Characteristic Three

第三特点顺逆缠丝的螺旋运动

The Third Characteristic

Shun (Follow) and Ni (Oppose) Reeling Silk Spiral Movement

拳谱规定:

(1)“运劲如抽丝”;

(2)“运劲如缠丝”·

(3)“任君开展与收敛,千万不可离太极”;

(4)“妙手一运一太极,迹象化完归乌有”。

List of boxing rules:

(1) "Move jin (strength) like drawing silk";

(2) "Move jin like reeling silk".

(3) "Open and converge, must not be divorced from taijiquan";

(4) "With skill one move one taiji, the signs of transformation vanish."

从上列四项规定中可以看出,太极拳运动必须如抽丝的形状。抽丝是旋转着抽出来的,因为直抽于旋转之中,自然就形成一种螺旋的形状,这是曲直对立面的统一。至于缠丝或抽丝劲都是指着这个意思。因为在缠的过程中伸缩其四肢同样会产生一种螺旋的形象,所以拳论说,不论开展的大动竹或紧凑的小动作,千万不可离开这种对立统一的太极劲。統純熟之后,这种缠丝圈就越练越小,达到有圈不见圈的境界,到那时就纯以意知了{1} 所以顺逆缠丝对立统一的螺旋运动就成为太极拳的第三个特点。

As can be seen from the four rules listed above taijiquan form movements must be like drawing silk. To draw silk is to rotate, because as it is drawn out it rotates, naturally forming a spiral, which is the integration of the curved and straight. As for reeling silk or drawing silk jin it refers to this idea. Because the winding/reeling process stretches the four limbs equally it produces the image of a spiral, so boxing theory says no matter how large the movement or how compact and small the movements are do not depart from this integrated taijiquan jin. Become proficient at unifying and then train this kind of reeling silk smaller until the circle is so small it cannot be seen and by then it is purely knowing {3-1}. So, shun (follow) and ni (oppose) reeling silk are antagonistically integrated spiral movements that become the third characteristic of taijiquan.

一、运劲如缠丝的实质

One

Move Jin as if Reeling Silk

太极拳必须运劲如缠丝,或者说运劲如抽丝。这两种形象的比方都是说,运劲的形象如螺旋。同时,这种螺旋又必须走弧线,尤如子弹通过枪膛中的来福线后,当它运动于空间时,既有螺旋形的自身旋转,又有抛物线型的运动路线。太极拳的缠丝劲就要具有这种形象。

Taijiquan must move jin as if reeling silk or move jin as if drawing silk. These two types of images are analogies. Moving jin has the form of a spiral. At the same time this spiral must move in an arc as a bullet passes through the barrel of a gun when it is moving in the air in between (the gun and the target) there are both spiral rotations and a parabolic arc. Taijiquan's reeling silk jin has this kind of form.

前面已经说明了运劲必须如缠丝的意义,那么在实际运动中应如何运行呢?说来极平凡而简单,就是在一动全动的要求下,动作时掌心由內往外翻或由外往內翻 {2} 使之形成太极图的形象(如图1)。同时,由于掌心内外翻转,表现在上肢是旋腕转膀,表现在下肢则是旋踝转腿 {3}, 表现在身躯则是旋腰转脊。三者结合起来,形成一条根在脚、主宰于腰而形于手指的空间旋转曲线。这是太极拳必须做到的要求。因此拳谱中特别提出练拳时不论是开展的放开或紧凑的收敛,都不可须臾离开“翻转掌心”和“旋腕转膀”的太极劲,这犹如地球环绕太阳运转走弧线,同时地球本身还自转着旋转一样。所以,太极劲不是平面的一个圈,而是立体的螺旋上升。

