1- large bore piping for sizes ≥ 2.5", small bore piping for sizes ≤ 2"

2- Flat face flanges require full face gasket

3- Raised face flanges require ring gasket or spiral wound

4- stainless steel pipe bundle always 6m for any size

5- the welding for stainless steel piping require purging by inert gas

6- welding equipment require from 33A to 63A

7- the gap for socket weld 1.5mm to 3mm

8- to calculate stud bolt size (flange thickness+ 1.5*bolt dia.)*2 + gasket thickness

9- (PQR)procedure qualifications record: suggested procedure of welding which reflected in WPS if accepted

10- hydro-test test pressure= 1.5 design pressure

11- pneumatic test pressure= 1.1 design pressure

12- 1 inch steel wire = 10 ton load (decrease 25% for safety)

13- for chemical anchor bolts M16--> use drill bit 18mm --> hole depth +13mm & M20--> use drill bit 24mm --> hole depth +17.5mm

14- Painting welded joints not affected hydro-test

15- Pipe thickness less or equal 8mm welded full GTAW

16- Pipe thickness more than 8mm welded 2 pass GTAW (root + hot) then SMAW

17- always separate stainless steel piping & carbon steel piping in the storing

18- put temporary gasket @ terminal points only

19- Allowable stresses. B31.1 allowable are lower than B31.3 because b31.3 plants generally have a plant life of about 20 to 30 years. B31.1 on the other is about 40 years, B31.1 is MORE conservative than B31.3

20- stainless steel pipe to be isolated from steel supports by red rubber tape or stainless steel shims

21- Insulating flange kits include gasket, sleeve & washer are provided to prevent galvanic corrosion between dissimilar metals check detail

22- Piping material selection according to (flow medium, operating condition, life time, fabrication & most economical)

23- Crystal structures in metal alloys (FCC, BCC & HCP)

24- FCC more ductile than BCC

25- FCC the most tight structure

26- Steam trap used to discharge condensate from steam piping

27- Types of steam traps (float, thermostatic, thermodynamic, inverted bucket)

28- Types of strainers (conical start up, WYE, basket)

29- Types of expansion joints (slip, ball, metal bellows & rubber bellows)

30- Stop valve=Isolation valve=Division valve & can be (gate, globe, ball, butterfly, plug & diaphragm)

31- Valve selection according to (pressure drop, seat leakage, fluid properties, system leakage, actuation requirements, initial cost & maintenance)

32- Expansion joint used to absorb thermal expansion if the use of expansion loops is undesirable or impractical

33- use eccentric reducers are for slurry systems and where it is imperative to totally drain ALL condensed fluid, eccentric reducers can avoid small "dead spots" that exist behind concentric reducers

34- use FOT(flat on top) eccentric reducers in pump suction line to avoid accumulation of gas pockets.

35- use FOB(flat on bottom) eccentric reducers if there is drain in the same line

36- use FOB(flat on bottom) eccentric reducers in slurry system

37- Design temperature more than service temperature

38- Maximum sustained pressure + occasional pressure + transient pressure less or equal design pressure by code

39- Design pressure safe for short occasional or short operating periods if higher than design pressure if loop pressure less than (Y SA max allowable pressure)

Y = 15% if event less than continuous 8 hrs/day or 800 hr/year

Y = 20% if event less than continuous 1 hrs/day or 80 hr/year

40- Strainers used to protect equipment sensitive from dirt or other particles carried by fluid

41- Valve selection according to (Function, Pressure drop, Work temperature, Closing time, Type of joint, Seat tightness, Type of seat, Type of medium, Materials, Design & operating condition)

42- Valve sizing according to (Pressure drop, Flow rate, Diameter & Usage)

43- Threaded joints used in low pressure small bore & non flammable service

44- Thread sealants = pipe dope to ensure a leak tight joint (zinc, nickel & oil)

45- Standard ASME B1.20.1 Pipe thread dimensions

46- Bolted joints used in these cases components can’t be service inline, not capable of being welded, quick field assembly required, frequently remove component for service or low cost & time save

47- The schedule affect the internal diameter of pipe only

48- Blind flange is the dead end

49- Cast iron is kind of alloy

50- Blank flange is flange not drilled

51- Low electrical conductivity mean greater resistance for heating

52- Argon heavier than air but helium lighter than air

53- Humidity of fluxes may result porosity or cracking

54- Pre-heating: used to control the formation of H2 cracks

55- Post weld heat treatment used to relive the trapped elastic stress

56- Stainless piping used with dry air, galvanized piping used with compressed air

