Visualizing the Base Circuit Processes
The standard computer circuit works on the fact that the transistor (or originally the vacuum tube) acts like a switch. With the circuit below, when the voltage at the base of the transistor is low (the incoming signal is off) the transistor is off. When the base voltage is high (the incoming signal is on) the transistor is on - it conducts. This circuit, which is a typical computer circuit, acts as an inverter (NOT): incoming ON becomes an outgoing OFF; incoming OFF becomes a outgoing ON.