As has been explained earlier moving jin must be as if reeling silk so in practice how should it work? It's simple to explain, the requirement is one moves all move. When moving the palm of the hand from the inside to the outside it turns or from the outside to the inside {3-2} to form the image of the taiji symbol (Figure 1). At the same time, as a result of the palm turning inside and outside, first the limbs turn, the wrists turn, and the upper arms; the lower limbs turn, the ankles turn, and the legs {3-3}, the body turns and the yao (waist) turns the spine. The three harmonize to form one root in the foot, ruled by the yao (waist) and expressed at the fingers rotating and circling. This is what taijiquan is required to do. So in the boxing list in particular it is put forward that when training boxing no matter what release or compact converge, both should not depart from "turning the palm" and "rotate the wrist to turn the upper arm" taijiquan jin. This is like as the earth orbits the sun in a circle, the earth itself rotates and it can gradually bring about stringing together the whole body. Therefore, taiji jin is not a circle on a plane, rather it's a three-dimensional spiral rising upward.

(甲)左手缠丝示意图

(乙)右手缠丝示意图

图1顺逆丝示意图

Figure 1 Explanation:

1. The solid line is shun (forward) silk reeling and the dotted line is ni (backward) silk reeling

2. The numbered points on the chart are the places where the shun and ni silk reeling alternate

(A) Left hand reeling silk diagram (甲)

(b) Right hand reeling silk diagram (乙)

Figure 1 Shun (follow) and Ni (oppose) Silk Diagram

二、缠丝式螺旋运劲的作用

Two

The Role of Reeling Silk Spiralling Movement Jin (Strength)

练拳时如果手是直伸直缩而不翻转掌心,腿是前弓后坐而没有左右旋转配合,就会发生“顶抗''比力的缺点(如图图2)。为了纠正这个缺点,就必须用螺旋劲。因为螺旋的曲率半径是变化的任何压力压在这根螺旋杆上,都可很自然地将压力因旋转落空而被化去。这是科学的化劲法。从图3就可看出它的作用。

When training boxing if the hand is straight and stretched out and withdrawn and does not turn the palm over and the leg is the front bow sitting back without a left-right rotation in harmony, then "the top of the head resists" error of force (see figure 2) occurs. In order to correct this error it is necessary to use spiral jin. Because the curvature of the spiral's radius is changing any pressure that is pressed against the root of the spiral pole, the pressure is relieved naturally by the rotation. This is the scientific method to change jin. From Figure 3 you can see what it does.

图2单向弧线运动示意图

图3螺旋抽丝运动示意图

Figure 2 One Directional Arc Movement Diagram

Figure 3 Spiral Drawing Silk Movement Schematic

太极拳螺旋式的缠丝是“太极”拳名称的由来。这种螺旋式的运动是独特的中国式的运动方式,为世界所罕有。在休窏锻炼方面,它能促使全身节节贯串 {1} 地推动,并由此进到内外相合的一动无有不动的境界。这对内脏器官能起一种摩的作用。同时,使显于外的神气发生鼓荡,因而健强了大脑皮层,从而能进一步增强全身一切组织器官。

Taijiquan spiral type reeling silk is where "Taiji" boxing's name comes from. This kind of spiralling revolving type of movement is a unique Chinese way of moving and is rare in the world. When working out it can promote the whole body becoming joint by joint strung together (connected) {3-4} and from this enter the state where the internal and external harmonize, one moves there is not one motionless [one part moves, all parts move]. This can be a kind of visceral organ rubbing action. At the same time a visible external lively drumming of the qi takes place and as a result it invigorates the human cerebral cortex which further enhances the tissues and organs throughout the body.

其次,在技击方面。缠丝劲的作用也是大的。太极拳技击的核心是“知己知彼”和“知机势”的懂劲功夫。懂劲可分两个方面:一为自己懂劲,即懂得自己动作的劲,须要从走架子中得来,二为于人懂劲,即懂得别人的劲,须从推手中得来。欲求知人,必先知己,这是认识事物的过程。欲使走架子的“知己”达到高度纯熟境界,则必須练成周身一家的功夫。周身一家的功夫是由内外相合和节节贯串中练成的,而这两者都产生于螺旋式的缠丝动作。因此在技击方面,刎咝劲也是极其重要的。

