Characteristic Four

第四特点立身中正、上下

相随的虚实运动

The Fourth Characteristic

Stand Centered and Aligned, Top to Bottom

Empty and Solid Movement Mutually Follow

拳谱规定:

(1)“意气须换得灵,乃有圆活之趣,所谓变转虚实须留

(2)“虚实宜分清楚,一处有一处虚实,处处总有此一虚

(3)“立身须中正安舒,支撑八面”,“上下相随人难侵”。

(4)“尾闾正中神贯顶”,“上下一条线”。

List of Boxing Rules:

(1) "Intention and qi must change to be effective, therefore there is interest in the circular/round you have to change and transform empty and solid."

(2) "Empty and solid should be distinct, any place there is empty and solid, everywhere there is emptiness”

(3) "Standing must be centered, upright, aligned and relaxed, eight sided support", "top and bottom mutually follow people difficult to invade."

(4) "The tailbone is upright, centered and strung together (connected) to the crown of the head", "top and bottom in line".

上列四项规定可以说明,太极拳的所有动作都必须分清虚实。动作能分清虚实地转换,就可耐久不疲,这是最经济的」种动力活动。因此,练太极拳时双手要有虚实,双足也要有虚实,尤其重要的是左手和左足、右手和右足要上下相陑地分清虚实,也就是说,左手实则左足应虚,右手虚则右足应实。这是调节內劲使之保持中正的中心环节。此外,形成落点的虚中要有实,实中要有虚,从而处处总有此一虚一实，使内劲处处达到中正不偏。初学时,动作可以大虚大实,以后逐步练成小虚小实,最后达到內有虚实而外面不见有虚实的境界,这是调整虚实的最深功夫。

The four rules listed above indicate that all actions of tai chi must clearly distinguish between empty and solid. Movement can be divided into empty and solid transformations, you can endure and not tire, this is the most economical kind of forceful movement. Therefore, when training taijiquan both hands should be empty and solid and both legs also should have empty and solid and it is especially important that the left hand and left foot and right hand and right foot, top and bottom mutually distinguish empty and solid. That is to say, the left hand is solid, and the left foot should be empty and the right hand is empty then the right foot must be solid. This is using internal jin (strength) to maintain central alignment heart/mind centered. In addition, the form sinks/settles/drops to a point of emptiness within solid. There must be solidity in the empty so that everywhere there is always this one empty one solid, enabling the internal jin (neijin) everywhere to reach the center and aligned not leaning [stray from the intended line]. Starting to learn the movement can be very empty and very solid and later, step by step, train to become a little empty and a little solid, finally achieving internally empty and solid and externally the empty and solid is not seen which is the deepest gongfu of empty and solid.

虚实灵换的核心,在于意气的灵换,同时要在“中土不离位" {1} 及内劲中正情况下来完成。为此,练拳时必须“尾闾正中”, “安舒支撑八面”,“虚领顶劲”,“上下一条线”地随时调整虚实。所以立身中正,上下相随地调整虚实就成为太极拳的第四个特点。

The core of the empty and solid quickly changing lies in the intention and qi changing quickly and at the same time it is important "center not off position" {4-1} and internal jin (neijin) centered and aligned state. In order to do this when training boxing you must have "tailbone straight/upright in the center" "relaxed eight-sided support", "empty neck crown of head jin", "top and bottom in a line" when adjusting empty and solid. So, stand up centered and aligned with top and bottom mutually adjusted empty and solid becomes taijiquan's fourth characterisitic.

一、虚实比例

One

Empty and Solid Proportions

根据太极拳理论,在一切动作丙都必须分清虚实,所以练拳时要注意使动作处处有此一虚一实。为了做好虚实的调整,首先必须认清虚实的正确涵义。所谓虚,不是全无力量; 所谓实,亦非全部占煞。以双脚来说,虚不是在这一只脚上全无荷重,实亦非全部荷重都放在这一只脚上(提腿、独立和解脫擒拿等拳式例外),而不过是使虚比实的荷重轻些。这一虚实名词的产生,在力学上来说,是由于人体总荷重的重心常有偏移。当重心偏移到右边时,则成为右足实而左足虚,偏左时,则又成为左足实而右足虚。(如图8)上面说过,太极拳动力本身就产生于重心偏差的倒换中,如果没有偏差,就是说重心正摆在中心线上,那就会形成双重{2},失去动力而形成滞重的毛病。此时如果将双手虚虚掤起,就可成为双沉 {3} 的功手,可使运动重新获得转的动力。

