Were I to start over 2 decades ago, this BFAS would be one of the first models that I'd investigate/use thoroughly. I'd still use the Values Journey and TEA. I'd also add more on the Enneagram and lots of Neuro-linguistic Programming [NLP], the latter for its speed and powerful instant functionality when dealing with the psyche.

The original Big 5 used few data points and older computer processing to discover traits. This version had humungous power, lots more data, and better statistical processes at its disposal to discriminate further.

These are large graphics so remember to right-click and download for detail.

Google De Young et al. 2007 for seminal BFAS information [he has a website with many publications]. JB Peterson, Canadian professor and psychologist has many insightful YouTubes and podcasts regarding this too as he was a co-writer. Understandmyself.com is where you can do the BFAS instrument. This is probably the most validated trait model there is. To date, I haven't looked much past the 2007 papers.

Use CANOE or rather CA-N / OE [inverted N] instead of OCEAN as it 'fits' with the Metatrait divisions, Stability & Plasticity. Some Big 5 versions use Emotional Stability, the inversion of Neuroticism. Of note, this BFAS does not explain or rather sit behind all human behaviour. Some outliers wouldn't fit to start. One such is the ASPD/psychopaths who show better under HEXACO, an extended version of the original Big 5. It uses Humility-Honesty as another trait.

This BFAS aka Big2/5/10 has levels - metatraits, traits, aspects, undifferentiated facets [meaning they could be shared with other aspects - that is not correlated wit a single aspect]

Not all Facets are shown here. Some researchers use six per Aspect, but the Facets are numerous and not so defined yet.

Differences: Surprisingly, there is not much difference between traits of males or females, and as stated, statistical outliers might not show. Some appreciation of statistical modelling [grasping the Bell Curve will do] will then help to understand why differences between male and female or the outliers seem to stand out. I haven't implied it so here it is: it's the male-female differences when push comes to shove that determine the favoured one. So, if I recall, females are about 10% more Agreeable than guys overall, so guys may not seem like they are being harsh but to women they are so they back down. It is small differences that make big effect. In business and in the world in general, disagreeableness is linked to success [as is Extraversion]. If you know the Myers-Briggs instrument [MBTI], read on the BFAS Extraversion-introversion trait carefully. You may find a different understanding.

Heritability is also shown and we're getting closer to understanding its effects. It is NOT either-or with nature or nurture but like Piaget saw it - both, or more recently, you could read Nature via Nurture. Genes, Experience, and What makes us Human, M Ridley 2003

it may take a while to process, but I've put the Dependency Divide between the Metatraits. It's also viewed as the We-Me, Other-Self, Society-Individual, or Nurture-Nature divide. It's as matter of abstraction level.

Once again, I'm going out on a limb to see if this ancient thought fits with the modern personality traits perspectives. Challenge away & enjoy. This integration/fit with the Yin-Yang is not completed by any stretch. There are many inconsistencies WRT web info as it's not scientific in any sense. My sources are limited - I need to read about it in Chinese - not happening!