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Before the 16th century natural philosophy was dominated by speculation than by experimentation. It was only until Sir. Isaac Newton's work on universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, that experimentation took a center stage leading up to the birth of the scientific method and the natural sciences. Over the next four centuries an outburst of scientific work, both in the physical and biological sciences, extended our perceptions about physical cosmology and the procedures that govern biological life. Charles Darwin's work on natural selection, and Albert Einstein's theory of both special and general relativity, led to a transformation of the way we thought about the the dynamics of the physical world.
Charles Darwin’s insights in the late 19th century influence the way we’ve understood about the nature of life and its origin. We could no longer assume that life arose spontaneously; rather life evolved gradually through a blind process call natural selection. The implications of Charles Darwin’s pronouncements were that all of biological life is related by a common ancestor. That over time life on Earth branched out into a diverse mixture of species and cellular life.
In 1905 Albert Einstein laid the groundwork for our understanding of physical cosmology. The development of special relativity allows us to understand the properties of light and the restrictions impose by Minkowski space-time. Over the next ten years the beginning of general relativity gave us insight into the equivalence principle between gravitation and acceleration. We now had to view space-time as having properties of curvature.
Space-time as curvature extended Newton’s work on the gravitational field among large distances. The derivation of his field equation gave us a non-linear understanding of the interaction between matter and geometry. His finding’s help to clear the way for the discovery, by Edwin Hubble, of the big bang and Karl Schwarzschild’s work on singularities and black holes.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Before then it was regarded by many that the physical universe is deterministic but that was questioned when quantum mechanics had arising by the 1920's. It was only then that we had glimpsed the weirder and paradoxical aspect of physical reality at the quantum level. Having assumed that physics could measure and understand matter with certainty we realized that quantum particles are not subject to the same physical principles we ordinarily took for granted in classical mechanics. We had to extend our scope to gain ground on our understanding of quantum systems. What we realized in the level of atomic physics is that there is uncertainty in our capacity to measure particle interactions. We had to view quantum mechanics as being governed by Erwin Schrödinger's wave equation.
The Solvay Conference (1927)
Relativity theory was very limited in a sense that we could not understand how to incorporate quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein later in his life sought to find a grand unified theory that merged the known forces of nature and the universe. Yet as he rejected quantum mechanics he could not conceptualized how to achieve such a theory without arriving at the conflicting problems that plagued quantum mechanics from the very beginning. Until his death in 1955 he held strongly to his grand unified theory but his rejection of quantum theory kept him from achieving it during his life-time.
Over-time Paul Dirac extended special relativity to quantum mechanics by incorporating the Klein-Gordon equation and the Dirac equation for particle and anti-particle interactions. This revolutionized the direction in which physics proceeded when Richard Feynman introduced path integrals to the subsequent development of quantum electrodynamics. Eventually gauge theory proved important by giving us insight into the behavior of force particles.
The extrapolation of quantum chromodynamics, the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism help to organize the way we view force particles and its properties. Eventually supersymmetry (SUSY) arose as reconciliation between both matter and force particles.
Even then to reconcile general relativity and quantum mechanics proved problematic. To do so resulted in infrared divergences. How to renormalize gravity would become the goal of achieving quantum general relativity. The primary candidate arose as string theory. The strength of strings is that it includes the Standard Model and it predicts supersymmetry. Strings can be viewed as one dimensional objects that reside on a 10-dimensional world-sheet.
The First String Theory Revolution achieved adequate knowledge of supersymmetry and bosonic strings. In the Second String Theory Revolution five different string theories are organized as mirror images of a fundamental theory call M-theory by utilizing conformal duality transformations on D-branes.
Since then CERN's experimental results concluded in 2012 that they found the Higgs-Boson. The results substantiated strings candidacy for unification. The validity of that prediction showed that M-theory, i.e., by removing self-contradiction, can be inferred as the universal law of nature. This universality was central in revealing the laws of nature; opening the natural sciences to considerable advances. Leading to a successful low scale fusion nuclear hydrogen reaction at ITER in anticipation that it will fully go online.
Initial speculative thought showed that the holographic parameters attributed consequentially to the common occurrence of Earth-like planets in our quantum universe. By incorporating Khovanov homology and knot theory we can manipulate how one-dimensional strings on the world-sheet tangle with each other. Altering the atomic and molecular structure; thereby, from a topological and condensed matter physics standpoint, change the holographic projection. Potentially contributing to questions about terraforming and nanotechnology.
Further physical experiments must now reside on the multiverse and verification of the existence of dark matter; proton decay, and SUSY. By doing so we can then disqualify any doubt that unification exist.
Yet the limitation of the universal law of nature is problematic, i.e. it is a crude form for achieving what it implies. As a resolution to a crises in SUSY; The GrandScheme is design as a more competent alternative. By removing as many features as possible, to gain considerable holographic and computational control, we can proceed toward constructing The Grandscheme by relating and interchanging advance superstrings -- applying 11-dimensional membrane, in metaspace. Completing The First Task. Concurrently producing both the development of new mathematics and accelerating progress in the engineering and technological sciences by means of the powerplay.
Validating Isaac Newton's determinism by both the conception of quantum cosmology and the resolution provided by PHPR. Settling the philosophical differences between quantum mechanics and relativity theory in the Scientific Age.
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