According to taijiquan theory every movement must distinguish empty and solid so when training boxing it's important to pay attention that every movement has one empty and one solid. In order to do a good job of changing empty and solid first of all you must recognize the correct meaning of empty and solid. What is called empty is not without power; what is called solid does not competely stop (like a brick wall). In terms of the feet emptiness on a foot is not completely unloaded and solid on a foot is not the entire load (lift leg, independent and the exception of the form free to capture, to seize, and so on) and only to make the empty compared to the solid lighter. Empty and solid come into being, in terms of mechanics, due to the total weight of the human body often moving away from the center. When the center of gravity is shifted to the right the right foot becomes solid and the left foot empty. When toward the left the left foot becomes solid and the right foot empty. (Figure 8) as mentioned above explains taijiquan power itself is produced in the rotation of the center of gravity differential, if there is no deviation, on that is to say, the center of gravity will be on the center line which will form double heavy {4-2}, lose power and shape and become sluggish and heavy, a defect. At this point if you command both hands to be empty peng together you can become double {4-3} sinking resulting in a hand that is able to make the movement rotate powerfully.

虚实不是固定的,它随着式变化而变换。在开始学拳时,宜采取大虚大实的姿势,如二八之比(二八之比是指两脚负重的分配比例,如以全身重一百斤为例,则一脚负担二十斤,另一脚八十斤)。随着功夫的熟統,就要转为小虚小实的姿势、如两脚的负重分配比例

Empty and solid are not fixed, they follow the form by feeling and use change and transformation. At the beginning when learning to box it is appropriate to take a mostly empty and mostly solid posture, such as the ratio of twenty to eighty (twenty to eighty ratio refers to the distribution ratio of two feet of weight; for example, if the whole body weighs a hundred pounds, then one of the feet bears twenty pounds and the other foot eighty pounds). As one's gongfu matures a little empty and a little solid, rotations appear powerful, such as the weight distribution ratio of two feet

图8重心偏移示意图

(e一一重心偏移)

Figure 8 Center of Gravity Displacement Diagram

(e One-to-One Center of Gravity Displacement)

为四六等。经过这种紧凑功夫以后,由于动度变小,即可使虚实变换得更加灵活。变换灵活的内在根由,在于意气转换的灵活,因而可以做到不滞住于某一面,不专注于某一点:例如某式应注意左手,则能毫不费力地立即转到左手上{4-4}。这样就可使人在练拳时有左右逢源的感觉,产生圆活如珠滚在盘上趣呋。从姿势上設，在任何变換下，皆不能使“中土离位”; 不离位才能前后左右变換而不受阻。若身体偏于一边来进行变換，就須經过調整才能灵換过来。这是一个失势的空隙，并且因为多了一道手续,使行动转慢,坐失良机。这用太极拳术語来，称为失机。失机、失势是太极拳的大病，所以变換虚实只有在中正立身的情况下，才可以达到灵活轉換的要求,这是必须掌握的重要关键之一.

of forty to sixty, and so on. After going through this smaller gongfu, due to the smaller movement, you can become more flexible/agile. The internal basis of flexible/agile transformation lies in the intention and qi transforming to become flexible/agile and as a result it is possible to not be sluggish and stuck on one side. Do not focus on a certain point: for example, in a certain form If you pay attention to the left hand, you can easily immediately rotate the left hand {4-4}. In this way people have a feeling of great benefit when training boxing resulting in a living roundness like beads rolling on a plate. From setting up the posture, any changes then cannot make "the middle/central ground away position"; do not leave the position in order to change left and right before and after without being blocked. If the body leans on one side to make a change you have to adjust quickly to change it. This is one failure of power to empty producing a gap and because of a formality so that the movement rotates slowly, and you lose the opportunity. In taijiquan this is called a lost opportunity. Loss of opportunity, loss of power, is the big defect of taijiquan, so In order to transform empty and solid you only have to be standing centered and aligned, then and only then can you achieve agile transformation. This is one of the important keys that must be mastered.