Second, in respect to striking skill. The role of reeling silk jin is big. When training taijiquan striking skills the core of understanding jin (dongjin) gongfu is "know yourself, know your enemy" and "to know the pivot is to know power". Understanding jin (dongjin) can be divided into two aspects: one is to understand one's own jin, that is, to understand one's own movement of jin, that must come from the form and the second is to understand another person's jin, that is, to understand the jin of other person and that must come from push hands. In order to know other people you must first know yourself; this is the process of understanding things. If you wish to use the form "to know yourself", to reach a higher degree of skill, then you must train the whole body as one <home> gongfu. The whole body is one <home> gongfu is trained with inside and outside harmonizing together until the body becomes strung together (connected) joint by joint, both of which result from spiral silk reeling movements. In terms of striking skill, jin is extremely important.

三、缠丝劲的种类及其要点

Three

The Essentials of Reeling Silk Jin

太极拳缠丝劲按其性能可以分为两种基本的缠丝:一种是掌心由内往外翻的顺缠丝,顺缠丝内绝大多数是掤劲(如图1中的实线段)另一种是掌心由外往内翻的逆缠丝,逆缠丝内绝大多数是擴劲(如图1中的虚线段)。这两类缠丝存在于太极拳运动的一切过程中,并贯串始终。因此,在一切动作中亦皆包含着掤掘二劲的相互变化;它们是运动中的基本予盾,同时又相互转化于一元之中。在这两个基本缠丝之下,因左位不同和变换各异,又分出五对不同的方位缠丝(如图4)。左右和上下的方位缠丝合成为一个整圈,同时结合里外,使平面圈变成立体圈,这正是太极式螺旋运动所必具的特色。其次,为了在练拳时有左右逢源、连随于人和节节贯串如周

Taijiquan's reeling silk jin pushing function can be divided into two fundamental types of reeling silk: one Is the palm turning from the inside to the outside shun (follow) reeling silk, shun (follow) reeling silk internally is overwhelmingly peng jin (as in Figure 1 in the solid segment) and the other type is the palm turning from the outside to the inside ni (oppose) reeling silk. Ni (oppose) reeling silk internally is overwhelmingly kuo (lu?) jin (the dotted segment in Figure 1). These two types of reeling silk exist in all taijiquan movements and are strung together (connected) from beginning to end. As a result all movements also contain peng and the mutual change of the two jin; they are the fundamental movements while at the same time transforming between each other. Under these two fundamental types of reeling silk, due to the different positions and different transformations and divided into five pairs of different positions of reeling silk (see figure 4). The left and right and upper and lower positions reel silk into a whole circle and at the same time combine the in and out to make a plane. Making the plane circle into a three-dimensional circle. This taiji type spiralling movement is a necessary characteristic. Secondly, in order to train boxing to one's benefit, connect and follow with people and string together (connect) joint by joint like a circle

Shun Reeling Silk <- Fundamental Reeling Silk -> Ni Reeling Silk

方位缠絲

Reeling Silk Directions

左右缠絲

Left and Right

上下缠絲

Above and Below

里外缠絲

In and Out

大小缠絲

Large and Small

进退缠絲

Advance and Retreat

图4十二缠丝劲别示意图

Figure 4 Twelve Reeling Silk Jin Distinguished Diagram

身一家起见,又有大小、进退两对方位缠丝的配合,以满足健身和技击上的特殊需要。因此,太极拳每一个拳式,在顺逆基本缠丝的基础上,至少要有三对方位缠丝结合一起进行运动。只要掌握了这个规律,就可使动作在划弧线进行运动时有了一定的依据,不论是学习或纠正拳式,也就容易多了。在练拳时如果感到某一动作有不得势和不得劲处,就可依据缠丝的不顺遂处挪动一下腰腿,以求得顺遂,就可使姿势得到纠正。所以掌握了缠丝,就是掌握了自我纠正的工具。现举例来说明它的作用。

the purpose of the body as one <home>, there is both large and small, advance and retreat, the two opposite directions of reeling silk join harmoniously, in order to meet the particular needs for a healthy body and skill. Therefore, every taijiquan boxing posture, has shun (follow) and ni (oppose) fundamental reeling silk as a foundation, at least three pairs of directions of reeling silk combine together to move. As long as you master this rule then you can use the arc motion as a foundation when moving and whatever boxing posture you are learning use this to correct the movement, it is much easier. When training boxing if you feel that a certain movement has power and awkward jin you can reel silk in the place that is not smooth to move the yao (waist) and legs in order to get everything smooth and you can make the posture correct. As a result, mastering reeling silk is to master the tools of self-correction. For example.

