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Summary of Observations and Results
From 2000 through 2005 I was part of a survey project to discover and dynamically classify ~500 KBOs. These observations covered more than 800 deg2 of sky and were carried out using the 4-m Blanco and Mayall telescopes and the twin Mosaic cameras. We measured all moving objects on our fields – more than 320,000 astrometric measurements including all small body populations – and reported them to the Minor Planet Center (MPC). We targeted within ±6.5° of the ecliptic plane with the idea that all objects come through the ecliptic at some point in their orbits so we would obtain a solid sample of the main body of the Kuiper Belt as well as a handful of more unusual objects. Overall we discovered 498 objects that were designated by the MPC as well as 371 undesignated objects. The designated objects include the first Neptune Trojan, 2001 QR322 (Chiang et al. 2003); a number of dynamically extreme objects 2000 CR105, 2000 OM67, 2001 FP185 & 2000 OJ67 (Buie et al. 2003); a high inclination Centaur 2002 PL149; and some of the first Kuiper Belt binaries 2003 UN284, (88611) Teharon, 2003 QY90 and 2005 EO304 (Kern 2006). Dynamically this set of objects allowed us to determine that the plane of the Kuper Belt is consistent with the invariable plane of the Solar System and that there is a core of objects in low inclination, low eccentricity orbits (Elliot et al. 2005). More recently, additional scrutiny of the database has allowed us to demonstrate differences in the inclination distributions between dynamical classes (Gulbis et al. 2010) and generation of a photometric catalog for stars in the fields that we observed (Buie et al. 2011.)
Over the years our team has included:
Original Team
Dr. Bob Millis, Director of Lowell Observatory
(retired, the original PI of the project)
Dr. Marc Buie, SWRI
Dr. Larry Wasserman, Lowell Observatory
Dr. Jim Elliot, MIT (deceased)
Dr. Mark Wagner, LBT Observatory
Added Participants
Dr. Elisabeth Adams, Harvard CFA
Dr. Susan Benecchi (née Kern), Carnegie DTM/PSI
Kelly Clancy, Berkeley (now studying neuroscience)
Dr. Eugene Chiang, Berkeley
Dr. Amanda Gulbis, MIT/SALT
Amy Jordan
Dr. Karen Meech, Institute for Astronomy Hawaii
Dr. David Trilling, NAU
Below are a listing of papers by DES team members as well as a list of papers that have referenced our survey or followed up on objects discovered by the survey.
Sample Kuiper Belt Object discovery Images from the Survey. The red and blue images are the position of the object at two different times, about 2 hours apart. White objects are background stars.
DTM Astronomy Group Meetings 2011-2012
DTM Astronomy Group Meetings 2012-2013
Papers by DES Authors using DES dataset:
(bold faced indicates survey summary article)
1. Buie, M. W.; Trilling, D. E.; Wasserman, L. H.; Crudo, R. A. Photometric Catalog of the Deep Ecliptic Survey. VizieR On-line Data Catalog: J/ApJS/194/40. 2011.
2. Buie, M. W.; Trilling, D. E.; Wasserman, L. H.; Crudo, R. A. A Large and Faint Photometric Catalog on the Ecliptic. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, Volume 194, Issue 2, article id. 40. 2011.
3. Gulbis, A. A. S., Elliot, J. L., Adams, E. R., Benecchi, S. D., Buie, M. W., Trilling, D. E., and Wasserman, L. H. Unbiased Inclination Distributions for Objects in the Kuiper Belt. Astron. J. 140, 350-369. 2011.
4. Kern, S.D., and J.L. Elliot, The Frequency of binary Kuiper belt objects, Astrophys. J. Lett. 643, 57-60, 2006.
5. Kern, S.D., and J.L. Elliot, Characteristics of Binary Kuiper Belt Object 2003QY90, Icarus, 183, 179-185, 2006.
6. Kern, S. D. 2006. A study of binary Kuiper belt objects. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachuestts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
7. Elliot, J. L., Kern, S. D., Gulbis, A. A. S., Kane, J. F. 2006. Exploring the Kuiper Belt with the Magellan Telescopes. Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series 26, 1-2.