二、三种基本虚实

Two

Three Basic Types of Empty and Solid

(1)脚的虚实一一脚的虚实划分,一就是一只脚负担重些,另一只脚负担轻些.按照力学原理,身体重量的重心若位于两腿间距离的中间三分之一的地方,就可使两脚均有着落,称为半轻半重 {1}(如图9).如果重心位置超出了中间三分之一的范围,则那只虚脚就会因过虚而产生浮摆的现象,成了偏轻偏重 {2} 的病象。(如图10)

(1) Feet empty and solid - the empty and solid differentiation of the feet; one foot is heavier, and the other foot is lighter. According to the principle of mechanics if the body's center of gravity is located a third of the distance between the legs this can cause both feet to sink/settle/drop. This is said to be half-light and half heavy {4-5} (Figure 9). If the center of gravity is more than one-third of the distance then the empty foot will be too empty and produce the phenomenon of floating and become the defect of lightness [said to be leaning, straying from the intended line] {4-6}. (Figure 10)

图9半轻半重

Figure 9 Half Light and Half Heavy

图10偏轻偏重

Figure 10 Leaning Too Light

另外,在运劲或发劲时,动作要做到曲蓄有余。即使在发劲后,四肢亦仍不应十分伸直。因为一经伸直,在变换虚实时,就要先将直变弯,然后才能倒换伸缩。而如果是手足外于曲蓄有余的姿势下,则触之就可旋转自如,不必分心于倒之中,这是使动作能自动化的基础。

In addition, when moving jin it's possible to issue jin and it's important to bend and to store a lot to achieve. Even after issuing jin, the four limbs are still not very straight. Because once straightened, in the transformation of emptiness, you can change bent to straight and then you have the ability to rotate to extend or contract. And in the event that the hands and feet are outside the posture while bending and storing then you can rotate freely to make contact. It is not necessary to divide the heart/mind and collapse inside, this is the basis of the movement so it can naturally change into another move.

总之,太极拳对于双脚的虚实要求,无论在何时何地,都須有此一虚一实的倒换,尤须逐步收小比例,使虚实的转变加快.如果双脚虚实换得不快,就不能适应手的变化,使上下不能相随,就要分成两歧,破坏了动作要周身一家的要求。

In short, taijiquan's requirements regarding the two feet being empty and solid, no matter what when on the ground you must have one empty and one solid alternating and especially must have a progressively smaller proportion so that the transformation of empty and solid accelerates. If your empty and solid don't change quickly you can't adapt the hand changes and up and down cannot comply with each other. It is necessary to divide into two and break the whole body, one family, movement as required.

(2)手的虚实一一一凡是劲运到手上掤时,此手为虚,运到手下沉时,则此手为实。太极拳两手的动作,和两腿动作一样,也要划分虚实,即或双手双按时,如六封四闭这一拳式，亦是按四六比例来划分的。不过手的虚实比例比腿稍有不同:功夫精进后,它的比例除个别拳式外,都在三七至四六之间,比例是大的。这是为了做到沉着松静,专主一方,使昉为主,另一方为宾而规定的。尤其重要的是,不但肢体要換得灵,而且意气更要换得灵,使意气不滞于一手,特別是右手。

(2) The empty and solid of the hands - when all jin movement has peng the hands are empty and when your hands sink down the hands are solid. The movement of two hands in taijiquan and the movement of two legs are the same. It's also important to differentiate the empty and solid even if both hands push, such as liu feng si bi (six sealing four closing) in the boxing form is divided into forty to sixty ratios in the push. But the empty and solid ratio of the hands is a little different than the legs: After gongfu is refined, its proportion is reduced in the external boxing form from thirty to seventy to forty to sixty and the proportion is large. This is in order to sink, to loosen and relax, and to be calm, focus on mastering one side, causing the other side to be the guest. Of particular importance is not only to enable the body's limbs to change quickly, but also the intention and qi to change quickly so that the intnetion and qi is not sluggish in one hand, especial don't be right-handed.

