Agricultural Techniques

Patek - This is a javelin-like tool with a steel end used by Bugkalot women to dig holes in the ground where seeds are planted. The patek is often artfully decorated and may have colorful trimmings that wave in the wind, signifying that the woman using it is single and available.

Seed Selection - Women are responsible for selecting the best seeds for planting. They choose seeds based on the relative weights of similar bundles, with heavier bundles indicating better seed quality.

Swidden Agriculture - Also known as shifting cultivation, this practice involves clearing a field from virgin forest, using it for a few years, and then leaving it fallow for an extended period before repeating the cycle.

Rice Cultivation - The Bugkalot are known for planting various heirloom rice varieties, which are major sources of nutrition and income for their families