8. Gulbis, A.A.S, J.L. Elliot, and J.F. Kane, The Color of the Kuiper Belt Core, Icarus, 183, 168-178, 2006.
9. Elliot, J. L., S. D. Kern, K. B. Clancy, A. A. S. Gulbis, R. L. Millis, M. W. Buie, L. H. Wasserman, E. I. Chiang, A. B. Jordan, D. E. Trilling, K. J. Meech, The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A search for Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical classification, the Kuiper belt plane, and the core population, Astronomical Journal, 129, 1117-1162, 2005.
10. Millis, R. L. et al., 2003 UN284, IAU Circ. No.8251.
11. Elliot, J. L. et al., 2003 QY90, IAU Circ. No.8235.
12. Buie, M. W., R. L. Millis, L. H. Wasserman, J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, K. B. Clancy, E. I. Chiang, A. B. Jordan, K. J. Meech, R. M. Wagner, D. E. Trilling, Procedures, resources and selected results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 92, 113-124, 2003.
13. Chiang, E. I., A. B. Jordan, R. L. Millis, M. W. Buie, L. H. Wasserman, J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, D. E. Trilling, K. J. Meech, R. M. Wagner, Resonance occupation in the Kuiper belt: Case examples of the 5:2 and 1:1 resonances, Astronomical Journal, 126, 430-443, 2003.
14. Chiang, E. I.; Lovering, J. R.; Millis, R. L.; Buie, M. W.; Wasserman, L. H.; Meech, K. J. Resonant and Secular Families of the Kuiper Belt. Earth, Moon, and Planets, v. 92, Issue 1, p. 49-62 (2003).
15. Chiang, E. I., Jordan, A. B. 2002. On the Plutinos and Twotinos of the Kuiper Belt. The Astronomical Journal 124, 3430-3444.
16. Millis, R. L., M. W. Buie, L. H. Wasserman, J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, R. M. Wagner, The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A search for Kuiper Belt objects and Centaurs I. Description of methods and initial results, Astronomical Journal, 123, 2083-2109, 2002.
17. Osip, D. J., S. D. Kern, J. L. Elliot, Physical characterization of the binary Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt object 2001 QT297, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 92, 409-421, 2003.
18. Elliot, J. L. et al., 2001 QT297, IAU Circ. No.7733 & 7765.
Papers using DES objects or otherwise referencing our major papers:
1. Vilenius, E., and 22 colleagues 2012. ”TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VI. Herschel/PACS observations and thermal modeling of 19 classical Kuiper belt objects. Astronomy and Astrophysics 541, A94.
2. Mommert, M., and 20 colleagues 2012. TNOs are cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. V. Physical characterization of 18 Plutinos using Herschel-PACS observations. Astronomy and Astrophysics 541, A93.
3. Santos-Sanz, P., and 22 colleagues 2012. ”TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. IV. Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel-PACS. Astronomy and Astrophysics 541, A92.
4. Lykawka, P. S., Horner, J., Mukai, T., Nakamura, A. M. 2012. The dynamical evolution of dwarf planet (136108) Haumea’s collisional family: general properties and implications for the trans-Neptunian belt. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 421, 1331-1350.
5. Fraser, W. C., Brown, M. E. 2012. The Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 Test of Surfaces in the Outer Solar System: The Compositional Classes of the Kuiper Belt. The Astrophysical Journal 749, 33.
6. Kretke, K. A., Levison, H. F., Buie, M. W., Morbidelli, A. 2012. A Method to Constrain the Size of the Protosolar Nebula. The Astronomical Journal 143, 91.
7. Sheppard, S. S., Ragozzine, D., Trujillo, C. 2012. 2007 TY430: A Cold Classical Kuiper Belt Type Binary in the Plutino Population. The Astronomical Journal 143, 58.
8. Leohne, T., and 20 colleagues 2012. Modelling the huge, Herschel-resolved debris ring around HD 207129. Astronomy and Astrophysics 537, A110.
9. Fuentes, C. I., Trilling, D. E., Holman, M. J. 2011. Dynamically Excited Outer Solar System Objects in the Hubble Space Telescope Archive. The Astrophysical Journal 742, 118.
10. Petit, J.-M., and 16 colleagues 2011. The Canada-France Ecliptic Plane SurveyFull Data Release: The Orbital Structure of the Kuiper Belt. The Astronomical Journal 142, 131.