(3)手与足的虚实一一划分虚实最费功夫的,要算是一手一足上下的虚实划分。而保健和技击上最有作用的,也是这种手与足上下的虚实划分。这是使步法做到连随的核心。其和做法是:如右手下沉为实,则右足必虚,等到右手转训上倗为虚时,则右足就随上面的手转为实;这样做,称为"上下相随的分虚实”。所以在太极拳《打手歌》内说:“掤挤按安认真,上下相随人难侵”,其重要性可想而知。因此,练拳时要充分检查每一个动作是否达到了这种上下相随的要求。以练一趟架子来说,内中姿势是多种多样的,变换姿势又是那样地频繁,要做到上下相随,当然得费一番功夫,才能掌握得熟练。这种变换,除了迈步时手随足来变换虚实外,大多数皆是足随手来变换虚实。总之,能做到一手一足的上下虚实,则重心位置可不出两腿间距离的中间三分之一的范围,使左右腿均有着落,故內劲可得到中正,內劲中正了,才能支撑八面。这种虚实归纳到地面上的足部落点来说,是虚中有实和实中有虚。只有具备了这种上下相随的虚实,步法才能轻灵不滞,进退自如,才可以连随于人而不致发生丢顶的病象。同时,在熟练后推手时,只要注意与对方接蝕的一只手,则其他一手、两足均可由此养成上下相随的习惯,而不必再予分心,能得到自动配合的效果,也是动中求静而得静的关键。

(3) Hands and feet empty and solid - differentiate empty and solid for the most economical gongfu. It is important to consider and differentiate one hand and one foot up and down empty and solid. And the health maintenance and attacking skill is the most effective with this kind of hand and foot up and down empty and solid division. This is the core of making the stepping method connected. That together with practice is: if the right-hand sinks down solidly then the right foot will be empty. Wait until the right hand rotates when you train upward peng to empty and then your right foot becomes solid with the hand mentioned above changing to solid; doing this is called "spliting empty and solid follows the top and bottom". So, in taijiquan, he said, internal theory takes peng, ji, and an seriously. Up and down following people makes it difficult to invade", its importance can be imagined. So when training boxing it's important to fully check whether each movement has reached this up and down complying with each other. That is to say in order to train the form there are are many and varied postures and the postures frequently transform. It is important to comply with up and down, of course, it's going to take a lot of effort to be proficient. This kind of transformation in addition to the step with your hands following the feet and transforming empty and solid externally, in most cases the feet conveniently transform empty and solid. In short, you can do it with one hand and one foot, above and below empty and solid and then the center of gravity position cannot be a third of the distance between the legs all around. So that the left and right legs uniformly sink/settle/drop causing the internal jin (neijin) to be centered and aligned and the internal jin (neijin) centered and aligned and is able to support the eight sides. This kind of empty and solid is summed up in the feet settling on the ground as there is emptiness within the solid and solidness within the empty. Only with this kind of up and down complying with empty and solid and footwork that is quick and agile and is not sluggish and free to maneuver. Then and only then is it possible to be connected and follow people without losing the crown of the head defect. At the same time when proficient with push hands just pay attention to the other person to connect and erode one hand and then the other hand. Both feet can thus develop the habit of going up and down and it does not need to distract and can get the effect of automatic cooperation and also seek movement in stillness. It is crucial to be calm.

三、虚实的掌握

Three

Mastering Empty and Solid

上面说过,太极拳是以分清虚实和由重心偏移而产生的偏心力矩作为动力源泉的,这是最省力的机械作用,可使人历久不疲。练拳时只要挪动一下重心,就可以动作起来。这种虚实锻炼的程序,首先是双足的虚实,其次是双手的虚实,最后,也是最主要的,是一手一足上下的虚实。

As mentioned above taijiquan distinguishes between empty and solid and combined with an offset center of gravity produces an eccentric torque that is the source of power which is the most labor-saving mechanism and can aid people's endurance. When you are training boxing so long as you can move the center of gravity then it's possible to move up. This kind of empty and solid workout procedure first both feet are empty and solid, followed by both hands being empty and solid and finally and most importantly is one hand and foot up and down empty and solid.

