-Translated by SGP Char

Chapter 21: bR^ihattAratamya saMdhi

This saMdhi is also frequently refered as - AvEshAvatAra saMdhi

harikathAmR^itasAra gurugaLa

karuNadiMdApanitu pELuve

parama bhagavadbhaktaridanAdaradi kELuvudu

SANDHI SUCHANE:

hari siri viriMchIra mukha ni

Rjarara AvEshAvatARgaLa

smarisu guNagaNa saRvakAladi bhakti pURvakadi

hari = saRvOttama ParamAtma, who possesses infinite virtuous qualities

siri = shrI laxmI dEvi

viriMchi = jIvOttama chatuRmukha brahma dEvaru - the eldest son of ParamAtma

Ira = vAyu dEvaru, who is the future brahma dEvaru

mukha niRjarara = these primary dEvata-s

AvEsha = svOttama AvEsha in them

avatARgaLa = avatAra-s

guNagaNa = guNa tAratamya of those dEvata-s

saRvakAladi = at all times

bhakti pURvakadi = with bhakti and tAratamya j~nAnAnusaMdhAna

smarisu = meditate on them

The anugraha of ParamAtma is extremely essential to obtain mOxa. His anugraha can be obtained only by paMcha bhEda tAratamya j~nAna. It is for this reason that JagannAtha dAsa has chosen to write this bR^ihattAratamya saMdhi.

ParamAtma is saRvOttama, parAtpara and paid obeisance by ramA dEvi, brahma dEvaru & others. He is xarAxara pUjitapAda and the biMba of all jIva-s. JagannAtha dAsa remembers Him at the first place and pays his obeisance. He then pays obeisance to laxmI dEvi. It is then the turn of jIvOttama R^iju adhipati brahma dEvaru, who was born to mAyApati vAsudEva and he is the eldest son of ParamAtma. Then JagannAtha dAsa pays obeisance to atirOhita vimala vij~nAni vAyu dEvaru (Ira nAmaka) and then the rest of the dEvata-s in whom there exists tAratamya.

Knowledge of tAratamya is very important. The lower jIva-s are referred as svAvara-s and the higher jIva-s are called svOttama-s. The svAvara-s are the pratibiMba-s of svOttama-s. The AvEsha of svOttama-s exists in the svAvara-s.

JagannAtha dAsa advises that one must understand the avatAra vishESha existing in the various dEvata-s starting from ParamAtma and meditate on the same at all times.

mIna kURma krODa narahari

mANavaka bhR^igurAma dasharatha

sUnu yAdava buddha kalkI kapila vaikuMTha

shrInivAsanu vyAsa R^iShabha ha

yAnana nArAyanI haM

sAniruddha trivikrama shrIdhara hR^iShikEsha..........HKAS_21-01

mIna = matsyAvatAra

kURma = kURmAvatAra

krODa = varahAvatAra (krODa - male pig)

narahari = narasiMhavatAra

mANavaka = vAmanAvatAra (as brahmachAri)

bhR^igurAma = parashurAma dEvaru (of bhR^igu vaMsha)

dasharatha sUnu = shrI rAma dEvaru (son of king dasharatha)

yAdava = shrI kR^iShNa (born in yadu vaMsha)

buddha =bouddhAvatAra

kalkI = kalkyAvatAra

kapila = kapilAvatAra (advised sAMkhya shAstra to His mother dEvadEvahUti)

vaikuMTha = born as vaikumTha to R^iShi patni called vaikuMThi

shrInivAsanu = vEMkaTESha dEvaru of tirupati

vyAsa = shrI vEdavyAsa dEvaru (son of parAshara muni & satyavatI)

R^iShabha = R^iShabhAvatAra

hayAnana = hayagrIva dEvaru who gave j~nAnOpadEsha to brahma dEvaru

nArAyanI = nArAyaNI nAmaka mOhinI rUpa (who distributed amR^ita to the dEvata-s)

haMsa = haMsa nAmaka ParamAtma

aniruddha = shAMtIpati aniruddha nAmaka ParamAtma

trivikrama = trivikrama nAmaka ParamAtma (who came as vAmana rUpi and measured the entire brahmAMDa

shrIdhara = shrIman nArAyaNa who holds laxmI dEvi in His heart

hR^iShikEsha = iMdriya niyAmaka - hR^iShIkEsha nAmaka ParamAtma

During kR^ita yuga, in His matsyAvatAra, ParamAtma killed sOmaka daitya and restored the vEda-s to brahma dEvaru, that was taken away by sOmaka daitya.

During samudra mathana (churning of sea), the maMdara mountain which was used to churn the same sunk into the sea. ParamAtma took the form of matsyAvatAra (mIna) and took the load of the mountain on His back to enable the dEvata-s and dAnava-s to continue the churning of the sea to produce amR^ita.

Out of the demons born of diti, two - hiraNyAxa and hiraNyakashipu - were with terrific powers. Both of them performed so many religious practices and austerities that in course of time they gained limitless powers. They are supposed to be the famous twin gatekeepers of VishNu's abode, i.e. jaya and vijaya, cursed to fall from grace and find salvation only in opposition to VishNu. In His varAha rUpa ParamAtma descended to the bottom of the ocean to rescue the earth, which had been abducted and hidden there by hiraNyAxa.

narasiMha nAmaka ParamAtma, who rushed out of a pillar in the palace of hiraNyakashipu, in order to prove that His bhakta (prahlAda) was right in saying that ParamAtma exists everywhere and thereby killing hiraNyakashipu.

vAmana rUpi ParamAtma (who came as a brahmachAri) and measured the entire universe with His one foot as trivikrama nAmaka ParamAtma.

parashurAma dEvaru (of bhR^igu vaMsha) who was born to jamadagni & rENukA dEvi and killed the bad xatriya-s.

rAma dEvaru who was the son of dasharatha & koushalya. rAma dEvaru killed kuMbhakaraNa, rAvaNa and other daitya-s.

yAdava kR^iShNa who killed kaMsa and directed the mahAbhArata war and reestablished dhaRma & advised bhagavad gItA to aRjuna.

bouddhAvatAra ParamAtma, who was loved by the tripura patni-s.

kalkI nAmaka ParamAtma, who killed the daitya-s of yavana-s.

kapila nAmaka ParamAtma - born to kaRdama R^iShi & dEvahUti and advised sAMkhya shAstra.

vaikuMTha nAmaka ParamAtma - born to shubhra & vaikuMThA. vaikuMTha is His Palace.

shrInivAsa nAmaka ParamAtma, who came down to tirupati after He was kicked by bhR^igu muni on His chest.

vEdavyAsa dEvaru, born to parAshara muni and satyavati and gave j~nAna.

