Animal waste from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO), is typically stored in manure lagoons or sprinkled over fields as fertilizer. One of the ways that it contaminates clean water is due to runoff. This runoff can contain things such as "antibiotics, hormones, pesticides, heavy metals such as zinc and copper (added to hog and poultry diets), chemicals, and microorganisms, which wind up in our surface and groundwater" (Cho, 2019). They are also responsible for diseases such as e-coli and parasites. Minerals in the water such as phosphorous and nitrogen can produce a bloom of algae, which are harmful to the ecosystem. Other minerals can make their way into well-water, where the health consequences are seen, especially in nearby communities.
Images of facts about water and the meat industry (Good, 2021).
All of these pollutants get into our water supply through the same system. Essentially, animal farms or CAFOs use things like pesticides and fertilizer to grow the food that the animals will eat. Their food may also contain hormones in order for the cows to grow faster and therefore produce more profit. Once they eat it, it stays in their body until they filter it out through their waste. With such large farms, there is also a lot of waste, "CAFOs produce over 300 million tons of waste per year—twice the amount of waste produced by the human population of the U.S" (Cho, 2019) . This manure is later collected in field lagoons and may be sprinkled through fields to serve as fertilizer. If the manure is sprayed, it can easily run off of the field as the rain comes and eventually reach the surrounding water supply or bodies of water such as lakes and rivers. If there is a lagoon, those contaminants can reach the underground water supply, or aquifers, which can be reached by humans if they use well water. Essentially, the ground cannot absorb such a vast amount of waste and sometimes these lagoons fail and cause a massive runoff that is harmful to the environment and humans.
Resources
Cho, R. (2019, September 13). How hamburgers pollute our water. State of the Planet. https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2010/10/25/how-hamburgers-pollute-our-water/
Good, K. (2021, June 10). These 10 shocking facts on factory farms and water pollution will make you rethink that Burger. One Green Planet. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/shocking-facts-on-how-factory-farms-cause-water-pollution/