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Table : List of initial identified challenges through SLR
SNO
Challenges
Frequency(N=30)
Percentage
1.   Â
Complex programming
14
46%
2.   Â
Lack of debugging And Testing Tools
9
30%
3.   Â
Complexity of quantum algorithms
9
30%
4.   Â
Difficult to optimize quantum software And Software Design/Development
9
30%
5.   Â
High error rates
7
23%
6.   Â
Quantum Software Architecture
6
20%
7.   Â
Security issue in QSE
5
16%
8.   Â
QSE Scalability issues
5
16%
9.   Â
Integration with classical computing
5
16%
10. Â
Quantum Hardware
5
16%
11. Â
Lack of expertise
4
13%
12. Â
Verification and validation issues
4
13%
13. Â
Lack of commercial applications
4
13%
14. Â
Lack of standardization
4
13%
15. Â
Lack of requirements engineering strategies
3
10%
16. Â
Lack Of Quantum Computing Knowledge
3
10%
17. Â
Quantum Physical implementation
3
10%
18. Â
Limited software libraries
2
6%
19. Â
Limited simulation resources
2
6%
20. Â
Quantum Communication Network
2
6%
21. Â
Quantum Circuits
2
6%
22. Â
Maintenance complexity
1
3%
23. Â
Data encoding issues
1
3%
24. Â
Lack of Interoperability
1
3%
25. Â
Ethical issue in QSE
1
3%
26. Â
Budget constraints
1
3%
27. Â
Management issues
1
3%
28. Â
Quantum Storage
1
3%
29. Â
Quantum Software Life Cycle
1
3%
30. Â
Quantum Decoherence
1
3%
31. Â
Quantum APIs
1
3%
32. Â
Quantum teleportation strategies
1
3%
33. Â
Quantum cryptography
1
3%
34. Â
quantum internet
1
3%
35. Â
Stability and long-term support.
1
3%
36. Â
Support for symbolic computing.
1
3%
37. Â
Support for parallel and distributed computing.
1
3%
38. Â
Support for high-efficiency numerical procedures.
1
3%
39. Â
Extensibility capabilities.
1
3%
Table : Quantum computing challenges identified through Empirical Study for QCMSASI based on Experts’ Job location
Challenges
Total Experts Responses = 51
Chi-Square Test (Linear-by-Linear Association)
α = 0.05  df=1
Local/Pakistan(N=40)
Foreign(N=11)
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
X2
P
Complexity of Quantum Computing programming
32
8
0
8
3
0
0.264
0.607
Lack of Resources
33
6
1
7
3
1
2.042
0.153
Quantum Communication and Architecture deficiency
30
10
0
5
5
1
4.830
0.028
Lack of Extensibility in Quantum Hardware
30
10
0
7
4
0
0.548
0.459
Complexity of data coding and decoding
28
10
2
8
2
1
0.005
0.946
Optimization and Development of Quantum Software issues
26
12
2
7
3
1
0.070
0.791
Standardization Deficiency
26
9
5
7
4
0
0.236
0.627
Lack of security issues
24
13
3
9
2
0
2.020
0.155
Quantum Knowledge and Storage issues
28
8
4
8
2
1
0.026
0.873
Expertise and financial deficiency
26
9
5
8
2
1
0.217
0.641
Verification and Validation Challenges
26
9
5
8
2
1
0.217
0.641
Requirements and Interoperability Deficiencies
28
9
3
8
2
1
0.003
0.958
Table: Distribution of challenges identified through empirical study based on Organization Size
Challenges
Total Experts Responses = 51
Chi-Square Test (Linear-by-Linear Association)
α = 0.05Â
df=1
Small(N=11)
Medium(N=21)
Large(N=19)
Agree
Not Sure
Dis Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Dis Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Dis Agree
X2
P
Complexity of Quantum Computing programming
7
4
0
18
3
0
14
4
0
0.600
0.438
Lack of Resources
8
2
1
18
2
1
14
5
0
0.137
0.711
Quantum Communication and Architecture deficiency
7
4
0
14
6
1
14
5
0
0.362
0.547
Lack of Extensibility in Quantum Hardware
6
5
0
14
7
0
17
2
0
4.624
0.032
Complexity of data coding and decoding
6
4
1
16
5
0
14
3
2
0.328
0.567
Optimization and Development of Quantum Software issues
5
5
1
14
5
2
14
5
0
2.656
0.103
Standardization Deficiency
5
6
0
14
4
3
14
3
2
0.523
0.470
Lack of security issues
5
5
1
15
5
1
13
5
1
1.028
0.311
Quantum Knowledge and Storage issues
7
3
1
14
4
3
15
3
1
0.773
0.379
Expertise and financial deficiency
7
3
1
14
3
4
13
5
1
0.183
0.669
Verification and Validation Challenges
6
5
0
16
1
4
12
5
2
0.11
0.917
Requirements and Interoperability Deficiencies
7
4
0
16
4
1
13
3
3
0.356
0.551
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