R^iShabha nAmaka ParamAtma, born to nAbhI rAja.

hayagrIva rUpi ParamAtma, who advised vEda-s to brahma dEvaru.

nArAyaNI rUpa (which is the same as mOhinI rUpa), by which ParamAtma distributed amR^ita to dEvata-s. This is the same as dhanvaMtari rUpa. This is laxmyAMtaRgata rUpa - thus nArAyaNI (wife of nArAyaNa).

haMsa nAmaka ParamAtma, who is niRdOShi and possesses infinite virtuous qualities.

sUxma sR^iShTi kaRta shAMtIpati aniruddha nAmaka ParamAtma. We must also include pradyumna, saMkaRShaNa, vAsudEva and nArAyaNa rUpa-s in this.

vAmana rUpi ParamAtma (who came as a brahmachAri) and measured the entire universe with His one foot as trivikrama nAmaka ParamAtma.

shrIdhara nAmaka ParamAtma, who holds laxmI dEvi in His heart.

hR^iShIkEsha nAmaka ParamAtma who is the niyAmaka for the iMdriya-s (hR^iShIka - dEhagata iMdriya-s, Isha - niyAmaka)

When we say, trivikrama-shrIdhara-hR^iShIkEsha, it indicates the 24 kEshava nAma-s upto kR^iShNa.

We must also remember the names from aja till narasiMha which are defined by each of the 51 alphabets. These names can be referred in HKAS_ 04-23 see

http://dvaita.info/pipermail/dvaita-list_dvaita.info/2005-May/000752.html .

We must also include the thousand names mentioned in viShNu sahasra nAma.

hariyu nArAyaNanu kR^iShNA

sura kulAMtaka sURya samaprabha

karesuvanu niRduShTa sukha paripURNa tAneMdu

saRvadEvOttamanu saRvaga

parama puruSha purAtana jarA

maraNa vaRjita vAsudEvAdyamita rUpAtma.....HKAS_21-02

hariyu = He who is the biMba for all beings and the One who destroys the pApa-s of all sajjana-s

nArAyaNanu = mUla rUpi shrIman narAyaNa

kR^iShNa = well known as kR^iShNa in this kali yuga

asurakulAMtaka = Destroyer of the several kula-s of asura-s

sURyasamaprabha = He who has the power of a 1000 suns

niRduShTa - He who is advitiya - none like Him

sukha paripURNa tAneMdu = full of AnaMda

karesuvanu = known so

saRvadEvOttamanu = superior to all dEvata-s (xarAxara pUjitapAda)

saRvaga = pervades completely in the entire jagat

parama puruSha = supreme dEvata

purAtana = exists from anAdi kAla (ancient times. long time ago)

jarAmaraNa vaRjita = does not undergo birth, suffering and death

vAsudEvAdi amita rUpAtma = known by the names vAsudEva and other names

The mUla rUpa of ParamAtma is shrIman nArAyaNa, where arAH - dOSha, na - not, ayaNa - existence. Meaning - He who has no dOSha-s at all i.e. He who has infinite virtuous qualities i.e. shrIman nArAyaNa.

shrIman nArAyaNa is harinAmaka ParamAtma. He is known as 'hari' since He is the biMba for all chEtana-s, and also because He destroys the pApa-s of all sajjana-s.

This hari nAmaka ParamAtma is kR^iShNa rUpi ParamAtma. He is the mukhyAbhimAni for kali yuga.

yuga pravaRtaka svarUpi kR^iShNa is 'asurakulAMtaka', since He kills the tamO yOgya jIva daitya-s, who are the enemies of ParamAtma and thus protects the sajjana-s.

He has the radiance power equivalent to infinite times the radiance of a 1000 suns - thus called 'suRyasamaprabha' - this is just for the sake of saying so. There is no comparison to the radiance He possesses.

ParamAtma is full of AnaMda. His AnAMda is infinite. There is none equal to Him or forget anyone being greater than Him. Thus He is 'niRduShTa'. None can estimate His guNa-s, thus 'advitiya'.

ParamAtma is supreme among the dEvata-s - meaning, He is dEvadEvOttama. He pervades entirely inside and outside the brahmAMDa. He is thus saRvaga (saRva - at all places, ga - exists)

He is infinite crores times superior to axara nAmaka laxmI dEvi and all the xara jIva-s. He is thus 'paramapuruSha' and also anAdi.

jarAmaraNa - jarA means old age & maraNa means death. He does not have chatuRvidha nAsha. What is chatuRvidha nAsha? - refer HKAS_19-04 refer

http://dvaita.info/pipermail/dvaita-list_dvaita.info/2007-January/002420.html

He has no birth or death.

His other rUpa-s of vAsudEva and other forms are not different from His original form of nArAyaNa.

I naLinabhavajanani lakumI

j~nAna bala bhaktyAdi guNa saM

pURNalenipaLu saRvakAladi harikR^ipAbaladi

hInaLenipaLanaMta guNadi pu

rANa puruShage prakR^itiginnu sa

mAnarenisuvarilla muktAmukta suraroLage...HKAS_21-03

I naLinabhava = current brahma dEvaru's

janani = mother

lakumI = laxmI dEvi

harikR^ipAbaladi = by the kindness of shrIman nArAyaNa

j~nAna bala bhaktyAdi = knowledge, strength, bhakti etc.

guNa saMpURNalenipaLu = has them completely

saRvakAladi = at all times

purANa puruShage = shrIman nArAyaNa

anaMtaguNadi = by infinite guNa-s

hInaLenipaLu = she is less

prakR^itiginnu = to chitprakR^iti nAmaka laxmI dEvi

muktAmukta suraroLage = among those who have obtained mukti by way of liMga bhaMga and those who have yet to obtain liMga bhaMga & mukti

samAnarenisuvarilla = none are equal to her in the above category of jIva-s

naLina - means lotus flower. The Lotus emanating from the Navel of ParamAtma was Golden colored and laxmyAtmaka. chatuRmukha brahma was born in that Lotus Flower.

As per the ichCha of ParamAtma, laxmI dEvi entered into Lotus Flower in the Navel area of ParamAtma. This is referred as 'hiraNya vaRNAM hariNIM...' in shrI sUkta. Thus laxmI dEvi is the janani (mother) of brahma dEvaru -thus described in this stanza as 'I naLinabhavajanani'.

naLinabhavajanani ramA dEvi is also called lakumI - meaning mother of the world.

shrI laxmI dEvi is complete in all forms of knowledge, strength & bhakti at all times by the kindness of ParamAtma. She is 'IshakOTi praviShTaLu' and inseparable from ParamAtma. She always resides in the Heart of ParamAtma.