11. Sheppard, S. S., Udalski, A., Trujillo, C., Kubiak, M., Pietrzynski, G., Poleski, R., Soszynski, I., Szyman ́ski, M. K., Ulaczyk, K. 2011. A Southern Sky and Galactic Plane Survey for Bright Kuiper Belt Objects. The Astronomical Journal 142, 98.
12. Dalle Ore, C. M., and 19 colleagues 2011. Organic materials in planetary and protoplanetary systems: nature or nurture?. Astronomy and Astrophysics 533, A98.
13. Volk, K., Malhotra, R. 2011. Inclination Mixing in the Classical Kuiper Belt. The Astrophysical Journal 736, 11.
14. Grundy, W. M., Noll, K. S., Nimmo, F., Roe, H. G., Buie, M. W., Porter, S. B., Benecchi, S. D., Stephens, D. C., Levison, H. F., Stansberry, J. A. 2011. Five new and three improved mutual orbits of transneptunian binaries. Icarus 213, 678-692.
15. Marcus, R. A., Ragozzine, D., Murray-Clay, R. A., Holman, M. J. 2011. Identifying Collisional Families in the Kuiper Belt. The Astrophysical Journal 733, 40.
16. Murray-Clay, R. A., Schlichting, H. E. 2011. Using Kuiper Belt Binaries to Constrain Neptune’s Migration History. The Astrophysical Journal 730, 132.
17. Schlichting, H. E., Sari, R. 2011. Runaway Growth During Planet Formation: Explaining the Size Distribution of Large Kuiper Belt Objects. The Astrophysical Journal 728, 68.
18. Trilling, D. E., Fuentes, C. I., Holman, M. J. 2010. The Inclinations of Faint Trans-Neptunian Objects. The Astrophysical Journal 724, L22-L24.
19. Murray-Clay, R. A. 2010. Frontier Planets: Wide Separation Giants and Planet Formation. New Horizons in Astronomy: Frank N. Bash Symposium 2009 432, 98.
20. Lin, H.-W., Kavelaars, J. J., Ip, W.-H., Gladman, B. J., Petit, J. M., Jones, R. L., Parker, J. W. 2010. On the Detection of Two New Trans-Neptunian Binaries from the CFEPS Kuiper Belt Survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 122, 1030-1034.
21. Schwamb, M. E., Brown, M. E., Rabinowitz, D. L., Ragozzine, D. 2010. Properties of the Distant Kuiper Belt: Results from the Palomar Distant Solar System Survey. The Astrophysical Journal 720, 1691-1707.
22. Vitense, C., Krivov, A. V., L ̈ohne, T. 2010. The Edgeworth-Kuiper debris disk. Astronomy and Astrophysics 520, A32.
23. di Sisto, R. P., Brunini, A., de El ́ıa, G. C. 2010. Dynamical evolution of escaped plutinos, another source of Centaurs. Astronomy and Astrophysics 519, A112.
24. Benecchi, S. D., Noll, K. S. 2010. Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry of Trans-Neptunian Objects. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 189, 336-340.
25. Romanishin, W., Tegler, S. C., Consolmagno, G. J. 2010. Colors of Inner Disk Classical Kuiper Belt Objects. The Astronomical Journal 140, 29-33.
26. Sheppard, S. S. 2010. The Colors of Extreme Outer Solar System Objects. The Astronomical Journal 139, 1394-1405.
27. Ofek, E. O., Nakar, E. 2010. Detectability of Oort Cloud Objects Using Kepler. The Astrophysical Journal 711, L7-L11.
28. Di Sisto, R. P., Brunini, A., de El ́ıa, G. C. 2010. The contribution of plutinos to the Centaur population. IAU Symposium 263, 89-92.
29. Buie, M. W. 2010. Converting from Classical to Robotic Astronomy: The Lowell Observatory 0.8-m Telescope. Advances in Astronomy 2010, .
30. Schlichting, H. E., Ofek, E. O., Wenz, M., Sari, R., Gal-Yam, A., Livio, M., Nelan, E., Zucker, S. 2009. A single sub-kilometre Kuiper belt object from a stellar occultation in archival data. Nature 462, 895-897.