(1)“云手”一一这一拳式,在十三势内是唯一包含双顺转双逆左右大缠丝的拳式。在运动时,两手的基本缠丝是掌心由内往外的顺缠丝,转由外往内的逆缠丝,它的方位缠丝是左右、上下和微向里外。左右、上下是一个平面圈,若再使划圈微向里外,就可成为一条空间曲线的立体圈,可以达到气貼脊背的功用。

(1) "Cloud Hand" – this posture, in the thirteen postures internally is the only one to contain double shun (follow) turning into double ni (oppose) left and right big silk reeling type. When moving, the basic winding silk is both hands basic reeling silk is the palm of the hand from the inside out shun (follow) silk reeling, turn from the outside to the inside ni (oppose) silk reeling. Its direction of reeling silk is left and right, up and down, together with slightly in and out. Left and right, up and down is a plane circle and again to make the circle slightly inward and outward it then becomes a three-dimensional circle, able to attain the function of qi sticks to the back. Its basic silk reeling is one shun (follow) and one ni (oppose) in the form.

(2)“白鹤亮翅”它的基本缠丝是一顺一逆,是架子内比较多的一种缠丝,它的方位缠丝是左右、上下和里外。因为一顺一逆,在左手是向里、向下的逆缠丝,在右手是向外、向上的顺缠丝,两者合起来,在两膊相系{3-5}的要求下成为右上、左下的一个“右顺左逆分掤圈”。

(2) "White Crane Shows Wings" basic reeling silk is one shun (follow) one ni (oppose) the form is internally relatively more than one kind of reeling silk, and its direction of reeling silk is left and right, up and down together with in and out. Because for one shun (follow) and one ni (oppose), the left hand turns inward, downward ni (oppose) reeling silk, the right hand is outward, upward shun (follow) reeling silk, both sides close next and both arms move together as a system {3-5}. Next right up, left lower "right shun (follow) left (oppose) and separate peng circle".

上述例子说明,太极拳各个拳式虽花样繁多,转换各别,但从它基本缠丝来分析,就极其简单了。所有的拳式概不外“双顺缠丝”、“双逆缠丝”及“一顺一逆缠丝''等三种组合.若按此法经常分析和捉摸自己常走的架子,并列成表,就可成为自己练习的依据。有了这种依据,则可分清劲别,做到内外相合和节节贯串,在提高弹性的基础上达到正确姿势的要求。

The above examples show that taijiquan has many ways of doing postures and different changes, however its simple to analyze Its basic reeling silk. All the postures are nothing more than "double shun reeling silk", "double ni reeling silk" and "one shun one ni reeling silk" organized into three groups. If according to this method one regularly analyzes and makes sense of one's form movements, side by side, this can be the basis for your own training. With this foundation, you can distinguish the jin and do it In and out together with becoming strung together (connected) joint by joint, improving elasticity as a foundation to achieve the correct posture required.

四、螺旋运劲的掌握

Four

Mastering Spiral Movement Jin

特点三是拳名太极的由来,其作用已如上述。所以前人为了使后学者做好运劲如缠丝,在《太极拳论》中作了专论,这是一篇运劲的实践总结。其中,第一部分论述了缠丝劲。要掌特点三,就只要按照这部分比照着去练,并作为平时检查自己走架子的依据,就可得到正确的姿势和动作。现把这部分慨括讲解如下。

Characteristic three is the reason for the name taiji, its role has been as mentioned above. So, the forebearers in order to make the scholars do a good moving jin such as reeling silk in the "taijiquan treatise" wrote a monograph about moving jin and this is a good summary of practice. Among them the first part is reeling silk jin. The palm of the hand is important in characteristic three as long as you feel this when training and examine one's own form movements you can get the correct posture and movement. Now take this section that includes the following explanation.

