variety of question types including many "wh" questions.
interdependent dialogue: each party has information the other does not have and they excange/negotiate meanings "two-way" tasks
personalized conversation
Ways to enhance the comprehensibility of reading in English
Focus on form
preview new structures and vocabulary
simplify the reading material
Focus on content/meaning
discuss pictures in the book, related pictures, or added pictures
discuss the title
discuss the context: year and place of publication, format, context of the reading among other readings, author,etc.
set up questions or predictions with students related to the reading; reading for a purpose
have students read what they already know or are interested in
have students read their own or their classmates own words
have students read in Enlish what they have already read in their own language
preview the content, concepts, key ideas of the reading in their own language and/or in sheltered English
Ways to enhance lessons for EL students
Model correct grammar and vocabulary rather than make overt corrections
Focus on topics or notions not structures, on meaning rather than grammar, and on functgion or purpose rather than form, especially in initial stages of language acquisition.
Emphasize listening vocabulary rather than spoken vocabulary in the initial stages
Use commands to enhance the student's listening comprehension during the initial stages of language acquisition
Expect a lot, but praise a lot; promote a "can-do" attitude and the context associated with majorities learning a second language.
Teach the language associated with school and school routines, i.e. assignments/homework, schedules, grades/evaluation, study skills, etc.
what needs to be done, assignments
assemble and organize materials
perform the activity for lesson
monitor/evaluate for correctness, comprehension, etc.
wrap-up/clean-up, summaries or conclusions
Ways to use the Primary Language to support English achievement
Preview, review, and/or reinforce teacher directed lessons in language arts, social science, science, and math concepts and applications
Preview, review, and/or reinforce thematic unit concepts
Assist with dictation and journal writing
Promote individual class projects
Explain class assignments
Encourage the use of their primary language at home.
Ways to improve student status
Treat low achievers as high achievers
Promote equal status group activities (cooperative learning)
Teach/learn the primary language of the EL student outside the classroom
Highlight the cultural contributions of the EL students.