57- Types of connections (Butt weld, Socket weld, Screw joint, Bolted flange & Coupling)

58- Types of branches (TEE, OLET, Pipe to pipe (reinforcement pad))

59- Large bore piping divided to 3 types

a- standard schedule(thickness 4.75mm to 9.53mm)

b- high schedule(thickness 9.54mm to 19mm)

c- critical schedule(thickness more than 19mm)

each type different in the shape of welding groove

60- Usually small bore piping connections are socket weld or threaded

61- Usually large bore piping connection is butt weld

62- slip on flange welding dia. inch = 1.4 weld neck flange welding dia. inch

63- raised face thickness 1/16"

64- The raised face flange provide a relatively large contact area. Where metal gasketsare used with this facing, the gasket area should be reduced to increase the gasket compression.

65- Threaded & sockolet fitting ASME B16.11, Butt weld fitting ASME B16.9

66- Carbon steel A53 used in straight run pipe but A106 used in short spools

67- A106 replace the A53, but not vice versa

68- Phosphorus has four major effects on iron: increased hardness and strength, lower solidus temperature, increased fluidity, and cold shortness

69- Mill Test Report or MTR is documentation from a testing facility that usually shows the chemical makeup and physical strength/properties of materials required to meet certain ASME and ASTM grades

70- When standard elbow is trimmed the trimmed end will not be a circle. it will be slightly elliptical and that may create problems with welding and NDT

71- For all gas lines, take the branches from the top of the pipe to avoid condensates

72- Caps used with liquid, blind flanges used with gas

73- Forged fittings have higher pressure rates than casting or malleable fittings

74- Flange face finish identify specific roughness to ensure that this surface be compatible with the gasket and provide a high quality seal

75- CF8M equivalent to Grade 316, has a maximum of 0.08% carbon

76- The standard manufacturing thicknesses for spiral wound gaskets are 3.2, 4.5 & 6.5 (measured across metallic strip not including the filler which protrudes 0.2 : 0.3 mm beyond the metal

77- Holiday Detector provides accurate detection of pinholes, flaws, inclusions,thin spots and bubbles in a coating.

78- Hydrazine is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion.

79- Travel stops are installed in all constant spring support before shipping. These must be present during any hydro testing, but must be removed during installation before normal operations

80- A maximum variability factor of 25% has been established by MSS to limit the load differential which may be prescribed in a variable spring support

81- Welding repair percentage in RT reports equal or less than 3%

82- Anchor flange fitting is used to prevent axial movements of pipeline

83- corrosion resistance of stainless steel due to minimum 30% chromium in its content

84- rating is maximum allowable operating pressure

85- Bolt torque tables should be obtained from the manufacture of gaskets

86- A gas system is defined wet when the relative humidity exceeds 50 %.

87- For carbon steel piping, corrosion allowance = 3 mm

88- For submarine pipeline systems corrosion allowance = 10 mm

89- The fluid flow velocities in water systems should not exceed certain limits to avoid noise and damaging wear and tear of pipes and fittings. The table below can be used as guidance to maximum velocities:

90- You can protect piping which in contact with the ground or routinely contains fuel by one of the following methods

• made of a non-corrodible material (such as fiberglass or flexible plastic)

• made of steel and coated and cathodically protected

• made of steel and cathodically protected

• isolated from contacting the earth by being inside some form of secondary containment that is made of a non-corrodible material

91- Cathodic protection may be achieved in either of two ways. By the use of an impressed current from an electrical source,

or by the use of sacrificial anodes (galvanic action).

92- zinc, aluminium and magnesium are more electronegative than steel they are increasingly able to supply electrons to the more

electropositive steel when in electrical contact in water,

93- for constant flow-rate, when the velocity increase the flow cross section decrease

94- on the long term negative effects of rusting on steel valves will reduce the structural integrity of the valve, since rust has different physical characteristics than steel

95- pressure gauge normally indicates the difference between the measured pressure and atmospheric pressure.

96- Types of fluid service according to B31.3

(a) Category D Fluid Service: a fluid service in which all the following apply:

(1) the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues as defined in para.300.2;

(2) the design gage pressure does not exceed 1035 kPA (150 psi);

(3) the design temperature is from −29°C (−20°F) through 186°C (366°F).

