Ongoing Work

Does educational content respond to technological advances, and do such changes enable workers to acquire new relevant expertise? We study how digital technology transforms skill acquisition and the resulting impacts on workers' careers. We construct a novel database of legally binding training curricula spanning the near universe of vocational training in Germany over five decades, and link curriculum updates to breakthrough technologies using Natural Language Processing. Technological change spurs curriculum updates, and training content shifts toward digital and social skills while reducing routine-intensive task content, predominantly through new skill emergence. Curriculum updates account for two-thirds of the overall deroutinization in vocational skill supply over this period. Using administrative employer-employee data and a stacked difference-in-differences design, we show that curriculum updates enable workers to adapt to new skill demands: new-skilled workers earn higher wages, with wage increases of up to 5.5\% for technology-exposed occupations. In contrast, the oldest occupational incumbents experience wage declines, indicating skill obsolescence. Firms increase capital investments when exposed to workers with updated skills, consistent with enhanced capital-skill complementarity. These findings highlight the central role of within-occupation skill supply adjustments in meeting evolving labor market demands.

We show that the first-time adoption of minimum wages in German industries led to an increase in the share of solo self-employment by up to 8.1 percentage points within a quasi-experimental setting. We explain this result with the cost shock, which led to reduced labor demand and wages for dependent employment, while at the same time creating incentives for independent employment. Our results suggest that dependent employees have been involuntarily pushed into solo self-employment. As a consequence, these workers experience more precarious employment with poorer social security and lower incomes. Such unintended side effects are likely to occur when the minimum wage is set extraordinarily high, especially during an economic downturn.