CHARTS & MAPS

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January: Janus, Roman god of doors, beginnings, sunset and sunrise, had one face looking forward and one backward.

February: On February 15 the Romans celebrated the festival of forgiveness for sins (februare, Latin to purify).

March: Mars, the Roman god of war, opening month of the war season.

April: Roman month Aprilis, perhaps derived from aperire (Latin to open, as in opening buds and blossoms)

May: Maia, Roman goddess, mother of Mercury by Jupiter and daughter of Atlas.

June: Juno, chief Roman goddess.

July: Renamed for Julius Caesar in 44 BC, who was born this month; Quintilis, Latin for fifth month, was the former name.

August: Formerly Sextilis (sixth month in the Roman calendar); re-named in 8 BC for Augustus Caesar.

September: September, (septem, Latin for 7) the seventh month in the Julian or Roman calendar, est. in the reign of J. Caesar.

October: Eighth month (octo, Latin for 8) in the Julian (Roman) calendar.

November: Ninth Roman month (novem, Latin for 9).

December: Julian (Roman) year's tenth month (decem, Latin for 10).

ROMAN EMPERORS

Augustus (31 BCE–14 CE)

Tiberius (14–37 CE)

Caligula (37–41 CE)

Claudius (41–54 CE)

Nero (54–68 CE)

Galba (68–69 CE)

Otho (January–April 69 CE)

Aulus Vitellius (July–December 69 CE)

Vespasian (69–79 CE)

Titus (79–81 CE)

Domitian (81–96 CE)

Nerva (96–98 CE)

Trajan (98–117 CE)

Hadrian (117–138 CE)

Antoninus Pius (138–161 CE)

Marcus Aurelius (161–180 CE)

Lucius Verus (161–169 CE)

Commodus (177–192 CE)

Publius Helvius Pertinax (January–March 193 CE)

Marcus Didius Severus Julianus (March–June 193 CE)

Septimius Severus (193–211 CE)

Caracalla (198–217 CE)

Publius Septimius Geta (209–211 CE)

Macrinus (217–218 CE)

Elagabalus (218–222 CE)

Severus Alexander (222–235 CE)

Maximinus (235–238 CE)

Gordian I (March–April 238 CE)

Gordian II (March–April 238 CE)

Pupienus Maximus (April 22–July 29, 238 CE)

Balbinus (April 22–July 29, 238 CE)

Gordian III (238–244 CE)

Philip (244–249 CE)

Decius (249–251 CE)

Hostilian (251 CE)

Gallus (251–253 CE)

Aemilian (253 CE)

Valerian (253–260 CE)

Gallienus (253–268 CE)

Claudius II Gothicus (268–270 CE)

Quintillus (270 CE)

Aurelian (270–275 CE)

Tacitus (275–276 CE)

Florian (June–September 276 CE)

Probus (276–282 CE)

Carus (282–283 CE)

Numerian (283–284 CE)

Carinus (283–285 CE)

Diocletian (east, 284–305 CE; divided the empire into east and west)

Maximian (west, 286–305 CE)

Constantius I (west, 305–306 CE)

Galerius (east, 305–311 CE)

Severus (west, 306–307 CE)

Maxentius (west, 306–312 CE)

Constantine I (306–337 CE; reunified the empire)

Galerius Valerius Maximinus (310–313 CE)

Licinius (308–324 CE)

Constantine II (337–340 CE)

Constantius II (337–361 CE)

Constans I (337–350 CE)

Gallus Caesar (351–354 CE)

Julian (361–363 CE)

Jovian (363–364 CE)

Valentinian I (west, 364–375 CE)

Valens (east, 364–378 CE)

Gratian (west, 367–383 CE; coemperor with Valentinian I)

Valentinian II (375–392 CE; crowned as child)

Theodosius I (east, 379–392 CE; east and west, 392–395 CE)

Arcadius (east, 383–395 CE, coemperor; 395–402 CE, sole emperor)

Magnus Maximus (west, 383–388 CE)

Honorius (west, 393–395 CE, coemperor; 395–423 CE, sole emperor)

Theodosius II (east, 408–450 CE)

Constantius III (west, 421 CE, coemperor)

Valentinian III (west, 425–455 CE)

Marcian (east, 450–457 CE)

Petronius Maximus (west, March 17–May 31, 455 CE)

Avitus (west, 455–456 CE)

Majorian (west, 457–461 CE)

Libius Severus (west, 461–465 CE)

Anthemius (west, 467–472 CE)

Olybrius (west, April–November 472 CE)

Glycerius (west, 473–474 CE)

Julius Nepos (west, 474–475 CE)

Romulus Augustulus (west, 475–476 CE)

Leo I (east, 457–474 CE)

Leo II (east, 474 CE)

Zeno (east, 474–491 CE)

sum, esse fully conjugated