(b) Category M Fluid Service: a fluid service in which the potential for personnel exposure is judged to be significant and in which a single exposure to a

very small quantity of a toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on breathing or bodily contact, even when prompt restorative measures are taken

(c) High Pressure Fluid Service: a fluid service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX for piping design and construction; see also para. K300

(d) Normal Fluid Service: a fluid service pertaining to most piping covered by this Code, i.e., not subject to the rules for Category D, Category M, or High

Pressure Fluid Service

97- Data required for flexibility calculations

1. Code of Practice

2. Basic Material of Construction of Pipe

3. Ambient / Installation temperature

4. Number of Thermal Cases

5. Flexibility Temperature (See Note)

6. Design Pressure

7. Outside diameter of Pipe

8. Type of construction of pipe

9. Nominal Thickness of Pipe

10. Manufacturing tolerance

11. Corrosion allowance

12. Pipe Weight

13. Insulation Weight

14. Specific Gravity of Contents

15. Young’s Modulus at Ambient/Installation Temperature

16. Young’s Modulus at Flexibility Temperature

17. Thermal Expansion at Flexibility Temperature

18. Allowable stress at Ambient/ Installation temperature

19. Allowable stress at flexibility temperature

20. Bend radius and type of bend

21. Branch connection type

22. Weight of attachments – Valves and Specialties

23. Terminal movements with directions

98- Slug Flow is typical two phase flow where a wave is picked up periodically by the rapidly moving gas to form a frothy slug, which passes along the pipe at a greater velocity than the average liquid velocity.

99- Flanges can withstand different pressures at different temperatures. As temperature increases, the pressure rating of the flange decreases

100- by increase the flange class inner diameter and diameter of the raised face at all the same; but outside diameter, bolt circle and diameter of bolt holes become larger in each higher pressure class.

101- high pressure may result from the failure of a control valve, a reaction that is out of control, thermal expansion of a liquid, or even an external fire.

Relief Valves

102- The required relief area for two-phase flow is typically two to ten times the area for single-phase flow.

103- For spring-operated relief valves,small amounts of leakage start to occur at 92–95% of the set pressure.

104- A relief device’s over-pressure is the pressure increase over its set pressure, usually expressed as a percentage of the set pressure. Pop-acting relief valves do not immediately open completely (to 100% lift). Sufficient over pressure is necessary to achieve full lift.

105- if the vessel is protected by multiple relief devices, then one relief device must be set no higher than the MAWP but the others can be set as high as 105% of the MAWP.

106- Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0.16 (Nut Factor based on lubricant used)

107- For Cold Service Bolting torque to develop 70% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0.16 (Nut Factor based on lubricant used)

Strainers

108- If the application requires that the system has to run continuously and cannot be shut down, then the only real choice is a duplex basket strainer.

109- If a vertical installation is planned, a Y-Strainer is the one that will work. Y-Strainers can be installed either vertically or horizontally. A basket strainer must be installed horizontally.

Stress Analysis

110- Permissible load variation is determined as the ratio of (Travel x Spring rate / Load ) based on max. operating condition.

111- Cold Load = Hot Load + Movement x Spring Rate (For pipe movement up)

112- Cold Load = Hot Load – Movement x Spring Rate (For pipe movement down)

113- the load variability shall be up to 25% throughout the total travel. However, for critical systems such as piping connected to pumps, compressors, reboilers, etc. lesser load variation is required to meet the allowable load requirements.

114- if the load variation exceeds the allowed value, in the same load range selects a spring with lower spring rate. Else, select higher size spring.

115- What’s the difference between 304 and 316 stainless steel?

The simple answer is 304 contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel while 316 contains 16% chromium, 10% nickel and 2% molybdenum. The molybdenum is added to help resist corrosion to chlorides (like sea water and deicing salts)

116- Stainless steels may be classified by their crystalline structure into four main types: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and duplex

117- CF8 vs CF8M, CF8M contains 2% to 3% molybdenum that CF8 does not have

Types of Globe Valve

Depending on the type of body there are three types of globe valves;

• 1. Z types

  2. Y types

  3. Angle Types

Z types Globe Valve

The simplest design and most common type is a Z-body. The Z-shaped partition inside the globular body contains the seat. The horizontal seating arrangement of the seat allows the stem and disk to travel at a perpendicular to the pipe axis resulting in a very high-pressure loss.

The valve seat is easily accessible through the bonnet which is attached to a large opening at the top of the valve body. Stem passes through the bonnet like a gate valve.

This design simplifies manufacturing, installation, and repair. This type of valve is used where pressure drop is not a concern and throttling is required.