31. Capria, M. T., Coradini, A., de Sanctis, M. C., Mazzotta Epifani, E., Palumbo, P. 2009. Thermal modeling of the active Centaur P/2004 A1 (LONEOS). Astronomy and Astrophysics 504, 249-258.
32. Morbidelli, A., Levison, H. F., Bottke, W. F., Dones, L., Nesvorny ́, D. 2009. Considerations on the magnitude distributions of the Kuiper belt and of the Jupiter Trojans. Icarus 202, 310-315.
33. Lamy, P., Toth, I. 2009. The colors of cometary nuclei: Comparison with other primitive bodies of the Solar System and implications for their origin. Icarus 201, 674-713.
34. Gladman, B., Kavelaars, J., Petit, J.-M., Ashby, M. L. N., Parker, J., Coffey, J., Jones, R. L., Rousselot, P., Mousis, O. 2009. Discovery of the First Retrograde Transneptunian Object. The Astrophysical Journal 697, L91-L94.
35. Kavelaars, J. J., and 17 colleagues 2009. The Canada-France Ecliptic Plane SurveyL3 Data Release: The Orbital Structure of the Kuiper Belt. The Astronomical Journal 137, 4917-4935.
36. Brucker, M. J., Grundy, W. M., Stansberry, J. A., Spencer, J. R., Sheppard, S. S., Chiang, E. I., Buie, M. W. 2009. High albedos of low inclination Classical Kuiper belt objects. Icarus 201, 284-294.
37. Fuentes, C. I., George, M. R., Holman, M. J. 2009. A Subaru Pencil-Beam Search for mR~27 Trans-Neptunian Bodies. The Astrophysical Journal 696, 91-95.
38. Grundy, W. M., Noll, K. S., Buie, M. W., Benecchi, S. D., Stephens, D. C., Levison, H. F. 2009. Mutual orbits and masses of six transneptunian binaries. Icarus 200, 627-635.
39. Benecchi, S. D., Noll, K. S., Grundy, W. M., Buie, M. W., Stephens, D. C., Levison, H. F. 2009. The correlated colors of transneptunian binaries. Icarus 200, 292-303.
40. Jewitt, D., Moro-Mart`ın, A., Lacerda, P. 2009. The Kuiper Belt and Other Debris Disks. Astro- physics in the Next Decade 53.
41. Volk, K., Malhotra, R. 2008. The Scattered Disk as the Source of the Jupiter Family Comets. The Astrophysical Journal 687, 714-725.
42. Peixinho, N., Lacerda, P., Jewitt, D. 2008. Color-Inclination Relation of the Classical Kuiper Belt Objects. The Astronomical Journal 136, 1837-1845.
43. de El ́ıa, G. C., Brunini, A., di Sisto, R. P. 2008. Collisional and dynamical evolution of Plutinos. Astronomy and Astrophysics 490, 835-842.
44. Li, J., Zhou, L.-Y., Sun, Y.-S. 2008. The Effect of Sweeping Secular Resonances on the Classical Kuiper Belt. Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 32, 409-422.
45. Vokrouhlicky ́, D., Nesvorny ́, D., Levison, H. F. 2008. Irregular Satellite Capture by Exchange Reactions. The Astronomical Journal 136, 1463-1476.
46. Grundy, W. M., Noll, K. S., Virtanen, J., Muinonen, K., Kern, S. D., Stephens, D. C., Stansberry, J. A., Levison, H. F., Spencer, J. R. 2008. (42355) Typhon Echidna: Scheduling observations for binary orbit determination. Icarus 197, 260-268.
47. Levison, H. F., Morbidelli, A., Vanlaerhoven, C., Gomes, R., Tsiganis, K. 2008. Origin of the structure of the Kuiper belt during a dynamical instability in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Icarus 196, 258-273.
48. Chiang, E., Choi, H. 2008. The Warped Plane of the Classical Kuiper Belt. The Astronomical Journal 136, 350-357.
49. Fuentes, C. I., Holman, M. J. 2008. a SUBARU Archival Search for Faint Trans-Neptunian Objects. The Astronomical Journal 136, 83-97.
