https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number
( the picture above )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument
( the picture below )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_infinite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory
These form the basis (or a basis) of modern standard math in the sense that together with bolean logic they are the basic building blocks, definitions and axioms.
With set theory you can build concepts like integers and functions and properties.
Then again you do not explicitly need/use set theory very often when you do calculus, number theory, solve triangles etc etc
As a parody to set theory
a is ordinal
B is cardinal
D is cantors absolute infinity
a + 1 > a
2 a > a
2 ^ a > a
B + 1 = b
2 b = b
2 ^b > b
D + 1 = D
2D = D
2^D = D
And now in between we have tommy's cordinal numbers C.
C + 1 = C
2 C > C
2^C > C
Haha.
To defend the concept somewhat, say a geometric line from 0 to 1 has
A cordinal amount of points.
The cordinal amount corresponds with length.
So (0,1) + 1 point has the same lenght as (0,1)
Hence C + 1 = C
Also 2C = lenght (0,2) > C
2^C > C.
Tommy's Cordinal numbers ... Study ... Geometric set theory ??
See also " Debunking nonmeasurable set " in the menu.