Spanish II Review Notes
Chapter 7: Lesson 13
La Argentina
*Largest Spanish-speaking country in the world.
*1/3 the size of the U.S.
*Southern Plains: sheep-raising industry; Central Plains: las pampas – large cattle ranches with cowboys (gauchos) that tend cattle. Argentina produces beef that is sold and shipped throughout the world.
*Terrain/topography: lakes, forests, national parks, beaches, ski resorts. Bariloche is a popular resort.
*Buenos Aires is the capital. It is located on the shores of Río de la Plata estuary. It has skyscrapers, plazas, parks, excellent food and an area of old buildings known as the “Paris of the Spanish speaking world.” Buenos Aires is the largest Spanish-speaking city south of the equator.
*The population blends many ethnic and racial groups from Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Poland, and more.
*You can dance the tango in Buenos Aires or drink tea-like hot drink called “mate.”
*Tourists may sit at the top of Aconcagua Mountain, ski the famous slopes of the Andes, or view the Iguazú waterfalls.
*Their national sport is “el fútbol” – soccer.
Stem-Changing Verbs
*Have previously learned about e-ie and e-i stem-changing verbs.
*All stem-changing verbs stem-change in all forms EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros.
*New stem-changing types are o-ue and u-ue.
*O-UE Verbs include: poder, costar, recordar, and volver
*U-UE Verb included so far: jugar
Recordar – to remember jugar – to play
recuerdo recordamos juego jugamos
recuerdas recordáis juegas jugáis
recuerda recuerdan juega juegan
Hace expressions
*Hace expressions are used to describe an action that began in the past and that has continued into the present tense.
*They indicate how long someone has been doing something or how long it has been SINCE they have done something.
*Use the formula: hace + (time expression) + que + (subject) + (present tense of the verb)
Ex. I have been studying Spanish for 2 years.
Hace dos años que yo estudio español.
*To tell how long it has been SINCE you did something, put the word “no” in front of the verb:
hace + (time expression) + que + (subject) + NO + (present tense of the verb)
*To ask the question, use the formula: ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que (subject) + (no) + (present tense of the verb)?
Ex: How long have you been watching T.V?
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que (tú) ves (la) televisión?
El Presente Progresivo: Present Progressive
*Used to describe something that is occurring right now.
*Form by taking the present tense of estar + present participle or gerund:
Form the gerund: “ar” verbs – ando
“er” or “ir” verbs – iendo
Example: The students are writing the vocabulary.
Los estudiantes están escribiendo el vocabulario.
*Irregular Progressives:
Stem-changing ar and er verbs do NOT stem-change in progressive.
Pensar – pensando
Exception – poder - pudiendo
IR stem-changing verbs do; only a1 letter change
dormir – durmiendo
preferir - prefiriendo
venir – viniendo
sentir – sintiendo
Those verbs whose stem ends with a vowel, the “I” in “iendo changes to a “y””
oír – oyendo
ir – yendo
leer – leyendo
Direct Object Pronouns
Direct objects answer the question: whom/what receives the action of the verb.
*I watch the game. ----Who/what is watched? the game
We often replace the direct objects with a direct object pronoun.
*I watch it.
In the Spanish, the direct object pronouns are:
me nos
te os
lo, la los, las
Depending on the tense being used, pronouns can be placed in different locations.
Present Tense: Pronouns are placed in front of the verb.
*Yo lo veo. I watch it.
Infinitives: Pronouns can be placed before the conjugated verb OR attached to the infinitive.
*I want to watch it (game).
*Yo lo quiero ver.
*Yo quiero verlo.
*With infinitives, no accent is needed.
Progressives: Pronouns can be placed before the conjugated form of estar OR attached to the gerund (ing).
*I am watching it (game).
*Yo lo estoy viendo.
*Yo estoy viéndolo.
*When attaching a pronoun to the gerund, you MUST add an accent mark: over the “a” in ando and over the “e” in iendo/yendo.