(1)由精神实质上掌握特点三.

(甲)“一举一动,周身俱要轻灵”一一精神若能提起,就可无迟重的顾虑,这是求轻的方法,意气若能灵换,则意气就不致呆滞在某一点上,这是求灵的方法。掌握缠丝劲的第一点,就是在运劲的过程中,周身必须要轻要灵,这样才能为做好缠丝动作提供有利条件。

(1) The mind essentially controls characteristic three.

(A) "In every movement it's important for the whole body to be quick and agile" gradually the mind is able to be aroused, is able to be quick and this is the way to be agile. Intention and qi can be changed quickly and then intention and qi are not likely to get stuck at a certain point. This is a way to find quickness. Master the reeling silk jin a little first moving jin. It is important that the whole body must be agile and quick in order to be able to do reeling silk properly.

(乙)“动作须节节贯串”一一一在运劲如缠丝之中,要轻灵,尤须贯串,这也是运劲中的一个重要环节,学习时不可忽视。其详细內容,可参见本章第五特点。

(B) "Movement must be strung together (connected) joint by joint" one by one moving jin as if reeling silk. It's important to be quick and agile, especially you must be strung together (connected), which is moving jin also an important part. When learning you cannot ignore this. The details can be found in the fifth characteristic of this chapter.

(丙)“神宜鼓荡,气宜内敛" {1} 一一如果心意不能贯彻于动作之中而别有所思,表现了意痴神呆,则神就不易鼓荡,同时气亦不能内敛以从心,结果造成气势散漫,劲无含蓄,身法散乱。因此,首先须将心意贯彻于滔滔不绝和起伏不已的动作之中,则神自鼓荡。其次,须使肺呼吸配合运动。由于神的鼓荡,气自收敛而不致散漫,气不散漫,就可由神带头而同时动荡起来。

(C) "Lively proper drumming of qi should be internally restrained" {3-6}. Gradually if the mind and intention cannot string together (connect) movement of the center and it appears foolish, then it is not easy to do lively drumming and at the same time qi also cannot be internally restrained by the heart/mind resulting in a loose and unorganized jin and without the ability to store the body method is disordered. Therefore, the first thing to do is to make the heart/mind the commander and focus on the endless undulating movement and then lively natural drumming. Second, the breath should match the movement. As a result of lively drumming qi naturally collects and is not likely to scatter, if qi does not scatter it can be lively and lead the movement.

综观上列三项要求,可以说“运劲轻灵与贯串,神气鼓荡与内敛”乃是掌握缠丝劲时所必须掌握的精神实质。

In summarizing the three requirements listed above it can be said that "moving jin easily and quickly together with being strung together (connected) with lively qi drumming and swaying controlled internally" are the essentials for mastering reeling silk jin.

(2)由劲別上掌握特点三

(甲)“毋使有缺陷处”一一运用缠丝劲时,不论是顺或逆,务使八门劲运到螺旋的弓背上,也就是螺旋的接触面上切不可有时在弓背,有时又陷在弓里面,这是缠丝最易碰到的缺点。若一经陷在里面,不但削弱了掤劲,同时也会失去纏丝中的摩擦特性。因此,若一有缺陷,劲就不能达到螺旋的I妾触面上,也就失去缠丝劲的牵动作用。(如图5)

(2) Through jin distinguish the previous three traits.