太极拳在练一趟架子时,双手为了能够弧行圈走,须忽虚忽实地不断变换,从而促使双足必须随着手的虚实而调整虚实。同样,双足在进退时都是虚迈而出,迈到其点再落实而变为实的。这是太极拳一般的迈步要求,因此手就要随着足的虚实而变换虚实。这些都属于上随下和下随上的上下相陑的求,练太极拳必须遵循这个要求,并养成这种习惯。久习久练,一旦练成习惯,则人来时自然能产生自的“连”,人,走时又可自然地产生自动的“随”,再也用不着多费心意来指揮动作了。

When training the taijiquan form both hands are able to arc around and must suddenly empty, suddenly solid, continuously transforming. Thus, adjusting the feet along with the hands empty and solid. Similarly, the feet are empty when they take a step to advance or retreat and then they step up to a practical point and change into solid. This is the general stepping requirement of taijiquan and as a result the hand will follow the foot's empty and solid transformations. These belong to the up follows down and down follows up up-and-down phase requirements. Training taijiquan must follow this requirement and develop this habit. Long practice and training once trained into a habit, then people can naturally produce this automatic "connection" to people and when walking can naturally produce automatic "follow" and no longer need to use heart/mind and intention to command the movement.

四、轻重浮沉与虚实

Four

Light and Heavy, Floating and Sinking, and Empty and Solid

划分虚实,粗看起来,并不是一件复杂的事,但实际上是一个非常细致和多式多样的学习过程。因此,为了更好地学习虚实,就必须进一步了解轻重浮沉四者与虚实的关系。拳論:“若不穷研轻重浮沉之手,有掘井徒劳不及泉之叹'',这説明了其重要性。

Differentiating empty and solid roughly appears to be a simple matter, but in fact it is a very detailed and diverse learning process. As a result, in order to be better at learning empty and solid we must further understand the four light and heavy, floating and sinking relationship with empty and solid. Boxing theory: "the study of light and heavy and floating and sinking of the hands seems inexhaustible and the futility of digging a well that falls short of a spring brings a sigh", it is important to understand this clearly.

为了细致地掌握这种虚实,应该在各个拳式中细心捉摸,找出缺点一一加以纠正。这时有六个关键必须掌握,掌握了这六个关键,就基本上可以做到功手,而不是病手。

In order to grasp this kind of empty and solid carefully you should pay attention to make sense of each boxing posture, identifying the shortcomings and correcting them one by one. There are six keys that must be mastered and mastering these six keys are basically to be able to do the work of the hand without defect.

(l)要“半”,不要“偏”--- 所谓“半”,是指人身重心的偏心距未超出两腿间距离的中间三分之一的范围而言的,是一种位于方圆圈内的偏心,是正确划分虚实的标准。所謂 “偏”,则指人身重心的偏心距已超出上述范围,致使偏心出了方圆圈,是虚实分得太过的缘故。所以“半”就是有着落,不为病,而“偏”则已无着落,是病。因此分虚实时要“半”,不要“偏”。(如图11)

(1) "Half" is important, "do not lean [stray from the intended line]", - what is called "half" refers to the weight of the person's center does not exceed the middle third of the distance between the legs and is one kind of central deviation located inside a circular range and is the standard for the correct division of empty and solid. The so called "lean [stray from the intended line]" refers to the distance that the central deviation of the body's center of gravity has exceeded the above-mentioned range resulting in leaning the center out of the circular range and is the reason for the empty and solid distribution to be excessive. So "half" is there which is not a defect and "lean [stray from the intended line]" is not there which is a defect. As a result, the distribution of empty and solid is important "half" must not "lean [stray from the intended line]". (Figure 11).

(2) 要“沉”,不要“重”一一所谓“重”,是指过于填实而产生滞的现象。所谓“沉”,是指虽为下沉,但仍能“自尔騰虚”,也就是说,沉是在上下相随之中产生的禀如足下沉

(2) It is important to "sink" and not be "heavy" - what is called "heavy" refers to too fully solid creating sluggishness. What is called "sink" refers to sinking down, but still can "naturally empty so you can soar" and that is to say sinking is up and down mutually appearing allowing the feet to sink down

人休

People Rest

开饜线（韧

Fully Open Line (pliable).