ParamAtma is infinite times superior to laxmI dEvi in all guNa-s. There are infinite guNa-s hidden in each guNa of ParamAtma. She can only perceive the 'anaMta' guNa-s which are sajAti in Him and her. She has to think hard to discover the infinite guNa-s which are vijAti between Him & her. Thus she is unable to perceive all of them. Since she is with Him at all places and times - dEshataH & kAlataH, she is equal to Him in that respect thus she is refered as 'samAsamaLu'. However, she is ''bhagavdadhIna' - she is dependent on ParamAtma. She is nitya muktaLu & niRvikAraLu as she does not have liMga dEha and thus not connected to the triguNa-s.

There is none older / elder than shrIman nArAyaNa and hence He is anAdi. There is none before Him. Therefore, He is referred as purANa puruSha.

laxmI dEvi is abhimAni for mUla prakR^iti and thus called chitprakR^iti. laxmI dEvi is the abhimAni for triguNa-s in her forms of shrI, bhU & duRga.

Among the jIva-s there are asR^ijya jIva-s, mukta jIva-s and amukta jIva-s

Those jIva-s who have not arrived in sR^iShTi are called asR^ijya jIva-s.

Those who have arrived in sR^iShTi, obtained liMga bhaMga and obtained kaRma vimOchana subsequently are mukta jIva-s and those jIva-s that have not yet obtained liMga bhaMga are amukta jIva-s.

Only ParamAtma and laxmI dEvi are IshakOTi praviShTaru. Right from brahma until the blade of grass all jIva-s are defined as 'xara' jIva-s meaning they are destructible. However, laxmI dEvi has no dEha nAsha - non-destructible thus defined as 'axara'. The jIva-s are bound by liMga dEha and laxmI dEvi is superior by crores of guNa-s over brahma and other dEvata-s. Therefore laxmI dEvi is different from the class of 'xara' jIva-s.

Therefore, ParamAtma is the mukhya niyAmaka for laxmI dEvi too from this point of view, laxmI dEvi is different from ParamAtma who is saRvataMtra svataMtra. However, it is not necessary to reiterate that she is different from the jaDa-s which do not have j~nAna, ichCha & kriya shakti at all.

Therefore, laxmI dEvi is different from all the three i.e. Isha, jIva & jaDa. This is what JagannAtha dAsa describes as, 'lakShmI mUvariMdali padumajAMDadi tA vilaxaNaLenisutippaLu'

Understanding that laxmI dEvi is equal - meaning she is with ParamAtma at all times but not equal to the guNa-s of ParamAtma we must pray to these two - i.e. laxmI dEvi and shrIman nArAyaNa.

laxmI dEvi is superior to brahma & vAyu by a crore of guNa-s but she is lower than ParamAtma by anaMta guNa-s.

guNatrayagaLamAni shrI kuM

bhiNi mahA duRgAMbhraNi ru

gmiNiyu satya shAMti kR^iti jaya mAya mahalakumi

janakajA kamalAlayA da

xiNeyu padmAtrilOkEshvari

aNumahattinoLiddu upamArahitaLenisvaLu..HKAS_21-04

guNatrayagaLamAni = laxmI dEvi - being the abhimAni for satva, rajas & tamas

shrI = shrI rUpa (during praLaya, praLayOdaka rUpa - satvAbhimAni rUpa)

kuMbhiNi = bhU rUpa (vaTapatra rUpa rajO guNAbhimAni rUpa)

mahA duRgA = duRgA rUpa (during mahApraLaya, aMdhakAra rUpa - tamO guNAbhimAni)

aMbhraNI = aMbhraNi rUpa in which she prayed to ParamAtma to perform sr^iShTi

rukmiNiyu = rukmiNI rUpa - daughter of bhIShmaka rAma

satya = satyabhAma dEvi - daughter of satyAjita

shAMti = shAMti dEvi- wife of aniruddha nAmaka ParamAtma

kR^iti = kR^iti dEvi - wife of pradyumna nAmaka ParamAtma

jaya = jayA dEvi - wife of saMkaRShaNa nAmaka ParamAtma

mAya = mAya dEvi - wife of vAsudEva nAmaka ParamAtma

mahalakumi = shrI laxmI - consort of mUla rUpa shrIman nArAyaNa

janakajA = sItA dEvi - daughter of janaka rAja

kamalAlayA = kamalasaMbhava shrI padmAvatI dEvi

daxiNeyu = daxiNA dEvi - wife of yaj~na nAmaka ParamAtma

padmA = bhARgavI rUpa - daughter of bhR^igu

trilOkEshvari = shri laxmI dEvi rUpa - as mother of trilOka-s

aNu = extremely small (atomic size)

mahattinoLu = inside and outside brahmAMDa until the end of aprAkR^itAkAsha

iddu = pervades till ther

upamArahitaLenisvaLu = none like her

JagannAtha dAsa explains the rUpa of IshakOTi praviShTa laxmI dEvi.

triguNAtmaka mUla prakR^iti is satva-rajas-tamO guna-s. Using these guNa-s ParamAtma performs the action of sR^iShTi by His own ichChA. laxmI dEvi is the abhimAni for the triguNa-s of mUla prakR^iti. She is thus called 'chitprakR^iti'. She is abhimani for satva, rajO & tamO guNa-s in her rUpa-s of shrI, bhU & duRga respectively. laxmI dEvi serves ParamAtma even during mahA praLaya as shrI dEvi during praLayOdaya, as bhU dEvi in vaTa patra rUpa & as duRgA dEvi in aMdhakAra rUpa.

Her aMbhraNI rUpa is her abhimAni rUpa for all vEda-s. She praises ParamAtma who is sleeping on vaTapatra with aMbhraNI sUkta and prays Him to perform sR^iShTi.

rukmiNI dEvi is the daughter of bhIShmaka rAja. rukmiNI is the wife of shrI kR^iShNa. That is the sAxAt laxmI rUpa.

satyabhAme is the daughter of satryAjita rAja. She is the wife of kR^iShNa. This is sAxAt ramA rUpa. satyabhAme is one among the shaNmahiShi-s of kR^iShNa.

shAMti dEvi is the consort of blue colored aniruddha nAmaka ParamAtma. aniruddha is the kAraNa for sUxma sR^iShTi.

kR^iti dEvi is the consort of red colored pradyumna nAmaka ParamAtma. pradyumna is the kAraNa for sR^iShTi and sthiti.

jayA dEvi is the consort of saMkaRShaNa nAmaka ParamAtma. saMkaRShaNa is the kAraNa for 'laya'.

mAyA dEvi is the consort of vAsudEva nAmaka ParamAtma. vAsudEva is the mOxa Giver.

laxmI dEvi is the consort of mUla rUpi shrIman nArAyANa. This is her all pervading rUpa inside and outside the brahmAMDa.

sItA dEvi is the daughter of janaka rAja and therefore she is called janakajA.

kamalAlaya is the daughter of varuNa. She was born at the time of samudra mathana. She is also referred as 'xIrasAgarakannike'.

daxiNA dEvi is the consort of yaj~na nAmaka ParamAtma.

padmAvatI dEvi is the consort shrInivAsa ParamAtma.

