KUZNICK, Peter (and Oliver Stone): "United States continued to fuel Islamic radicalism. Many of the U.S.-backed jihadis who had fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan joined the Islamist cause in Chechnya, Bosnia, Algeria, Iraq, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Kashmir, and elsewhere"

Oliver StonePeter Kuznick (US history professor) and Oliver Stone (famed US movie director) in “The Untold History of the United States”) on US-backed jihadis (2014): “At the Moscow summit in 1988, Gorbachev had asked Reagan to cosign a statement affirming peaceful coexistence and disavowing military intervention in other nations’ internal affairs. Reagan refused to sign. Undeterred, Gorbachev acted unilaterally. Historian Odd Arne Westad grasped the significance of this extraordinary reversal: “Gorbachev and his advisers… developed an understanding of the significance of national determination that went beyond those of the leaders of any major power in the twentieth century. The Soviet president practiced what both the liberals and revolutionaries had been calling for at the beginning of the century – a firm and idealist dedication to letting the people of the world decide their fate without foreign intervention.”16 Not only did the United States not accept this principle, it worked actively to subvert it, exploiting the openings Gorbachev had provided in the third world. The United States continued to fuel Islamic radicalism. Many of the U.S.-backed jihadis who had fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan joined the Islamist cause in Chechnya, Bosnia, Algeria, Iraq, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Kashmir, and elsewhere. Ethnic and tribal conflicts also erupted in Africa and the Balkans” (Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick in “The Untold History of the United States”, Brilliance Audio, 2014, page 468).