运动区碱

Movement Area Region Base

图11方圓示意图

Figure 11 Range Diagram

为实,而手上掤为虚,就可使实中有虚,因此“沉”不为病,而“重”为病(但半轻半重除外)。所以分虚实时,要“沉”,不要“重”。

to be solid and the upper hand peng is empty. Then you can make the solid to have emptiness within, as a result "sink" is not a defect and the "heavy" is a defect (except for half-light and half heavy). So, the division can be empty and solid, it is important to "sink" and not be "heavy".

(3) 要“轻”,不要“浮”--- “轻”是在方圆之内使动作表现出轻灵而有着落,而“浮”是出了方圆,使足跟浮起缥渺无着落,也就是虚得太过,因此浮是一种病象。所以，分虚实时,要“轻”,要“浮”。

(3) It is important to be "light" and do not "float" - "light" is moving within the range that produces quickness and agility, but "floating" is out of that range. Not having a place to settle causes the heel to float, that is too much emptiness, so floating is a defect. Therefore, in the division of empty and solid it is important to be "light" and don't "float".

(4) 三个无病的虚实一一练拳时应该学习并做到“双轻 {1}"、“双沉”和“半轻半重”三个无病的虚实。实中,又以“双轻”、“双沉”功夫比较细致难做,做不好,就有流入“双浮 {2}" (手虚足也虚)和''双重”(手实足也实)的可能,这是要充分加以注意的。特别是“双轻”、“双沉”的功手和“双浮”、“双重”的病手,在手足转移中仅有毫厘之差，因此更应防止这种差之分毫、谬之千里的可能发生。

(4) Three defect free types of empty and solid - when training boxing you should learn to do "double light" {4-7}, "double sink" and "half-light and half heavy" three defect free types of empty and solid. Solid within and yet using "double light" and "double sink" gongfu relatively carefully is difficult to do. If it is not done well then it just flows into "double floating" {4-8} (hand empty and foot is also empty). Combined "double heavy" (hand solid and foot is also solid) is possible and this is important to pay attention to. Especially with "double light" and "double sink" the hands and the "double float" and "double heavy" defective hands, the hands and feet transform only a millimeter and therefore should prevent the possibility of such a difference of thousands of miles.

表1虚实划分中的病手和功手

Table 1 Empty and Solid Hand Defects Differentiated

編号 病手名称 病象 編号 功手名称 功 能 附 记

1 舣 重 病在填实 1 双 轻 自然轻灵

2 双 浮 病在缥渺 2 双 沉 自尔腾虚

3 偏轻偏重 偏无着落 3 半轻半重 半有着落

4 半浮半沉 失之不及

5 偏浮偏沉 失之太过

6 半重偏重 滞而不正

7 半轻偏轻 灵而不圆

8 半沉偏沉 虚而不正

9 半浮,偏浮 茫而不圆

本表按照拳论

《太极轻重浮沉

解》分析所得。

全部虚实划分

共有十二项,其

中功手只有三

项,而病手却有

九项,占四分之

。因此,练习

时稍有不慎,就

易出病手,应加

注意。

Note

This table follows the boxing theory

Taiji is divided into light and heavy, floating and sinking for purposes of analysis.

Empty and solid is divided into twelve items of which only three are correct, while there are nine defects of four divisions. As a result when practicing a little inattentively, it's easy to produce a defect, you should pay attention.

(5) 隅手是补救偏重、偏浮 {4-9} 的重要措施一一一在个人单独練习时,是可以做到变换虚实而不出隅的要求的,也就是不致出方圆而发生偏重、偏浮的虚实。但是,与人推手时,已关系到两方面的事情,決不能凭主观愿望片面地想不出隅就可以不出隅。如果对方采用采、挒的隅手来硬拿、硬击,则自己有时也难免要出隅。因此,就不得不用隅手来补救这种出隅的虚实,使之重新回复到方圆內来,达到半轻半重的虚实。列如,右手出隅、左手出击,人迎左手,则右手又可回归到方圆四正之内。这是补救自己虚实出隅的手法。（如图12)

