He ʻōlelo noʻeau:
"ʻAʻohe pau ka ʻike i ka hālau hoʻokahi"
"Mai ka pō mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo"
"Kamaliʻi ʻike ʻole i ka helu pō"
"Kulua" ma hope o Mahealani:
Helu pō:
Hoʻokahe Wai Hoʻoulu ʻĀina: https://sites.google.com/site/owaikaponei
Hō mai ka Pono: www.instagram.com/homaikapono/?hl=en
Hui Mauli Ola: kamehamehapublishing.org/mooncalendar/
Malo, Davida. Moolelo Hawaii. [aia ka unuhi a Emerson: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/sp2.pdf, aiole hawaiian-grammar.org/resources/Malo-Hawaiian-Antiquities.pdf, a he manao i na ano palapala core.ac.uk/download/pdf/20392343.pdf ]
"Mokuna 12. No na Wa ma Loko o ka Makahiki.... 12. Ma ka wa e ike mua ai ka mahina i ke ahiahi ma ke komohana o ka mokupuni o ia no ka la mua o ka malama, ua kapa ia aku ia la o Hilo, no ka puahilo ana o ka mahina kela inoa. [....] 20. Ina hiki mai ka mahina ma ka wanaao o Kane ia, o ka lua o ka po i hiki wanaao ai, o Lono ia po, a hiki mai ka mahina mai ke ao loa ana, o Mauli ia po, ina i ike ole ia ka mahina o Muku ia, a laila, pau na po o ka malama hookahi, he kanakolu mau la ma loko o ka malama hookahi."
he manao ma ka olelo Beritania i na ano palapala o ka Moolelo Hawaii: core.ac.uk/download/pdf/20392343.pdf
he manao ma ka olelo Beritania i ke kalai manao: ojs.ethnobiology.org/index.php/ebl/article/download/1682/882?inline=1
Kamakau , S. M. "No ka mahele ana i na wa o ka makahiki" (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, 10 Feberuari 1870: [ulukau.org/collect/nupepa/index/assoc/HASH01cf/1a54d5be.dir/023_0_005_043_001_01_ful_18700210.pdf]
Kamakau , S. M. "No ke Ao Hoku" (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, 5 Augate 1865): [http://ulukau.org/collect/nupepa/index/assoc/HASH8577.dir/021_0_004_031_004_01_ful_18650805.pdf]
Ii, John Papa. Fragments of Hawaiian History. Chapter V, "Activities in Court Circles." [naʻu i hōʻeleʻele]
= Ka Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 8, Helu 39, 25 Kepakemapa 1869: [http://ulukau.org/collect/nupepa/index/assoc/HASHf3d0/11ce4cd6.dir/021%5f0%5f008%5f039%5f001%5f01%5fful%5f18690925.pdf]
“Na Hunehune o ka Moolelo Hawaii”
"...A ma ka malama o Okatoba, oia hoi o Ikuwa ma ke helu Hawaii, a ia wa e kukala ae ai ke 'lii nui e kapu po hookahi i ua luakini nei, a ua kapaia he Kaapola. Eia na hana o ia po: Aia i ke aumoe, e kapu no i ke ahiahi, a i ke kali ana ma ke aumoe. Aia ka akoakoa ana ma ke kuahu, e kali ana a puka ae na Huhui, a haalele iho i na kuahiwi a mauna paha, alaila, e ualo ae ke kahuna iaia ia loina, ma ka inoa o na malama (ua hookomo iho nae ka mea kakau ma ka hui pu ana aku i na malama ma ka heluhaole me na malama ma ka helu Hawaii) penei…"
"Hoowahawaha ana"
"Ina ua pauhia loa i ka hiamoe na kiai i ka wa kupono o na Huhui, i oleloia no ka wa kupono e hana ai e like me na ualo ana a kakou i ike aku la, a ua hala ae maluna na Huhui, e like la me ke-ea ana ae o na maka iluna; a ua manaoia ua hala ka wa kupono e hana'i, a o ka hanai ana i nei wa, ua hanai limuia, pela na nune ana ma ia hope iho. Ina e hoi mai ana na hoa mai ua hana ana mai la, a o ka lakou mea mua no ia e olelo ai I ka wa e pau ai na loina o ia mea, ua oleloia hoi, ua pau e ia mau hana i ka po okoa no..."
"In the month of October, Ikuwa by Hawaiian count, the king declared a single kapu night, called Kuapola, in the luakini. The kapu period extended from evening far into the night. They all gathered at the kuahu altar and waited for the appearance of the Huhui (Pleiades) over the forest or mountain top. Then the priest whose ritual this was called out as follows, mentioned the names of the months: 'E ____ e la'a ko hanai, hanai po, hanai ao, ia hiki Uliuli, ia hiki Melemele [unuhi ʻōlelo haole].' He continued until all the months had been named, as follows: Kaelo (Jan.), Kaulua, Nana, Welo, Ikiiki, Kaaona, Hinaiaeleele, Hilinehu, Hilinama, Ikuwa, Welehu, Makalii."
