Selman Abraham Waksman was born in Russian Ukraine on July 22, 1888 to Jacob Waksman and Fradia London. After being rejected from his home university for being Jewish, Waksman immigrated to the United States and received a Bachelor of Science from Rutgers College of Agriculture and continued his education through a Doctorate of Science at Berkley, California, where he also became a research fellow. Waksman later returned to Rutgers to lecture for soil bacteriology and microbiology. He died on August 15, 1973.
Waksman received worldwide recognition early in his career from his book, The Principles of Soil Bacteriology. His main scientific contribution was studying the activity of soil microorganisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Waksman discovered and isolated antibiotics—a term he is credited with coining—from microorganisms in the hopes of using them for human treatment.
From Waksman's perspective, a colleague brought him a microorganism from a chicken throat swab in 1943, called Streptomyces griseus. Waksman isolated streptomycin from this organism, patented the drug, and was awarded the 1952 Nobel prize “for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" (Selman A. Waksman [date unknown]). There is much contention between his role in this discovery and that of his research assistant, Albert Schatz (Pringle 2012).
Bugie worked as one of “Waksman’s assistants” and is occasionally credited as demonstrating the antibiotic activity of streptomycin against 10 Gram-positive and 12 Gram-negative bacteria. Although she is well known for her authorship on the historical seminal paper announcing streptomycin and was recognized by Waksman in his Nobel lecture (Waksman 1953), she did not appear on the patent—despite patent law and another assistant, Albert Schatz, later being added—and her name is largely overshadowed by the more outspoken Schatz.
In Selman’s autobiography, My Life with the Microbes, Bugie is never directly mentioned besides being one of many assistants in his lab (Waksman 1954). But, in a “parable” by Waksman, a story he used to describe his version of events which later became how he controlled the narrative of streptomycin's discovery, Bugie is credited with carrying out certain tests that led to the isolation and identification of the antibiotic (Pringle 2012).
Ligon-Borden BL. 2003. Selman A. Waksman, PhD (1888-1973): Pioneer in development of antibiotics and Nobel laureate. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 14(1):60-63. https://doi.org/10.1053/spid.2003.127220
Pringle P. 2012. Experiment eleven: dark secrets behind the discovery of a wonder drug. Walker Publishing.
Selman A. Waksman. [date unknown]. Nobel Prize; [accessed 2026 Apr 5]. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1952/waksman/facts/
Waksman SA. 1953. Streptomycin: background, isolation, properties, and utilization. Science. 118(3062):259–266. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.118.3062.259
Waksman SA. 1954. My life with the microbes. Simon and Schuster.