(5) Corner skill is an important measure to remedy leaning and floating {4-9} - in one's form when training alone it's possible to change the requirements of empty and solid to produce a corner. That is, it's not likely to produce a perimeter; leaning and floating and empty and solid. However, when pushing hands with people both sides matter and you must not lean to one side thinking that to not produce a corner you cannot produce a corner. If the other side uses cai and lie corner skill is hard to take, hit hard and then sometimes it's hard to avoid producing a corner. Therefore, there is no choice but to use a corner skill as a remedy to create corner empty and solid to recover the inside perimeter and to become half-light and half heavy empty and solid. To line up the right hand creating a corner using a left-hand attack, people face the left hand and then the right hand can return to inside the range of the four main methods. This is a way to remedy your own empty and solid to produce the corner skill. (Figure 12)

图12四正四隅运动范围示意图

Figure 12 A Diagram of the Four Straight Four Corners Range of Motion

(6)要做好虚实,不要忘却隅手一一例如在推手时,如果对方是一个大开大展的俯仰倾斜者,常想用出隅的手法来制人,那么这时如果不敢采用或不习惯于采用隅手来对待他的隅手,而还是想用四正来对待他的四隅,与之沾粘划圈地推动不已,则这样的动作就违背了隅手对隅手的规定,会使自己不自觉地产生偏重、偏浮的虚实,可以说这是惯于使用四正的一种缺点。所以,拳论说:“采挒肘靠更出奇,行之不用费心机”,这恰好地说明了隅手的重要性。若忘却隅手的掌握,就会使虚实的偏重、偏浮得不到纠正,并且还会促致自己进一步出隅。这是惯于四正忘却四隅,成为“一条腿”所产生的缺点。

(6) It is important to do empty and solid properly, but don't forget the corner skills - such as when pushing hands If the other person is wide open looking up and down or leaning and slanting, always think about using the corner skills to control the person. In that way at this time if not daring to use or not accustomed to use corner skills, but still want to use four main methods, together with adhere/touch, stick, and neutralize endlessly pushing hands, then such a movement will go against the correct corner skill rules. Be able to make oneself unconsciously produce an extreme, leaning and floating, empty and solid. It can be said that this is one kind of the faults of using the four main methods. Therefore, boxing theory says: "cai, lie, zhou, kao are more surprising, do it there is no need to think/scheme" this as it turns out illustrates the importance of the corner skill. If you forget the corner skill the palm of your hand grip will make empty and solid more apparent and leaning and floating cannot be corrected and will cause oneself to step forward and use a corner. This is used to take the four main methods to forget the four corners and to become "one-legged" and bring about other shortcomings.

为了便于掌握第四个特点,将其要点概括如下。

In order to master the fourth characteristic, the main points are summarized as follows.

(1)分清主要的三个虚实,即脚的虚实、手的虚实和一一足的虚实。

(2)注意调整左手左足和右手右足一一手与脚的虚实,这是“上下和随人难侵”的主要关键。

(3)要根据轻重浮沉的原则,经常检查自己划分虚实中的缺点。

(4)要做到双轻、双沉和半轻半重这三个无病的虚实,这匷刻刻留心,久久锻炼才能养成。

(5)推手时不要忘却“隅手对待隅手”的原则。四正手

与四隅手要相互转换,两者俱练。

(1) To tell the difference between the main three types of empty and solid, that is, the feet are empty and solid, the hands are empty and solid, and hands and feet are empty and solid.

(2) Pay attention to adjust the left hand and left foot together with the right hand and right foot with one hand and foot empty and solid which is the main key to "top and bottom follow people and make it difficult to invade".

(3) According to the principle of floating and sinking often check one's own division of empty and solid faults.

(4) To achieve double light, double sink, half-light and half heavy, these three, defect free, empty and solid, pay attention to the moment and train for a very long time to develop.

(5) When pushing hands don't forget the principle of "corner skills counter corner skills". Four main skills and four corner skills mutually transform and both sides train.