(A) "There are no defects at any point" gradually when using reeling silk jin, regardless shun (follow) or ni (oppose) so that the eight jins movements spiral up the back bow, that is, the spiral connects intermittently to the back bow, intermittently gets stuck in the bow, which is the easiest reeling silk fault. If stuck inside it not only weakens/impairs the peng jin, but also loses the rubbing characteristics in the reeling silk. As a result, if there is a defect the jin cannot spiral up and it also loses the function of reeling silk jin. (Figure 5)

(乙)“毋使有凹凸处”缠丝劲的运用线路,在所有过程中都要做到曲线缓和,形成顺遂的姿势,同时,又要求綿忺而富于弹性,这是消灭凹凸的一种方法。即使在发劲时,亦如软皮鞭一样的甩出去。这样,由于身手放长,身肢又象打了气的轮胎,与物接触就具有随高逐低的粘走作用。若运劲一有凹凸,就产生棱角,发生顶抗的毛病,从而使运劲失去螺旋转动的作用。(如图6)

(B) "There are no concavities or protrusions at any point" reeling silk jin uses a line, it's important to curve with ease and to form a smooth posture and at the same time also requires one to be soft, harmonious and elastic; this is a way to eliminate concavities and protrusions. Even when issuing jin It's thrown out like a soft whip. In this way, because the body and hands release and lengthen [stretch] the body and limbs again the form of fighting qi [is like] a tire - in contact with an object it has the effect of sticking to follow the highs and lows. If jin has a concavity or protrusion, it produces edges and corners and the occurrence of resistance is a fault, thus causing jin to lose spiraling and rotation. (Figure 6)

图5缠丝缺陷示意图

图6抽丝凹凸示意图

Figure 5 Reeling Silk Defect Diagram

Figure 6 Drawing Silk Concavities and Protrusions Diagram

(内)“毋使有断续处”缠丝的一切过程,无论是顺纏或是逆缠,务须一缠到底。所谓“底”,乃是到达了这一拳式表現劲別的落点处,也就是接做下一式的转关处。到了此处，由摺迭转换 {1} 接做下一缠丝,将劲接到下一拳式中。劲既不断、也就无须续。如缠至半途将劲断了,然后又将它接續上去，这是要不得的因为缠丝有了断续,就是一个空隙,这一空隙不但失去应有的牵动作用,且为对方造成得机的机势。因此,在运劲缠丝上说是不允许的(如图7)其次,即使在发劲时,虽然可以有断续,但仍须有“劲断意不断,意断神可接”的要求,即所谓断而复连。

(C) "No breaks at any point" reeling silk throughout whether shun (follow) or ni (oppose) reeling must have reeling to the end. The so-called "base" is to reach this boxing type of jin expression or else you miss the point, that is, to connect the next type of rotation. In the end these points fold, change, and transform {3-7} and connect to the next reeling silk jin. Uninterrupted jin then is not necessary to replenish. If reeling halfway command jin to break and then command it to replenish (continue) connect, this is unacceptable because the reeling silk is broken, it's a gap and these gaps not only lose proper function and for the other person creates an opportunity. As a result, moving jin reeling silk first says gaps are not allowed. (As in figure 7). Secondly, that is when issuing jin even though there are gaps still it must have "jin intention is unbroken, intention lively can connect" is required, namely breaking and reconnecting.

图7缠丝不可有断续示意图'

Figure 7 Reeling Silk Cannot Have Gaps Diagram

综观上列三项,说明在缠丝过程中,也就是在运劲过程中,万不可发生缺陷、凹凸或断续的缺点。在三个缺点中即使犯了一个,就不能再发挥缠丝劲应有的作用。这是学习时不可忽视的问题。

Looking at the three items listed above it shows that in the process of reeling silk, that is, in the process of moving jin there must not be defects, concavities or protrusions or gaps. Of the three faults, that is making a mistake can no longer command reeling silk jin function properly. When learning these problems cannot be ignored.

为了便于掌握,现把要领概括如下。

(1)缠丝劲为太极拳命名的由来,没有缠丝劲就不能使劲环绕着身肢节节上升,达到完整一气。

(2)须知“贯串''的要求,不仅是运劲须通过关节部分,而且还须使它通过整个关节上下的肌肉部分,这是螺旋缠丝的作用。

(3)太极拳有一对基本缠丝和五对方位缠丝是教和学太极拳的最好的工具。

(4)运劲如缠丝,只有在轻灵贯串条件下才能实现;同肘,神气方面必须鼓荡和内敛。

(5)缠丝劲的运用不可产生缺陷、凹凸和断续等三个缺点·

In order to understand more easily the key points are summarized below.