50. Fraser, W. C., Kavelaars, J. J., Holman, M. J., Pritchet, C. J., Gladman, B. J., Grav, T., Jones, R. L., Macwilliams, J., Petit, J.-M. 2008. The Kuiper belt luminosity function from m=21 to 26. Icarus 195, 827-843.
51. Ivezic, Z., and 108 colleagues 2008. LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products. ArXiv e-prints arXiv:0805.2366.
52. Noll, K. S., Grundy, W. M., Stephens, D. C., Levison, H. F., Kern, S. D. 2008. Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries. Icarus 194, 758-768.
53. Noll, K. S., Grundy, W. M., Chiang, E. I., Margot, J.-L., Kern, S. D. 2008. Binaries in the Kuiper Belt. The Solar System Beyond Neptune 345-363.
54. Yoshida, F., Nakamura, T. 2008. A Comparative Study of Size Distributions for Small L4 and L5 Jovian Trojans. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 60, 297.
55. Yoshida, F., Nakamura, T. 2007. Subaru Main Belt Asteroid Survey (SMBAS)Size and color distributions of small main-belt asteroids. Planetary and Space Science 55, 1113-1125.
56. Cover, K. S., Lagerwaard, F. J., Senan, S. 2007. Color Intensity Projections: A Simple Way to Display Changes in Astronomical Images. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119, 523-526.
57. Doressoundiram, A., Peixinho, N., Moullet, A., Fornasier, S., Barucci, M. A., Beuzit, J.-L., Veillet, C. 2007. The Meudon Multicolor Survey (2MS) of Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects: From Visible to Infrared Colors. The Astronomical Journal 134, 2186-2199.
58. Grundy, W. M., Stansberry, J. A., Noll, K. S., Stephens, D. C., Trilling, D. E., Kern, S. D., Spencer, J. R., Cruikshank, D. P., Levison, H. F. 2007. The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur. Icarus 191, 286-297.
59. Jewitt, D., Peixinho, N., Hsieh, H. H. 2007. U-Band Photometry of Kuiper Belt Objects. The Astronomical Journal 134, 2046-2053.
60. Nagy, I., Su ̈li, A ́., E ́rdi, B. 2007. A stability study of Kuiper Belt binaries. Astronomische Nachrichten 328, 797.
61. di Sisto, R. P., Brunini, A. 2007. The origin and distribution of the Centaur population. Icarus 190, 224-235.
62. Lee, E. A., Astakhov, S. A., Farrelly, D. 2007. Production of trans-Neptunian binaries through chaos-assisted capture. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 229-246.
63. Lykawka, P. S., Mukai, T. 2007. Dynamical classification of trans-neptunian objects: Probing their origin, evolution, and interrelation. Icarus 189, 213-232.
64. Ford, E. B., Chiang, E. I. 2007. The Formation of Ice Giants in a Packed Oligarchy: Instability and Aftermath. The Astrophysical Journal 661, 602-615.
65. Tegler, S. C., Grundy, W. M., Romanishin, W., Consolmagno, G. J., Mogren, K., Vilas, F. 2007. Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY9) and 136108 (2003 EL61). The Astronomical Journal 133, 526-530.
66. Chiang, E., Lithwick, Y., Murray-Clay, R., Buie, M., Grundy, W., Holman, M. 2007. A Brief History of Transneptunian Space. Protostars and Planets V 895-911.
67. Noll, K. S., Levison, H. F., Grundy, W. M., Stephens, D. C. 2006. Discovery of a binary Centaur. Icarus 184, 611-618.
68. Sheppard, S. S. 2006. Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System. New Horizons in Astronomy: Frank N. Bash Symposium 352, 3.
69. Gladman, B., Chan, C. 2006. Production of the Extended Scattered Disk by Rogue Planets. The Astrophysical Journal 643, L135-L138.
70. Allen, R. L., Gladman, B., Kavelaars, J. J., Petit, J.-M., Parker, J. W., Nicholson, P. 2006. Discovery of a Low-Eccentricity, High-Inclination Kuiper Belt Object at 58 AU. The Astrophysical Journal 640, L83-L86.
71. Petit, J.-M., Holman, M. J., Gladman, B. J., Kavelaars, J. J., Scholl, H., Loredo, T. J. 2006. The Kuiper Belt luminosity function from mR= 22 to 25. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 365, 429-438.