"Before the months were called off, coconuts of every kind were broken open, a procedure called "Wahi ka niu o Kuapola." Afterwards the kuahu altar was closed, and pleasure-seeking ceased. Fishing and farming stopped, as well, for the homes had been well supplied with necessities in anticipation of the makahiki.
"If the watchers were fast asleep when the Pleiades arose, and they rose so high that it required the lifting of the eyes to see them, then the appropriate time for the utterance of the hanai ritual mentioned above was missed and the time for the utterance had to be changed. The work for the night ended after this ritual. If a man returned under the eight or nine hours he would reasonably be expected to be away for the kapu Kuapola [....]"
Fornander, Abraham. Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore, 3rd series. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Volume VI, Part II. ["with translations edited and illustrated with notes by Thomas G. Thrum"; "Part II. embraces historic studies and fragmentary notes of Judge Fornander, selected from his miscellaneous papers, as affording an insight into his line of research work, hence, has little of the original Hawaiian and translation feature of the other parts."]
"Notes on the Polynesian Calendar," ʻaoʻao 330
"In regard to the divisions of the year by months, the Polynesians counted by twelve and thirteen months, the former obtaining in the Tonga, Samoan and Hawaiian groups, the latter in the Marquesan and Society groups. Each month consisted of thirty days. It is known that the Hawaiians, who counted twelve months of thirty days each, intercalated five days at the end of the month Welehu, about the 20th December, which were tabu days, dedicated to the festival of Lono, after which the new year began with the first day of the month Makalii, which day was properly called Maka-hiki (equivalent to "commencement") and afterwards became the conventional term for a year in the Hawaiian, Marquesan and Society groups."
Johnson, Rubellite Kawena Kinney. Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi, ʻaoʻao 31-33 ("Calculation of the Hawaiian Calendar," ʻaoʻao 22-24): https://kumuk.wordpress.com/authored/moolelo-hawaii/
38/339. [http://kumuk.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/moolelo-hawaii1.pdf] "Around this topic, the Hawaiian calculation of time, there has been much misconception. [....] The Hawaiian month was a fixed duration of 30 days, irrespective of the number of lunar phases by which a month would vary in length. [....] Commentators may continue to accord the Hawaiian calendar the dubious honor of being lunar, but the Hawaiian calendar was in reality a composite calendar with three bases of coordinated calculation: the lunar (13 months x 28 days + 1 intercalary day = 365 days); the solar (36 ten-day weeks + 5 intercalary days = 365 days; the equinoxes and solstices), and the sidereal, computing from one vernal or autumnal equinox to another by stars or constellations, Reckoning time by the sidereal calendar would explain why the names of Hawaiian months are primarily for stars in the ecliptic."
Makemson , Maud W. "Hawaiian Astronomical Concepts" (American Anthropologist, #40, 1938): [http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/11936/1938Makemson.pdf?sequence=1]
Kanahele, Pualani Kanakaʻole; Huihui Kanahele-Mossman; Ann Kalei Nuʻuhiwa; Kaumakaiwapoʻohalahiʻipaka Kealiʻikanakaʻole. "Kūkulu ke Ea o Kanaloa": [http://www.sacredland.org/PDFs/Kukulu%20Ke%20Ea%20A%20Kanaloa.pdf]
"Hawaiian Lunar Month": archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_lunar_month.html
Tsuha, Ann Kuleilokelani.
" Kaulana mahina: he ʻōnaehana ʻalemanaka Hawaiʻi": [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/20628]
he palapala malama: www.wpcouncil.org/educational-resources/lunar-calendars/
Yuen, Leilehua. Kaulana Mahina – The Hawaiian Lunar Calendar: www.kaahelehawaii.com/kaulana-mahina-the-hawaiian-lunar-calendar/
" Ke Ala o ka Mahina" [he kiʻi o ka papa pō mahina]: [http://www.kamehamehapublishing.org/multimedia/apps/mooncalendar/]
Hoʻokahe Wai Hoʻoulu ʻĀīna
" ka papa inoa malama": https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_qXoV44f2LypuKq8gCZR1G8xDjqWIV_SJjKk_9vx0Fs/edit?usp=sharing
" ka papa inoa hōkū hele": https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Fo34PkUrAJzsKNAS_oSAx04Wrhoyad6qJGIvXNi8ZP8/edit?usp=sharing
Will Kyselka, "On the Rising of the Pleiades": https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5014374.pdf
178
Hawaiian historian David Malo related the Hawaiian calendar to the Pleiades. Like the Tongan and Samoan year, the Hawaiian year was divided into two seasons, kau and ho'oilo, and each season had six months: "The months in Kau were Iki-iki, answering to May, at which time the constellation of the Pleiades, huhui hoku, set at sunrise."11
Here he is in error, though, for it is not in May but in November that the Pleiades set at sunrise. In May, the Pleiades are in conjunction with the sun, traveling with it all day (fig. 5). It is in November, the time of opposition, that the Pleiades set at sunrise.
