Spurious parametric oscillation & cure
Post date: Apr 28, 2015 7:25:28 AM
Background
A 4 GHz power amplifier breaks into spurious parametric oscillation when simultaneously subjected to output mismatch and input overdrive. The amplifier utilizes a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) integrating an enhancement-mode pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (ePHEMT), feedback, active bias and high pass filter (HPF) in a SOT-89 package [Avago]. The 0.25 x 800 um ePHEMT's quiescent operating conditions are: Vds = 5V and Ids = 50mA. The HPF attenuates signals below 1.8 GHz to aid stability at lower frequencies. The MMIC output is externally matched with lumped components (Z match) for broadband operation over 3.0-6.0 GHz (fig. 1).
In the stability evaluation setup [Hickman], the amplifier output sees an infinite mismatch (VSWR = ∞) when the attenuation (att) is 0 dB (fig. 2). The sliding short varies the load phase over 360 degrees. The 4.0 GHz input signal (fG) drives the amplifier (demoboard) to the threshold of gain compression. The amplifier oscillates over a portion of the sliding short's range. Reducing the load mismatch by inserting a 3 dB / 6 dB attenuator (att) between the amplifier output and the sliding short will suppress the oscillation. Reducing the input drive also will kill the oscillation.
Fig. 1: Simplified circuit of the 4 GHz power amplifier - biasing components are not shown
Fig. 2: Test setup for simultaneous input overdrive and output mismatch
The fundamental oscillation frequency (fo) is ~2.53 GHz and it can be varied over 3 MHz by adjusting the sliding short (fig. 3). During oscillation, the amplifier's spectral output consists of fo, fG, and their higher-order spurii.
The amplifier's small-signal stability factors (u and k) exceed 1 at 2.53 GHz (fig. 4). The small-signal stability factors have no predictive value because the equivalent electrical circuit is different under input overdrive [Bahl].
Fig. 3: Spectral output of amplifier showing 2.53 GHz oscillation fo, the input signal fG, and their higher-order spurii. The amplitudes in the graph are ~10dB lower than actual due to the coupler's coupling factor.
Fig. 4: The small-signal stability factors (u & k) are not correlated with the oscillation frequency
Oscillation suppression
Connecting a quarter wave open-circuit stub to the output can suppress the half-frequency (1/2f) oscillation [Uchida, Dearn]. Since this work's oscillation frequency is not half the input frequency, i.e. fo ≠ 0.5*fG, it is uncertain that the open-circuit (oc) stub can work. However, there is a possibility that it might work because the oscillation frequency is within 26% from half the overdrive frequency.
To rapidly evaluate the candidate solution, a makeshift stub is retrofitted to the amplifier (fig. 5a). The stub consists of a thin bare copper wire about 28mm long. One end of the wire is soldered to the amplifier output and the wire is dressed perpendicular to the printed circuit board (fig. 5b).
Fig. 5a: The potential solution consists of an open circuit stub (red outline) connected to the amplfier's output.
Fig. 5b: The open circuit stub is realized on the existing PCB using a thin bare copper wire. One end of the wire is soldered to the PCB, while its length is perpendicular to the PCB plane.
Results
No oscillation is observed over the sliding short's adjustment range; i.e. only the driving signal fG and its harmonic 2fG remained (fig. 6). Retrofitting a stub to the amplifier circuit does not degrade either gain or return loss at the signal frequency (fig. 7-8).
Fig. 6: the oc stub suppresses the oscillation over the sliding short's range, leaving only the driving signal fG and its harmonic 2fG
Fig. 7: The stub has minimal impact on the gain at the intended operating frequency
Fig. 8: the stub does not significantly change the input/output matching at 4 GHz
Discussion
For a permanent solution, a new PCB can be designed to replace the wire stub with a PCB trace. The trace will be shorter than the wire due to the PCB's higher dielectric constant, Dk over air. To save PCB space, the trace can be meandered. It may also be possible to replace the stub with a series LC between the output and ground.
Conclusion
The quarter wavelength open-circuit stub can suppress spurious parametric oscillation.
References
I. Hickman, Practical RF handbook, 4th ed., Newnes, 2006, pp.153
Avago Technologies datasheet, "MGA-30989," Nov. 2013 [online] Available: www.avagotech.com.
I. J. Bahl, Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers, New Jersey: J. Wiley, 2009, sect. 17.4 spurious parametric oscillations.
H. Uchida, Y. Itoh, M. Miyazaki, and S. Urasaki, ‘Conditions of half-frequency oscillation in high-power amplifier with FET and its suppression method using quarter-wavelength open-circuited stub’, Electron. Comm. Jpn. Pt. II, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 11–19, Jun. 2002.
A. W. Dearn and L. M. Devlin, ‘MM-Wave Super Harmonic Injection Locked Frequency Dividers’, IET Seminar MM-Wave Products &Technologies, 2006, pp. 63–65.