Since laxmI dEvi is the mother for the trilOka-s, she is called trilOkEshvari. Besides, she being the wife of trilOkAdhipati trivikrama ParamAtma, she is called trilOkEshvari.

She pervades along with ParamAtma - dEshataH & kAlataH. She pevades along with Him in the smallest of the small - like the svarUpa of jIva & she also pervades with Him outside brahmAMDa until the end of avyaktAkAsha.

Among the crores of jIva-s none is equal to laxmI dEvi. There is none like her - thus described as 'upamArahitaLu'. Comparison of all other dEvata-s starts from her level. She is infinite crores of guNa-s less than ParamAtma.

There are other rUpa-s for her from matsya to kali rUpa of ParamAtma.

There are rUpa-s for her from kEshava to kR^iSna in the 24 kEshava nAma-s. There rUpa-s for her corresponding from 'ajA' to 'narasiMha' in the alphabetical order of vaRNa-s. She also has her various rUpa-s indicated for the 1000 names of ParamAtma in ViShNu sahasra nAma.

ghOTakAsyana maDadigiMtali

hATakOdara pavanarIRvaru

kOtiguNadiMdadhamareniparu Ava kAladali

khETapatishEShAmarEMdrara

pATu mADade shrIshana kR^ipA

nOTadiMdali saRvaroLu vyApAra mADuvaru.............HKAS_21-05

ghOTakAsyana = hayavadana dEvaru (ghOtaka = horse, asya = face)

maDadigiMtali = to His wife - laxmI dEvi

hATakOdara = brahma dEvaru (hATaka = golden, udara = womb)

pavanaru = vAyu dEvaru

IRvaru = both brahma & vAyu

kOtiguNadiMdadhamareniparu = they are less by a crore of guNa-s

Ava kAladali = at all times

khETapati = garuDa dEvaru (khE = in space, aTa = he who moves about)

shESha = shESha dEvaru

amarEMdra = iMdra dEvaru

pATu mADade = without paying attention to other dEvata-s (without considering them)

shrIshana = shrIman nArAyaNa's

kR^ipAnOTadiMdali = by His kind gaze

saRvaroLu = in the trividha jIva-s

vyApAra mADuvaru = they perform their respective tatva kARya-s

ghOTa - means horse, Asya - means face, thus gOTakAsya indicates hayavadana nAmaka ParamAtma, who has a Horse Face. hayavadana nAmaka ParamAtma advised the vEda-s to brahma dEvaru. laxmI dEvi is the consort of ghOTkAsya.

hATakOdara - means hirANya gaRbha nAmaka brahma dEvaru. While shrIman nArAyaNa was resting over xIra samudra in His padmanAbha rUpa, a laxmyAtmaka Golden Lotus Flower rose out from His Navel in which brahma dEvaru was born, by the ichChA of ParamAtma. Therefore, brahma dEvaru is called hiraNya gaRbha. 'hATaka' - - means golden and udara - means womb. Therefore, brahma dEvaru is also known as hATakOdara.

shrI mukhyaprANa dEvaru is called 'pavana'.

brahma dEvaru and vAyu dEvara are lower than laxmI dEvi.

The order of tAratamya is based on possession of number of guNa-s i.e. sajAti guNa-s and vijAti guNa-s.

The guNa-s that exist in brahma dEvaru and vAyu dEvaru also exist in laxmI dEvaru. These are called sajAti guNa-s. However, there are some guNa-s in laxmI dEvi which are not found in brahma dEvaru & vAyu dEvaru. These are vijAti guNa-s.

brahma dEvaru & vAyu dEvaru are lower than laxmI dEvi by one crore vijAti guNa-s.

'AvavakAladali' - at always - from anAdi kAla - meaning even after liMga bhaMga and in the state of mOxa too. Even in these states, brahma & vAyu are lower than laxmI dEvi by one crore guNa-s.

By the grace of laxmI dEvi, brahma & vAyu exist in the trividha jIva sthUla dEhagata iMdriya-s perform tatva vyApAra-s by the order of ParamAtma without paying attention to garuDa, shESha, R^idra, iMdra and other dEvata-s.

biMba rUpi ParamAtma Himself does and makes us do all the vyApAra-s through brahma - vAyu and other tatvAbhimAni dEvata-s.

puruSha brahma viriMchi mahA

nmaruta mukhyaprANa dhR^iti smR^iti

guruvara mahAdhyAta bala vij~nAnata vikhyAta

garaLabhugbhavarOga bhEShaja

svara varaNa vEdastha jIvE

shvara vibhIShaNa vishvachEShTaka vItabhaya bhIma..........HKAS_21-06

puruShabrahma = puruSha nAmaka brahma

viriMchi = mahattatva brahma dEvaru - born to shAMtIpati aniruddha as viriMchi nAmaka brahma, born to mAyApati vAsudEva as kAla nAmaka & born to shrI laxmI nArAyaNa as chatuRmukha brahma inside brahmAMDa

mahAnmaruta = jIvOttama maruta nAmaka vAyu dEvaru

dhR^iti = very brave

smR^iti = atirOhita vimala vij~nAni - meaning that they possess pure knowledge that which does not get destroyed even during praLaya.

guruvara = srEShTa guru

mahAdhyAta = who is center of meditation for R^idra and other mukta jIva-s

bala = who is stronger than them

vij~nAnata = knows the jagat viShaya-s very well

vikhyAta = very famous - well known

garaLabhuk = he who drank 'hAlAhala' - very strong poison which was produced during samudra mathana

bhavarOga = saMsAra - the cycle of birth and death

bhEShaja = he is like medicine for this

svara = udatta & anudAtta svara

varaNa = 51 alphabets from 'a' to 'xa'

vEda = apouruShEya vEda-s

stha = by those shapes in them

jIvEshvara = lord of trividha jIva-s (not to laxmI-nArAyaNa)

vibhIShaNa = fear to tamO yOgya daitya-s

vishvachEShTaka = does krIDa through the tatvAbhimAni dEvata-s in the sthUla dEha of all the jIva-s of the world

vItabhaya = fearless - not afraid of any of the daitya-s

bhIma = bhImasEna avatAra

mukhyaprANa = sUtra nAmaka pradhAna prANa dEvaru

For this stanza, it is interesting to refer the meaning offered by bhAvapakashike which explains the stanza based on MBTN.

