Macular degeneration is a common eye disease that affects the macula, which is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. There are two types of macular degeneration: wet and dry. It is important to understand that patients with wet macular degeneration will almost always have some evidence of dry macular degeneration, but most patients with dry macular degeneration will not have wet macular degeneration. It is uncommon for macular degeneration to leave patients with 'lights out' vision, but it can interfere with the center vision which is important for reading, driving, watching TV, and recognizing faces.
Dry macular degeneration is the more common type, and it occurs when there is a gradual thinning of the macula over time. Patients with dry macular degeneration may experience symptoms such as blurred vision, difficulty reading or recognizing faces, and the need for brighter light when performing close-up tasks. Treatment options for dry macular degeneration may include nutritional supplements with AREDS II vitamins and lifestyle changes to help slow the progression of the disease. Lifestyle changes include lowering cholesterol and fatty food intake as well as discontinuation of tobacco use. We recommend dry macular degeneration patients use an Amsler grid to check themselves at home for the possibility of wet macular degeneration.
Wet macular degeneration is less common but more severe, and it occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, causing scarring and damage to the macula. Patients with wet macular degeneration may experience symptoms such as distorted or wavy vision, the appearance of a dark spot in the center of their vision, and a rapid onset of visual changes. Treatment options for wet macular degeneration may include injections of medications directly into the eye to help stop the growth of abnormal blood vessels.
It is important for patients to have regular eye exams to help detect macular degeneration early on, as early diagnosis and treatment may help prevent further vision loss. Additionally, patients with a high risk for macular degeneration, such as those with a family history, cigarette use, and high cholesterol/triglycerides should discuss with their eye doctor about appropriate screening and preventive measures.