identifying and Interpreting Differential Bundle Functioning. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Leighton, J. P., Gierl, M. J., & Hunka. S. (2002, April). The Attribute Hierarchy Model for cognitive assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Gierl, M. J., Bisanz, J., Bisanz, G., Boughton, K., & Khaliq, S. (2001, April). Using differential bundle functioning to identify and interpret gender differences on science achievement tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, WA.

Boughton, K., Klinger, D., & Gierl, M. (2001, April). Effect of rater error on parameter recovery of the generalized partial credit and graded response model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Seattle, WA.

Boughton, K., Cartwright, F., & Gierl, M. J. (2001, April). Construction of automated parallel forms and multiple parallel panels in computer-adaptive sequential testing: New measures of parallelism and their applications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, WA.

Vandenberghe, C., & Gierl, M. J. (2001, April). Differential bundle functioning on mathematics and science achievement tests: A comparison of non-aboriginal and aboriginal students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, WA.

Puhan, G., & Gierl, M. J. (2001, April). Gender differences in testing and item context: Does it make a DIF? Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Seattle, WA.

Gotzmann, A., Boughton, K., & Gierl, M. J. (2001, April). The effects of ability differences on type I error and power rates using SIBTEST and TESTGRAF. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Seattle, WA.

Gierl, M. J., Boughton, K., Khaliq, S., Bisanz, J., Bisanz, G., & Rogers, W. T. (2000, May). Using test specifications to display and interpret differential bundle functioning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Boughton, K., Gierl, M. J., & Khaliq, S. (2000, May). Differential bundle functioning on mathematics and science achievement tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Gotzmann, A., Vandenberghe, C., & Gierl, M. (2000, May). Differential item functioning on Alberta Achievement Tests: A comparison of native and non-native students. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Gierl, M. J., & Khaliq, S. N. (2000, April). Identifying sources of differential item and bundle functioning on translated tests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Jodoin, M, G., & Gierl, M. J. (2000, April). Reducing type I error using an effect size measure with the logistic regression procedure for DIF detection. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Khaliq, S. N., & Gierl, M. J. (2000, April). A complete test of Hulin's psychometric theory of measurement equivalence. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.

Gierl, M. J., Jodoin, M. G., & Ackerman, T. A. (2000, April). Performance of Mantel-Haenszel, SIBTEST, and Logistic Regression when the number of DIF items is large. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Boughton, K., & Gierl, M. J. (2000, April). Automated test assembly procedures for criterion-referenced testing using optimization heuristics. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Khaliq, S. N., Boughton, K., Bisanz, G., Bisanz, J., Gierl, M., & Rogers, W. T. (2000, April). Evaluating gender differences in science achievement by content area. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, New Orleans, LA.

Gierl, M. J., Khaliq, S., & Boughton, K. (1999, June). Differential item functioning on Alberta Education mathematics achievement tests: Prevalence and policy implications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

 Gierl, M. J., Rogers, W. T., & Klinger, D. (1999, April). Consistency between statistical procedures and content reviews for identifying translation DIF. In M. J. Gierl (Chair), Translation DIF Research: Advances and Applications. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

Leighton, J., Gierl, M. J., & Hunka, S. (1999, April). Attributes in Tatsuoka's attribute-hierarchy model. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

Henderson, D., Jodoin, M., Klinger, D., & Gierl, M. (1999, April). ‘Choosing the Peak’: An alternative item selection method for test development. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

Gierl, M. (1998, October). Item analysis in test development: Current practices and future directions. Paper presented at the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Conference on Measurement and Evaluation in the New Millenium, Banff Conference Centre, Banff, AB.

Gierl, M. (1998, May). Item banking: Structural features and implementation issues. In J. Anderson (Chair), Computerized Adaptive Testing in Canada. Invited paper presented at symposium conducted during the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Gierl, M., & McEwen, N. (1998, May). Differential item functioning on the Alberta Education Social Studies 30 Diploma Exams. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Harnisch, D. L., Gierl, M., Migotsky, C., Maskell, M., Connell, M., & Stake, R. (1996, April). ‘The revolution starts here’...An evaluation of a middle school technology education program. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.

Gierl, M., & Migotsky, C. (1996, April). Educating evaluators: The untold story. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.

Harnisch, D., Gierl, M., & Migotsky, C. (1995, November). What works with technology education materials in middle school: An evaluation of the Synergistic System in classroom settings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Evaluation Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Gierl, M. J., & Mulvenon, S. (1995, April). Evaluating the application of fit indices to structural equation models in educational research: A review of the literature from 1990 though 1994. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. [This paper was cited in Bentler, P. M., & Dudgeon, P. (1996). Covariance structure analysis: Statistical practice, theory, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 563-592.]

Gierl, M. J., & Harnisch, D. (1995, April). Factors associated with dropping out for youths with disabilities: A latent variable analysis using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

Harnisch, D., & Gierl, M. J. (1995, April). Factors associated with dropping out for youths with disabilities and possible implications for school policy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Council for Exceptional Children, Indianapolis, IN.

Gierl, M. J., Harley, D., & Dunnigan, M. (1994, April). A student's perspective on the intrinsic characteristics of a single-sex physics class. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Gierl, M. J. (1993, June). Evaluating Bloom's cognitive levels in the table of specifications for a Grade 6 mathematics achievement test. Paper presented at the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Conference on Cognition and Assessment, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.