Unit I : Layer Models and Signals
Layered Tasks : Sender, Receiver, And Carrier, Hierarchy. The OSI Model : Layered Architecture, peer-to-peer Processes, Encapsulation Layers In The OSI Model. TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
Addressing : Physical &logical Addresses, Port Addresses, Specific Addresses.
Analog And Digital : Analog And Digital Data, Analog And Digital Signals, Periodic And Nonperiodic Signal.
Periodic Analog Signals: Sine Wave, Phase, Wavelength, Time And Frequency Domains, Composite Signals,Bandwidth.
Digital Signals : Bit Rate ,bit Length, Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal, Transmission Of Digital Signals.
Transmission Impairment: Attenuation, Distortion, Noise.
Data Rate Limits: Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate, Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity, Using Both Limits.
Performance : Bandwidth, Throughput, Latency (delay), Bandwidth-delay Product, Jitter.
Digital-to-digital Conversion: Line Coding, Line Coding Schemes, Block Coding, Scrambling.
Analog to digital Conversion: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Delta Modulation (dm).
transmission modes: parallel transmission, serial transmission
Unit II : Modulation And Multiplexing
Digital-to-analog Conversion: Aspects Of Digital-to-Analog Conversion, Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying, Phase Shift Keying, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Analog-to-analog Conversion: Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation, , Phase Modulation Multiplexing; Frequency-Division Multiplexing, Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing, Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing Spread Spectrum : Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum 27
Unit III : Transmission Media And Switching
Guided Media : Twisted-Pair , Coaxial and Fiber-Optic Cable Unguided Media : Wireless, Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared Circuit-switched Networks : Three Phases, Efficiency, Delay, Circuit-Switched Technology in Telephone Networks Datagram networks: Routing Table , Efficiency, Delay, Datagram Networks in the Internet Virtual-circuit networks: Addressing, Three Phases, Efficiency, Delay in Virtual-Circuit Networks,
Circuit-Switched Technology in WANs Structure of a switch: Structure of Circuit Switches, Structure of Packet Switches Digital Subscriber Line: ADSL, ADSL Lite, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL.
Unit IV : Error Control And Data Link Control
Ttypes of errors : Redundancy, detection versus correction, forward error correction versus retransmission, coding , modular arithmetic Block coding: error detection, error correction , hamming distance, minimum hamming distance Linear block codes : minimum distance for linear block codes, some linear block codes
Cyclic codes : cyclic redundancy check ,hardware implementation ,polynomials, cyclic code analysis, advantages of cyclic codes Checksum : idea, , one's complement, internet checksum Framing : fixed-size framing, variablesize framing
flow and error control: flow control, error control protocols
Noiseless channels: simplest protocol, stop-and-wait protocol
Noisy channels: stop-and-wait automatic repeat request, go-back-n automatic repeat request , selective repeat automatic repeat request, piggybacking
HDLC: configurations and transfer modes, frames, control field
Point-to-point Protocol: Framing, Transition Phases, Multiplexing, Multilink PPP.
Unit V : Multiple Access and Ethernet
Random access : Aloha, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMALCD), Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance (CSMALCA) Controlled access; reservation, polling, token passing
Channelization : Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time-Division Multiple Access(TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
ETHERNET :IEEE standards, data link layer, physical layer
Standard Ethernet : MAC Sub-layer, Physical Layer bridged Ethernet, switched Ethernet, full-duplex Ethernet
Fast Ethernet: MAC Sub-layer, Physical Layer
Gigabit Ethernet : MAC sub-layer, Physical Layer, Ten-gigabit Ethernet
Unit VI : Devices, Backbone networks and SONET
Connecting devices: passive hubs, repeaters, active hubs, bridges, two-layer switches routers, three-layer switches, gateway Backbone networks: bus backbone, star backbone. Virtual LANs: membership, configuration, communication between switches, IEEE standard ,advantages SONET Architecture : signals, Sonet devices, connections. Sonet layers: path layer, line layer , section layer, photonic layer, device-layer relationships, Sonet
frames : frame, byte, and bit transmission, STS-L frame format, overheads, encapsulation
Text Books
1. Behrouz a Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”, 4th Edition
2. P. C. Gupta,”Data Communications”, PHI
Reference Books
1. William Stallings,”Data & Computer Communications”, 7th Edition: PHI Publications
2. Leon - Garcia, Indra Widijaja,”Communication Networks Fundamental Concepts and Key
Architectures”
3. Achyut Godbole,”Data Communication Networks”,TMGH