72. Morbidelli, A. 2005. Origin and Dynamical Evolution of Comets and their Reservoirs. ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints arXiv:astro-ph/0512256.
73. Murray-Clay, R. A., Chiang, E. I. 2005. A Signature of Planetary Migration: The Origin of Asymmetric Capture in the 2:1 Resonance. The Astrophysical Journal 619, 623-638.
74. Lykawka, P. S., Mukai, T. 2005. Higher albedos and size distribution of large transneptunian objects. Planetary and Space Science 53, 1319-1330.
75. Hahn, J. M., Malhotra, R. 2005. Neptune’s Migration into a Stirred-Up Kuiper Belt: A Detailed Comparison of Simulations to Observations. The Astronomical Journal 130, 2392-2414.
76. Chiang, E. I., Lithwick, Y. 2005. Neptune Trojans as a Test Bed for Planet Formation. The Astrophysical Journal 628, 520-532.
77. Astakhov, S. A., Lee, E. A., Farrelly, D. 2005. Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries through mul- tiple chaotic scattering encounters with low-mass intruders. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 360, 401-415.
78. Bae, Y.-H., Byun, Y.-I., Kang, Y.-W., Park, S.-Y., Oh, S.-H., Yu, S.-Y., Han, W., Yim, H.-S., Moon, H.-K. 2005. Algorithms for Moving Object Detection:. Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 22, 393-408.
79. Romanishin, W., Tegler, S. C. 2005. Accurate absolute magnitudes for Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs. Icarus 179, 523-526.
80. Yoshida, F., Nakamura, T. 2005. Size Distribution of Faint Jovian L4 Trojan Asteroids. The As- tronomical Journal 130, 2900-2911.
81. Brown, M. E., Trujillo, C., Rabinowitz, D. 2004. Discovery of a Candidate Inner Oort Cloud Planetoid. The Astrophysical Journal 617, 645-649.
82. Bernstein, G. M., Trilling, D. E., Allen, R. L., Brown, M. E., Holman, M., Malhotra, R. 2004. The Size Distribution of Trans-Neptunian Bodies. The Astronomical Journal 128, 1364-1390.
83. Becker, A. C., and 10 colleagues 2004. The Deep Lens Survey Transient Search. I. Short Timescale and Astrometric Variability. The Astrophysical Journal 611, 418-433.
84. Gaudi, B. S. 2004. Kepler and the Kuiper Belt. The Astrophysical Journal 610, 1199-1203.
85. Petit, J.-M., Holman, M., Scholl, H., Kavelaars, J., Gladman, B. 2004. A highly automated moving object detection package. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 347, 471-480.
86. Tiscareno, M. S., Malhotra, R. 2003. The Dynamics of Known Centaurs. The Astronomical Journal 126, 3122-3131.
87. Goldader, J. D., Alcock, C. 2003. Constraining Recovery Observations for Trans-Neptunian Objects with Poorly Known Orbits. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 115, 1330- 1339.
88. Hughes, D. W. 2003. The absolute magnitude distribution of trans-Neptunian objects. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 345, 981-984.
89. Noll, K. S., Stephens, D. C., Grundy, W. M., Millis, R. L., Spencer, J., Buie, M. W., Tegler, S. C., Romanishin, W., Cruikshank, D. P. 2002. Detection of Two Binary Trans-Neptunian Objects, 1997 CQ29 and 2000 CF105, with the Hubble Space Telescope. The Astronomical Journal 124, 3424-3429.
90. Nie, Q. X. 2002. Orbit distribution nature of kuiper belt objects. Acta Astronomica Sinica 43, 375-378.
91. Chiang, E. I. 2002. A Collisional Family in the Classical Kuiper Belt. The Astrophysical Journal 573, L65-L68.
92. Yoshida, F., Nakamura, T. 2002. Size and spatial distributions of sub-km Main-belt Asteroids. 33rd Symposium on Celestial Mechanics, Dedicated to Donald Saari for his 60th Birthday 330-352.
93. Romanishin, W.; Tegler, S.; Noll, K.; Stephens, D.; Grundy, W.; Spencer, J.; Millis, R.; Buie, M.; Cruikshank, D. 2000CF105. IAU Circ., 7962, 2 (2002).
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