Footnotes for characteristic four

{4-1} 中土不离位,指人体重心不离开两腿间距离的中间三分之一的意思,详见图9。及拳术语来说,称为失机。失机、失势是太极拳的大病,所

{4-1} The center not off position, refers to the human body's center of gravity does not leave the distance of a middle third between the two legs, see Figure 9 for details. In boxing terminology this is called to lose the pivot. To lose the pivot is to lose power and that is a big defect in taijiquan

{4-2}双重是双足不分虚实,成为双实;双手也不分虛实,亦成为双实。因此成为双重,以致等于填实滞住,变换不灵,所以为病。'叼奂虚实只有在中正立身的情况下,才可以达到灵活转换

{4-2} Double is both feet not distinguishing between empty and solid, to be double solid; both hands also are not distinguishing between empty and solid, also become double solid. As a result, become double, so that equally fully solid is sluggish and transformation is impossible and as a result it's a defect. Empty and solid is only to have central alignment standing up and from that the ability to achieve agile transformation

{4-3} 双沉是双足未分虛实,或是微末虚实,成为双实,但是双手却是全虚,或是微末虛实。这样就成了腾虚,如十字手,为上下相随的实双虚,是为双沉-此时两手两足虽然为双虚和双实,但內中仍有主突之分,所以不为病。

{4-3} Double sinking is both feet not distinguishing between empty and solid or slightly empty and solid and becoming double solid, but the hands are entirely empty or a little empty and solid. This becomes emptiness such as a cross hand for the top and bottom mutually follow with the solid double empty and is double sinking - at this moment although the two hands and feet are double empty and double solid, but within it still possible to quickly distinguish and as a result not a defect.

{4-4} 这是指人的习惯多用右手,但有时应注意左手时,仍旧注意到右手上·

{4-4} This refers to the habit of using the right hand more, but sometimes you should pay attention to the left hand still take note of the right hand.

{4-5} 半者就是人身重量的重心在两腿间距离的中间三分之一以内,这时两脚均有下踏劲在地面上,只不过轻重不同而已,所以称为半有着落,或称半轻半重,这是正确的姿势,

{4-5} If the body's center of gravity is within a third of the distance between the legs, the two feet have pressing down on the ground jin, but the weight is different, so it's called half sinking/settling/dropping down and is also called half-light, half heavy which is the right posture.

{4-6}偏者指重心位已经超出了中间三分之一的范围,使一脚特别重,而另一脚则浮摆在地上,形成偏重于一边,因此另一边当然是偏轻,这就是偏无着落,或称偏轻偏重,是一种病。

{4-6} To lean [stray from the intended line] refers to the center of gravity position that is beyond a third of the range making one foot particularly heavy while one of the feet floats on the ground, forming a bias on one side so the other side is of course light. That is leaning not sinking/settling/dropping down and is also called leaning too light and is a defect.

{4-7} 在心意灵不昧和清明在躬的行气之下虛领顶劲,上则两膊相系,下则两腿相随,虚实仅有微末之分,但却能自然轻灵地转换,是为双轻,所以不为病.

{4-7} Heart and mind are quick, alertness is not concealed, and a clear and open body circulates qi, neck empty crown of head pushing up jin, above the two upper arms tied together, below the two legs follow each other and empty and solid only slightly separate but can naturally and with agility change this is double light and therefore it is not a defect.

{4-8}双浮是双手虚,双足由于过分大虚大实,致使在运劲过程中不但那只虚足浮起,连那只过实的足在变换时也被牵动得站立不稳而浮起,以致全身缥渺无着落,成为双浮,所以为病。

{4-8} Double floating is both hands empty, due to both feet being excessively empty and solid resulting in moving jin that is empty and feet floating. Even when the solid foot transformations produce instability and floating to such an extent that the whole body is unstable, becoming double floating and as a result it is a defect.

{4-9} 所偏重偏浮,乃是由于同一边的手和足上下皆虚,或上下皆实,使劲偏于一边所形成.因此上下相随的分虚实,正是为了不致发生偏重偏浮而提出的。

{4-9} Extreme leaning and floating is a result of the same side of the hands and feet, top and bottom, are excessively empty, maybe top and bottom are solid and all one's strength is leaning to one side. Therefore, top and bottom appear to follow empty and solid in order to not produce extreme floating and rise.

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