(1) The name of taijiquan comes from reeling silk jin and without reeling silk jin you cannot make jin rotation feel the body and limbs gradually achieve whole, complete one qi (body is one).

(2) It should be noted that the requirement of "strung together (connected)" is not only moving jin must pass through the joints, but also have to make it pass through the muscles top and bottom which is the spiraling reeling silk.

(3) Taijiquan has a couple of basic reeling silk and five other pairs of directions of reeling silk which are the best tools for teaching and learning taijiquan.

(4) Move jin as if reeling silk, you only have to be quick, agile, and strung together (connected) to achieve this; you must have lively drumming qi internally restrained.

(5) Reeling silk jin should not produce defects such as concavities, protrusions and breaks.

Footnotes for characteristic three

{3-1} 杨少侯先生在晚年独创的小架子,只见发劲,不见运劲。此乃运劲圈丿乚小到看不出,仅将发劲显露出*的具体表现,是紧凑不见圈的纯熟功夫。

{3-1} Teacher Yang Shaohou in his later years developed small frame, you only see the fajin, you do not see the jin moving. The moving jin circles are too small to see and only the fajin is revealed, is expressed, is compact so you do not see the circles of pure gongfu.

{3-2} 所谓由內往外翻或由外往內翻,皆以食指的翻转为标准。如图1中,手从点1到点2,此时食指的运动系由內往外翻,故为顺缠手从点2到点3,食指的运动则为由外往內翻,故为逆缠.

{3-2} The so called from the inside turning out or from the outside turning to the inside all with the index finger turning is standard. In Figure 1, hand from point 1 to point 2, at this time the index finger turns from the inside to the outside, so this is shun (follow) reeling/winding hand from point 2 to point 3 the finger turns from the outside towards the inside, so it is ni (oppose) reeling/winding.

{3-3} 腿部顺逆缠丝的划分,是以膝盖的旋转方向为标准,即当膝盖由裆內侧往前转外向下斜缠,或由裆外侧往后转内向上斜缠,皆为顺缠。当膝盖由裆外侧往前转內向上斜缠,或由裆內侧往后转外向下斜缠,皆为逆缠。

{3-3} The division of the legs shun (follow) and ni (oppose) reeling silk is based on the direction of rotation of the knee, that is when the knee rotates from the inside to the outside reeling/winding or from the outside it rotates to the inside reeling/winding in all cases it is shun (follow) reeling/winding. When the knees rotate from the outside and turn forward inward and sloping upward reeling/winding or from the inside rotate outward and sloping down reeling/winding in all cases it is ni (oppose) reeling/winding.

{3-4} 节节贯串是太极的第五特点.

{3-4} Joint by joint strung together (connected) is the fifth characteristic of taijiquan.

{3-5}两膊相系就是在运动时,两只臂膀好像有一根绳子相互系住一样,当一臂动吋,另一臂亦能在使绳子基本上维持绷紧的条件下,跟着运动,也就是说,要使两臂内始终含有掤开的掤劲-

{3-5} The two arms move as a system. The two arms behave as if there is a rope tied to them. When one arm is moving the other arm is able to make the rope on the whole stretched taut followed by movement. That is to say, it is important to make both arms internally always contain peng, opening peng jin.

{3-6} 神与气可鼓荡,亦可內敛。所以拳论说:“欲要神气鼓荡,先要提起精神,神不外散''。

{3-6} Lively together with qi able to drum and also can be internally restrained. So, the boxing theory says: "lively qi drumming is important, first important to speak of essence of lively is nothing more than not scattered".

{3-7}擝迭的意义可详见第六特点·

{3-7} Stretch repeatedly the meaning is detailed in the sixth characteristic.

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