Reference:-

vyUDhaschatuRdhA bhagavAn sa ekO mAyAM shriyaM sR^iSTividhitsayAAra rUpENa pURvENa sa vAsudEvanAmnA viriMchaM suShuvE cha sAAtaH ---- 3.9

saMkaRShaNAshchApi jayAtanujO babhUva balasaMvidAtmA vAyuRya evAtha viriMchanAmA bhaviShya AdhO na parastatO hi -------------3.10

sUtraM sa vAyuH puruShO viriMchaH ......

Gist -

shrIman nArAyaNa took forms of vAsudEva, saMkaRShaNa, pradyumna & aniruddha. In order to perform sR^iShTi, in His vAsudEva rUpa along with His consort mAyA dEvi (another rUpa of laxmI dEvi) He created viriMchi. In His saMkaRShaNa rUpa along with His consort jayA dEvi vAyu dEvaru who was strong and intelligent. This vAyu dEvaru would be born to vAsudEva-mAyAdEvi in the next kalpa as viriMchi.

Therefore among the dEvata-s there are none superior to brahma & vAyu.

1) The son of jayA dEvi & saMkaRShaNa came to be known as sUtra and the son of mAyA dEvi & vAsudEva came to be known as puruSha brahma. This is the abhimAni rUpa of brahmAMDa sharIra.

2) The son of shAMtI dEvi & aniruddha is viriMchi nAmaka brahma dEvaru

3) chatuRmukha brahma was born to shrIman nArAyaNa from the Lotus Flower emanating from His Navel.

4) Since he is mahatatvaAbhimAni he is also called - 'mahAn'

The above are the 4 names of brahma dEvaru. brahma dEvaru has no avatAra on earth.

vAyu dEvaru is an accomplished jIva of knowledge & strength as described in MBTN referred below:-

bhaktiRj~nAnaM savairAgyaM praj~Na dhR^itiH sthitiH yOgaH prANO balaM chaiva vr^ikOdara iti smR^itaH ------2.134

EtddashAtmakO vayUH tasyAdbhImadAtmakaH-----

bhakti (devotion), j~nAna (knowledge), vairAgya (detachment), buddhi (intelligence), smR^ita (memory), dhiRya (courage), sthaiRya (firmness), prANa (life) & bala (strength) are the 10 svarUpa traits of bhImasEna since vAyu dEvaru is himself bhImasEna.

'garaLabhuk' - he who swallowed poison. Where is this? When the dEvata-s and daitya-s went on to churn the sea (samudra mathana) as per the order of ParamAtma, the strongest poison called 'hAlAhala' was produced. vAyu dEvaru drank this halAhala poison as per the order of ParamAtma.

The above is referred in MBTN as under:-

shrAntEShu tEShvEka urukrama tvaM sudhArasAptayai muditO hyamathnAH tadA jagadgrAsi viShaM samutthitaM tvadAj~nayA vAyuradhAt karE nijO----10.13

kalEH svarUpaM tadatIva duShShahaM vaRad vidhAtuH sakalaishcha duHspR^isham karE vimathyAstabalaM vidhAya dadou sa kiMchid girishAya vayuH----------10.14

sa tat pibat kaNThagatEna tEna nipAtitO mURchChita Ashu R^idraH harEH karaspaRshabalAt sa sangj~nAmavApa nilOOsya gaLastadAAsIt-------10.15

atha tvadAj~nAM puratO nidhAya nidhAya pAtrE tapanIyarUpE svayaM cha niRmathya balOpapannaM papou sa vAyustadu chAsya jIRNam-----10.16

atyalpapAnachcha babhUva shUlA shivasya shIRShNashcha karAvashiShTam abhUt kaliH saRvajagatsu pURNa pItvA vikArO na babhUva vAyOH kAlEH sharIrAdabhavan kunAgAH savR^ishchikAH shvApadayAtudhAnAH-----10.17

During samudra mathana, the dEvata-s and the daitya-s were tired of continuing samudra mathana. At that time ParamAtma alone continued the task and a very strong poison, capable of destroying the world resulted out this action of samudra mathana. By the suggestion (rather order) of ParamAtma, vAyu dEvaru took hold of that poison to drink the same. That poison was purely kali svarUpa. Even brahma dEvaru could not have touched it. Just before vAyu was about to drink the same, upon the request of dEvata-s R^idra interrupted vAyu and volunteered to drink the same. vAyu took a drop of this poison and rubbed the same in his palm to reduce the intensity of the poison and gave that to R^idra for consumption. R^idra was instantly unconscious upon trying to swallow the diluted version of a drop of poison. R^idra gained consciousness by the Grace of ParamAtma and His kind touch to R^idra. However, the poison that got stuck in R^idra's throat turned the area blue due to the effect of poison and he thus came to be known as 'neelakaMTha'. Then by the order of ParamAtma, vAyu dEvaru consumed the entire volume of the strong poison from a golden bowl. This was digested by vAyu dEvaru. Just because R^idra tasted a fraction of the dilute portion of the poison, the poison spiked him permanently. The remaining portion of poison in his hand was spread around the world. Nothing happened to vAyu dEvaru in spite of the fact that he consumed the entire poison.

Therefore, JagannAtha dAsa describes vAyu dEvaru as 'garaLabhuk' in this stanza.

All other descriptions of vAyu are enumerated in the word by word meaning given above.

>>Even brahma dEvaru could not have touched it.

Sorry, I should have written as follows: ---"By the anugraha of brahma dEvaru to kali, none could have touched that poison"

> --> Pls clarify as to whether Vayu is greater in strength than Brahma Devaru. I am little unclear on this.

brahma dEvaru is certainly superior to vAyu dEvaru in tAratamya. vAyu dEvaru could drink that poison only by the anugraha of ParamAtma.