l80, THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
On November 18, the Pleiades are in opposition—180 [degrees] from the sun, rising at sunset, culminating at midnight, and setting at sunrise (fig. 6). It is of interest—perhaps significance—that culmination in Hawai'i occurs at the zenith.
But the Pleiades rising at opposition is a non-event; it cannot be seen.
Langlas, Charles M. "Nā Pō o ka Malama: The 'Nights' of the Hawaiian Month": scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce779376-821a-4847-a0ef-8688575e2fbd/content
[Aole noho pono ka naau i ka hoohalahala ana i ka ike a ka Hawaii i waiho ai ma ka palapala.
Ua noii ia ka helu a ka la ma ka Malo i kakau ai, a penei no kekahi manao no kana "No ka Makahiki," Mokuna 35 [36]":
olelo paha o Malo i “ka la” no ka po mahina o ka manawa he 24 hora (16, 17 28, 29, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 71, 73)
olelo paha o Malo i “ao ae” no ka po mahina ae (21, 51, 56, 57, 58, 65, 66, 72, 73)
olelo paha o Malo i “wanaao” no ka aluna ahiahi o ka po, o ia hoi, ka hoomaka ana (27)]
He manao keia: ua hoao o Malo e wehewehe a hai moolelo aku i na mea olelo Hawaii, oia na oiwi a me na Haole. Pela pu o Kamakau kekahi. A laila hui pu ia ke ano o ka wehewehe, oia hoi, he wehewehe ma ka manao Hawaii, a he wehewehe ma ka manao Haole.]
in-the-sky.org/data/object.php?id=M45
In-The-Sky.org
Guides to the night sky
Location: Honolulu (21.31°N; 157.86°W)
The Pleiades (Open Cluster)
From Honolulu [2019-03-09], Pleiades will become visible at around 19:12 (HST) as the dusk sky fades, 60° above your western horizon. It will then sink towards the horizon, setting 5 hours and 6 minutes after the Sun at 23:43.
he kaʻina: Age of Moon, Rise, Observable (hover mouse)
[A laila, ʻoiai e ʻike ʻia (Observable) ma hope o kona hikina (Rise), e huli paha i ke emi loa o ke kōā ma waena o lāua; a e like ana ka Rise me ka Observable penei: ?]
[ʻO ka lā 25 o Novemaba 2018 ka lā ʻeleu loa no ka ʻike maka ʻia ʻana o ka Huihui ma 18.20--he aha la ka manaʻo o kēia?]
www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/honolulu?month=11&year=2018
1 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 18:53, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 19:54 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:55)
4 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 18:41, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 19:43 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:53)
10 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 18:17, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 19:19 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:51)
15 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 17:58, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 18:59 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:49)
16 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 17:54, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 18:56 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:49)
17 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 17:50, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 18:52 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:49)
18 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 17:46, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 18:48 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:48)
25 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 17:18, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 18:20 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:48)
30 Novemaba 2018 i hiki mai ai ka Huihui ma ka hālāwai ma 16:59, a ʻike maka ʻia ma 18:23 (napoʻo ka lā ma 17:48)
[Pehea kēia ʻaoʻao pūnāwelewele uila in-the-sky.org/ephemeris.php?ird=1&irs=1&ima=1&iob=1&objtype=1&objpl=Moon&objtxt=M45&tz=0&startday=1&startmonth=3&startyear=2019&interval=0 me ka ʻike maka ʻia ʻana o ka mahina puāhilo (ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Hover Mouse)?]
[Kuhi ʻia ma moonlighting.com ka ʻike maka ʻole ʻana i ka mahina puāhilo ma ka lā 6 o Maraki 2019, moonsighting.com/visibilitycurves/1440rjb_3-6-2019.gif]
no ka lā 6 o Maraki 2019, Not observable (Moon will not be observable)
no ka lā 7 o Maraki 2019, Not observable (Moon will not be readily observable)
[A laila, maikaʻi paha in-the-sky.org!]
[2019-03-12, he Pōʻalua, ʻo Kūkolu ka pō nei. ʻO ka mea ʻāpiki, moe pono ka mahina ma ke ahiahi, ʻaʻole kū lala. Pehea nā ʻOle e kaʻa koke mai ana? Moe me ke kū lala liʻiliʻi wale nō paha?]