Heat of combustion
The heat of combustion (energy content) of natural gas is the amount of energy that is obtained from the burning of a volume of natural gas is measured in British thermal units (Btu). The value of natural gas is calculated by its Btu content. One Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water of 1°F at atmospheric pressure. A cubic foot of natural gas has an energy content of approximately 1031 Btu, but the range of values is between 500 and 1500 Btu depending upon the composition of the gas. The heat value of gases is generally determined at constant pressure in a flow calorimeter in which the heat released by the combustion of a definite quantity of gas is absorbed by a measured quantity of water or air.
For use as heating agents, the relative merits of gases from different sources and having different compositions can be compared readily on the basis of their heating values. Therefore, the heating value is used as a parameter for determining the price of gas in custody transfer as well as an essential factor in calculating the efficiencies of energy conversion devices such as gas-fired turbines. The heating values of a gas depend not only upon the temperature and pressure, but also upon the degree of saturation with water vapor. However, some calorimetric methods for measuring heating values are based upon the gas being saturated with water at the specified conditions.
The heating value of natural gas (or any fuel gas) may be determined experimentally using a calorimeter in which fuel is burned in the presence of air at constant pressure. The products are allowed to cool to the initial temperature and a measurement is made of the energy released during complete combustion. All fuels that contain hydrogen release water vapor as a product of combustion, which is subsequently condensed in the calorimeter. The resulting measurement of the heat released is the higher heating value (HHV), also known as the gross heating value, and includes the heat of vaporization of water. The lower heating value (LHV), also known as the net heating value, is calculated by subtracting the heat of vaporization of water from the measured HHV and assumes that all products of combustion including water remain in the gaseous phase. The US system of measurement uses Btu per pound or Btu per standard cubic foot when expressed on a volume basis. This property is an indicator of the performance and torque potential of the gas for a defined engine configuration.
The principal quality criterion of natural gas is its heating value and the total calorific (heating) value of fuel gas produced or sold in the natural gas range from 900 to 1200 Btu/standard ft3. In addition, the gas must be readily transportable through high-pressure pipelines and, therefore, the water content, as defined by the water dew point, must be considered to prevent the formation of ice or hydrates in the pipeline. Likewise, the amounts of the entrained hydrocarbons having higher molecular weight than ethane, as defined by the hydrocarbon dew point, should be considered to prevent accumulation of condensable liquids that may block the pipeline.
Thus the energy content of natural gas is variable because natural gas has variations in the amount and types of energy gases (methane, ethane, propane, and butane) it contains; the more noncombustible gases in the natural gas, the lower the energy (Btu). In addition, the volume mass of energy gases which are present in a natural gas accumulation also influences the Btu value of natural gas. The more carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon gas, the higher its Btu value. It is necessary to conduct the Btu analysis of natural gas, which is done at each stage of the supply chain. Gas chromatographic process analyzers are used to conduct fractional analysis of the natural gas streams, separating natural gas into identifiable components. The components and their concentrations are converted into a gross heating value in Btu-cubic foot.