> Thanks

> sukumar

anila sthiti vairAgyanidhi rO

chana vimuktiga naMda dashamati

animiShEshAnidra shuchi sattvAtmaka sharIra

aNumahadrUpAtmakAmR^ita

hanumadAdyavatAra padmA

sana padavi saMprApta parisara AkhaNAshmasama..........HKAS_21-07

anila = vAyu dEvaru

sthiti = cause of presence or absence of life in the sthUla dEha

vairAgyanidhi = high degree of detachment

rOchana = was iMdra by the name of rOchana

vimuktiga = especially knowledgeable

naMda = always happy

dashamati = puRNapaj~na nAmaka shrI madhva muni

animiShEsha = superior dEvata-s

anidra = they are awake even during praLaya

shuchi = away from asurAvEsha & aj~nAna

sattvAtmaka sharIra = dEha having a high proportion of satva guNa-a

aNu = can become very tiny size

mahadrUpAtmaka = can become gigantic size

amR^ita = no death

hanumadAdi avatAra = has rUpa-s called sUtra, hanuma, bhIma & madhva

padmAsana padavi saMprApta = future brahma dEvaru

parisara = enmeshed in the 72000 nADi-s of our sthUla dEha

AkhaNAshmasama = dEha which is as strong as stone

In this stanza, JagannAtha dAsa explains the different names of vAyu dEvaru.

vAyu dEvaru pervading as air in all jIva-s is called 'anila'. Existing in the sthUla dEha and by being the niyAmaka of tatvAbhimAni dEvata-s, he does and makes us do the various vyApAra-s.

A person survives as long as vAyu dEvaru exists in the sthUla dEha and the person dies as soon as vAyu dEvaru leaves the sthUla dEha. Thus mukhyaprANa dEvaru is called 'sthiti'. vAyu's presence or absence determines the presence or absence of life. shrIpAdarAjaru describes this madhvanAma as - "parama mukhyaprANa tolagAladEhavanu peNaneMdu pELvaru sujaru".

During rAmAvatAra as hanuma, vAyu dEvaru performed all the service to ParamAtma without expecting any phala (niShkAma sEva) demonstrating a high degree of detachment for any phala. He is thus called 'vairAgyanidhi'.

vAyu dEvaru was earlier iMdra by the name rOchana in the 2nd manvaMtara i.e. svArOchaSha manvaMtara. This discussion is taken from bhAvaprakAshika with reference as under in viShNu rahasya 27th adhyAya :-

svArOchiShOmanuRnAma dvitiyOgnEH sutou maRhA R^iShivEda shirAnAmatu pitA tasya patnyabhut ------------------ 1

tasyAM rOchana nAmasI jyEShTa iMdrashcha sObhavat yaH purA sUtra nAmAsItsa EvAya mihAbhavat ------------------2

tasyAdanaMtaraM chAhamavatIRNOvibhuH svayaM upEMdra iti tEnAhaM vishrutO viduShAM mukhE ---------------3

Gist - "svArOchaSha (2nd manu) is the son of agni. During svArOchaSha manvaMtara there was a R^iShi by name vEdashirasa and his wife was tuShite. Their eldest son was rOchana. rOchana was iMdra in that manvaMtara. sUtra nAmaka vAyu who was previously son of jayApati saMkaRShaNa ParamAtma, was now born as rOchana. After rOchana was born, I was born to vEdashirasa & tuShite as their 2nd son by the name vibhuH and I came to be known as upEMdra" - thus told ParamAtma to brahma dEvaru.

vAyu dEvaru is also known as 'vimuktiga' as he facilitates the jIva to obtain mukti as per the order of ParamAtma. In the sthUla dEha of all jIva-s vAyu dEvaru does 21600 haMsa nAmaka japa-s and offers this shvAsa maMtra japa-s at the Lotus Feet of ParamAtma and bestows nitya sukha mOxa to mukti yOgya-s, mishra phala to nitya saMsAri-s & nitya duHkha to tamO yOgya-s. This he does only as per the orders of ParamAtma as referred in "viShNuRhi dAtA mOxasya vAyustu tadanujj~nayA"---niRNaya vAkya.

vAyu is also known as naMda nAmaka - because he has provided us the shAstra-s that help us to obtain mukti - also known as AnaMdatIRtha (AnaMda = sukha, tIRtha = shAstra-s). Since he helps the sAtvika chetana-s to obtain nitya sukha, vAyu is called 'naMda'.

'dasha' does not indicate only 10, but it indicates infinite and dashamati indicates pURNapraj~na. balitthA sUkta states "dashamatiM janayamta yOShaNaH.."

'nimiSha' - means eyelids, 'animiSha' means not having eyelids. Only dEvata-s can be classified as 'animiSha' as they do not sleep. vAyu dEvaru is their niyAmaka. 'animiShEsha' means the niyAmaka for all dEvata-s.

'nidra' - indicates aj~nAna, 'anidra' indicates absence of aj~nAna. vAyu dEvaru is fully awake even during mahApraLaya. vAyu is atirOhita vij~nAni. He never falls short of knowledge in matters related to ParamAtma. This apart, while all the chEtana-s are fast asleep, vAyu dEvaru is wide awake and does shvAsa japa-s.

vAyu dEvaru has satvAtmaka sharIra as the dEha of vAyu has a high concentration of satva guNa-s and very little rajO guNa, thus very pure. He has dEha of dvAtriMshaMtilaxaNa-s i.e. 32 laxaNa-s as indicated below:-

01. Well-placed feet [flatfooted]

02. Mark of wheel on soles

03. Soles and palms tender and soft [more so than others]

04. Toes and fingers long

05. Webbed fingers and toes

06. Broad heels

07. Inconspicuous ankle bones

08. Shanks like those of an antelope

09. Body frame well-grown, tall and straight

10. Arms reach to the knees when standing

11. Male organ hidden in a sheath

12. Body hairs separate in pore holes

13. Hairs of the body point upwards, hairs on the head turn so as to point

up, hairs of head blue-black, soft, curls in rings to the right.

14. Skin smooth and delicate (does not accumulate dirt and moisture)

15. Skin golden

16. Prominences of body seven in number - 2 on soles of feet, 2 on hands, 2

at shoulder blades & 1 at base of neck

17. Torso is like a lion

18. Shoulders gently curved

19. Chest wide and well elevated

20. Body circumference like a fig tree, [girth equal to height]

21. Jaws like a lion

22. 40 teeth

23. Teeth have not gaps

24. Teeth are equal in size

25. Very white teeth

26. Taste conductors give him excellent sense of taste

27. Tongue long, can reach his ears

28. Voice like that of brahma

29. Eyes intensely black

30. Eyelashes like those of a great bull

31. Tuft of hair between his brows (ura)

32. Cowl on his head (unisa)

vAyu is also 'aNumahadrUpAtmaka' because by the anugraha of ParamAtma can display his tiniest size or gigantic size. While he had to cross the ocean to reach laMka during rAmAyaNa, he took up his gigantic size and when he had to search for sItA at laMka, he took up his smallest size. He can be as small as the size that he can enter into the liMga dEha.

