Force of Impact: impact is when two or more bodies collide; this is measured as a force. Force of impact was the main variable necessary in our calculations for this project. We compared the forces of impact for different parts of different sports when they were shown. My group calculated the force of impact for both throwing and catching in Ultimate. This helped us understand the importance of the balance of power and accuracy when throwing, as well as the effect this has on the catcher. To clarify, my group only calculated the force for our video; naturally, every throw and catch in Ultimate is — more or less — unique, and, therefore, likely has a different force of impact. The range of possibilities makes the average force of impact almost impossible to calculate, especially when other aspects of the sport are considered; e.g. angle of throw/catch, weather conditions, intended distance, etc. The equation we used to find force of impact was m*Δv = F(of impact)*t(of impact) or mass-times-change-in-velocity-equals-force-of-impact-times-time-of-impact.

Impulse: impulse is a force exerted over a period of time. Impulse equals momentum; it is half of the equation we used to find force of impact. The equation for impulse is J = F*t.

Momentum: momentum is the quantity of motion a moving body has. It is the other half of the equation we used to find force of impact. The equation for momentum is p = m*v

Horizontal Velocity: horizontal velocity is the rate at which an object travels parallel to Earth. Horizontal velocity does not change in projectile motion; gravity alters the vertical velocity of said object, causing it to collide with the ground and, eventually, stop. We calculated the horizontal velocity — for our video — to be about 4.16 m/s. Calculating this variable was necessary to find the total velocity which was used as the change in velocity in our equation for force of impact (mass-times-change-in-velocity-equals-force-of-impact-times-time-of-impact). The amount of horizontal velocity put on the disc when thrown ultimately determines where the disc will travel; for a farther toss, a player might focus more on power than accuracy, whereas for a shorter toss, accuracy may be a bigger focus than power. The equation we used to find horizontal velocity was v(horizontal) = d(horizontal) / t or horizontal-velocity-equals-horizontal-distance-over(divided by)-time.

Vertical Velocity: vertical velocity is the velocity something has when travelling perpendicular to Earth. It is affected by (the acceleration due to) gravity. In my group´s video, we found the vertical velocity to be about 5.39 m/s. This variable was also necessary to calculate the total velocity which was necessary to calculate the force of impact. Vertical velocity helps determine where — and when — a disk will hit the ground after being thrown. Usually, when a disk is thrown more vertically, it curves up/down or to the side more than if thrown more horizontally. The equation we used to find vertical velocity was v(vertical) = ag*t(fall) or vertical-velocity-equals-acceleration-due-to-gravity-times-fall-time.

Total Velocity: total velocity is the actual velocity the disk is moving at — when both vertical and horizontal velocities are combined. We used total velocity to find force of impact for throwing and catching a frisbee — in our video. To calculate it, horizontal and vertical velocities would be plugged in as the values of the legs of a right triangle; total velocity would be the hypotenuse. Then, Pythagorean theorem would be utilized; a² + b² = c² or c = √(a² + b²). We calculated it to be about 6.81m/s.

Horizontal Distance: horizontal distance is the distance something travels parallel to the Earth. We used it — in my group — to calculate horizontal velocity. We measured it to be 10 yards or about 9.14 meters. The equation is x = Vx*t. We measured the distance between the thrower and catcher using marks on the San Marin football field so we wouldn't need the equation.

Time: in physics, time is basically the progress of events. Since we only needed the time of the fall to calculate velocity, we divided the total time by two. The equation for time is t = d/s or time-equals-distance-over(divided by)-speed.

Acceleration Due to Gravity: acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration gained by an object in motion as a result of being acted upon by gravitational forces. My group used this to calculate vertical velocity. The equation for gravity (of Earth) is g = 9.81 m/s².

During this project, two things I feel that I did well were collaborating and citizenship. I collaborated well by making sure that every group member got a fairly equal time to be in the video. I also made sure that we all did voice-overs for the video. I helped each member of my group utilize their skills in a well-balanced way while shooting — the video, which, I believe, demonstrates citizenship. I respected my group members and treated them equally. I also shared ideas and listened intently. This project ended up being pretty fun. I think this is because of my group´s collaboration; we met the requirements and improvised a little bit. When a group member felt uncomfortable with a scene, we changed and/or reshot it.

Two skills I could improve on in the future are communication and critical thinking. I feel like, during this project, I was so focused on listening to my teammates that I didn't advocate my ideas as much as I should have. I´m sure that my group members appreciated my listening to them, however I worry that they may have felt like I wasn't thinking as critically as them, which leads into my next point; I could think more critically in the future in solving problems. Although I like to solve problems in my endeavors, I, generally, get a little too creative in my solutions. This can cause me to over-complicate things, or even — accidentally — disregard constraints. To improve my critical thinking and communication, I plan on, in the future, not only propounding more of my ideas, but also regarding parameters more; as they are an important part of the problem itself.