Since vAyu dEvaru does not have death, he is called 'amR^ita'. Before we start taking food we say, "amR^ita upastaraNamasi svAhA" and after we finish our food we say, "amR^itApi dhAmasi svAhA" - meaning "Oh, amR^ita rUpi vAyu, please be the bed for the food I consume and the blanket for the food I consume."

In trEtA yuga, during rAmAvatAra, vAyu dEvaru he was born to (took avatAra in) aMjanA dEvi and served Lord rAma. In dvApara yuga, he was born to kuMti as bhImasEna and served Lord kR^iShNa. During kali yuga, he was born as madhva and performed pUja of vEdavyasa dEvaru and established our madhva siddhAMta for the alleviation of troubles of sajjana-s and came to be known as AnaMda tIRtha. Thus described in the stanza as 'hanumadAdi avatAra'.

vAyu is also known as 'padmAsana padavi saMprApta', where, 'padma' means lotus and 'Asana' means seat. brahma dEvaru is seated in the Lotus Flower emanating from the Navel of ParamAtma. He is known as 'padmAsana'. In the next kalpa, by the anugraha of ParamAtma, vAyu dEvaru would obtain the title of 'padmAsana'.

vAyu dEvaru pervades in the 72000 nAdi-s which are enmeshed in our sthUla dEha. Blood flows through the nADi-s carrying oxygen / energy to the entire body at the same pressure at all places. JagannAtha dAsa himself describes praises vAyu dEvaru in one of his songs as "parisara nInire hari tAnirupanu, iradire tAnihanu..mukhya prANa dEva nInallde kAyvara kANe lOkadoLage".

vAyu dEvaru is also known as 'AkhaNAshmasama', where 'ashma' means stone and 'AkhaNashma' means like a diamond stone which is so tough that it cannot be broken of slit. vAyu is so strong that he cannot be destroyed or demolished by asura-s. Reference - "prANasya nA surAvEshO AkhaNAshma samO saH" - bhAgavata 11th skanda.

mAtarishva brahmaru jaga

nnAtegadhamAdhInareniparu

shrItaruNivallabhanu IRvaroLAvakAladali

nIta bhakti j~nAna bala rU

pAtishayadiMdiddu chEtanA

chEtanagaLoLu vyAptarenisuva tattadAhvayadi............HKAS_21-08

mAtarishva = vAyu dEvaru who moves about in all vEda-s

brahmaru = and chatuRmukha brahma

jagannAtege = to mother of the world - shrI laxmI dEvi

adhama= lower by crores of guNa-s

adhInaru = they (brahma & vAyu) are in her control

eniparu = known so

shrItaruNivallabhanu = shrIman nArAyaNa, who is the Lord of laxmI dEvi

IRvaroLu = in brahma & vAyu

AvakAladali = at all times

nIta = according ot their level

bhakti = bhakti (flow of devotion)

j~nAna = j~nAna

bala = strength & courage

rUpa = dvAtriMshati laxaNa rUpa

atishayadiMda iddu = existing more than that which exists in R^idra & others

chEtana = among chEtana-s

achEtanagaLoLu = jaDa-s

tattadAhvayadi = by those shapes

vyAptarenisuva = they pervade (brahma-vAyu are not independent. ParamAtma pervades in them in His aMtaRyAmi rUpa and does and makes us do all vyApAra-s through them)

vAyu dEvaru who pervades in all the dEvata-s is called 'mAtarishva'. He is described as '...mAtarishvA mathAyati' in baLitthA sUkta. vAyu dEvaru is baLitthA sUkta pratipAdya.

Among crores of jIva-s, since he has all the laxaNa-s and guNa-s, he is called brahma. ParamAtma is parabrahma. chatuRmukha brahma is the leader of R^iju-s.

ParamAtma pervades in chitprakR^iti laxmI dEvi and uses mUla prakR^iti and does sR^iShTi. Thus laxmI dEvi is called jaganmAte - mother of the world.

mAtarishva nAmaka vAyu dEvaru and brahma dEvaru are both lower than laxmI dEvi by a crore of guNa-s and they are in control of laxmI dEvi. laxmI dEvi rules over brahma dEvaru and vAyu dEvaru. It must however be remembered that laxmI dEvi is ruled by ParamAtma.

'shrI' - indicates radiant & satva guNAbhimAni laxmI dEvi and 'taruNi' indicates nitya muktaLu, niRvikAraLu & ever young rUpa. Thus shrItaruNi is laxmI dEvi. shrIman nArAyaNa is the niyAmaka for shrItaruNi - meaning He is her Lord. Thus ParamAtma is described as 'shrItaruNivallabha'.

shrItaruNivallabha always pervades in brahma-vAyu - at a much higher level than in R^idra and other dEvata-s in terms of their knowledge, strength &

bhakti.

By the anugraha of ParamAtma, brahma & vAyu pervade in all the chEtana-s & jaDa-s recognized by those shapes, size and names.

saraswati vEdAtmikA bhuji

narahari gurubhakti brAhmI

parama sukha balapURNe shraddhA prIti gAyatri

garuDashEShara janani shrI saM

karuShaNana jayA tanuje vANI

karaNanIyAmake chatuRdashabhuvana sanmAnye............HKAS_21-09

saraswati = saraswati dEvi

vEdAtmikA = vEdAbhimAni

bhuji = bhuji nAmaka - since she accepts all bhOga in the name of - viShNu prIti

narahari = in narasiMha rUpi ParamAtma

guru = in her husband and guru - brahma dEvaru

bhakti = extreme bhakti

brAhmI = called brAhmI as she is the consort of brahma dEvaru

parama sukha balapURNe = high level of AnaMda and capability

shraddhA = shraddhA nAmaka in Astikya buddhi (even bhAratI dEvi has another name called shraddhA)

prIti = here it means bhakti (she is bhaktyAbhimAni)

gAyatri = known as gAyatri, sAvitri & saraswati

garuDa shEShara janani = mother of garuDa & shESha

shrI saMkaruShaNana jayA tanuje = daughter of jayA dEvi & saMkaRShaNa ParamAtma

vANI = vAgAbhimAni

karaNanIyAmaka =niyamaka for iMdriyAbhimAni dEvata-s

chatuRdashabhuvana sanmAnye = respected and paid obeisance by all sajjana-s in this brahma dEvaru

saraswatI - is the consort of brahma dEvaru. 'saras' - means looking around everywhere and understanding all viShaya-s (subjects). Therefore ParamAtma is also called 'saras' nAmaka. Since 'saras' nAmaka ParamAtma loves brahma dEvaru very much, therefore brahma dEvaru is called 'sarasvAn' and hence his consort is called 'saraswatI'.

According to garuDa purANa (in brahma kAMDa) - "saRvavEdAbhimAnitvAtsaRva vEdAtmikA smR^itA" meaning - saraswati dEvi is abhimAni for all vEda-s, thus she is called vEdAtmika.

Again garuDa purANa states as under:-

"bhuMjyatE saRva bhOgAMstu viShNuprItyARthamEva cha atastu bhAratIj~nEyA bhuje saj~nA khagOttama"

- meaning - Oh garuDa, king of birds since all the bhOga is consumed for viShNu prIti, bhAratI dEvi is called bhuje.

Without thinking of any other person except the aMtaRgata laxmI narasiMha ParamAtma of her husband (brahma dEvaru), she meditates on Him with intense bhakti - thus described as 'narahari gurubhakti'. She has high level of AnaMda and capability.

The name 'shraddha' is being referred to bhAratI dEvi, but it also refers to saraswati dEvi.

MBTN reference:-

sUtraM sa vAyuH puruShO viriMchaH pradyumnashchAth kR^tou striyou dvE prajaj~natuRmaLE tatra pURvA pradhAnsaMj~nA prakR^itiRjanitrI --------- 3.11

shraddhA dvitIyAAtha tayOshacha yOgO babhUva puMsaiva cha sUtranAmnA harERniyOgAdatha saMprasUktou shESha supaRNashcha tayOH sahaiva ----3.12

By the anugraha of pradyumna nAmaka ParamAtma, kR^iti dEvi was gifted with twin daughters. The 1st daughter was called pradhAnA (as kAraNa for sR^iShTi) and the 2nd daughter was called shraddhA dEvi. They were the consorts of puruSha nAmaka brahma and sUtra nAmaka vAyu respectively. They were gifted with shESha and garuDa respectively. They are both called shraddhA dEvi-s In order to state that shraddhA is the name for both saraswati (consort of brahma) as well as bhArati (consort of vAyu), JagannAtha dAsa jointly calls them as 'shraddhA'.

Since saraswati is loved by her husband and the entire world (as vAgrUpi), she is called 'prIti'.

Reference for viShNu rahasya 16th adhyAya states as under:-

athApajaya pApennA prakR^iti strIvidha bhavat -------------16.15

satvAdi guNa yOgEna gAyatrIcha saraswatI sAvitrIti chatAsvEkO brahma vIRyamavA sR^ijat-------------16.16

Apart from the above 'prakR^iti' the consort of brahma dEvaru took has rUpa-s known as gAyatri, saraswatI & sAvitri differentiated by the rajas-satva-tamO guNa-s.

garuDa purANa refers - "mahAviriMchi bhARyA to gAyatrI parikIRtitA" - meaning - the consort of viriMchi nAmaka brahma dEvaru is called gAyatrI.

Now the discussion about - 'shrI saMkaruShaNana jayA tanuje vANI'

MBTN referred above clearly states that saraswatI & bhAratI are the twin daughters of kR^iti dEvi by the anugraha of pradyumna nAmaka ParamAtma.

While in the HKAS_01-06 while praising bhAratI dEvi JagannAtha dAsa himself had said "kR^itiramaNa pradyumna naMdanE...", it may now appear that JagannAtha dAsa contradicts himself. However, madhva's MBTN clarifies, "pradyumna kR^itou strIyou dvE" - indicating that saraswatI & bhAratI are twin sisters.

However, puruSha nAmaka brahma dEvaru was born to mAyA-vAsudEva and sUtra nAmaka vAyu dEvaru was born to jayA-saMkaRShaNa. We must construe that; 'shrI saMkaruShaNana jayA tanuje vANI' would refer to vAgrUpa vANi of vAyu as vAyu constantly recites the vEda-s. Since saraswati is vEdAtmika, she issues forth as vEda svarUpi on the tongue of vAyu. As per amarakOsha, "gIRvAgvANI saraswatI" - meaning vANI for the sentence.

karaNa nIyAmake - she is the niyamakaLu for iMdriyAbhimAni dEvata-s. She is mahatatvAbhimAni and therefore, she is the niyAmakaLu for ahaMkAra tatva dEvata-s (since ahaMkAra tatva is borne out of mahatatva).

brahma dEvaru is the Lord of brahmAMDa (ParamAtma is Supreme Lord) consisting of 14 lOka-s. saraswati dEvi is worshipped in 14 lOka-s by sajjana-s and thus called 'sanmAnye'.

JagannAtha dAsa thus describes the various names of saraswati dEvi and her mahime.

kALi droupadi kAshijA pAM

chAli shivakanyeMdra sEnA

kAlamAnI chaMdra dyusabhAnAma bhAratige

ghALi brahmara yuvatiyaru E

LELu aivattoMdu guNadiM

kILu eniparu tamma patigaLiMdalAvAga.................HKAS_21-10

kALi = kALI - daughter of kALi rAja (as droupadI dEvi rUpa)

droupadi = daughter of drupada rAja

kAshijA = daughter of kAshi rAja

pAMchAli = daughter of paMchAla rAja

shivakanyA = avatAra as daughter of a brahmin called shaMkara (shiva) of kAladi village

iMdrasEnA = avatAra as daughter of naLa chakravaRti & damayaMti

kAlamAnI = kAla nAmaka avatAra

chaMdra = chaMdra - born during the time of shrImadAchARya ( 3rd rUpa of vAyu dEvaru) in bhU lOka and died at a young age

dyusabhAnAma = dyusabhA - born as daughter to kR^iti-pradyumna

bhAratige = bhAratI dEvi - consort of vAyu dEvaru (bhArata is another name for vAyu, thus bhAratI is the name of his wife)

ghALi = vAyu dEvaru

brahmara = brahma dEvaru

yuvatiyaru = their consorts - bhAratI dEvi and saraswatI dEvi

tamma patigaLiMda = from their husbands

ELELu = 7x7 = 49

aivattoMdu = 51

guNadiM = meaning 49+51 = 100 vijAti guNa-s

AvAga = at all times

kILu eniparu = are lower

Reference from MBTN states:-

tasyAM suhotrO nAmataH putra AsId yashchitraguptO nAma pURva sulEkhaH kR^iShNA sauvApyanyarUpENa jAtA kAshIshaputrIyAM pravadanti kALIM-20.12

sA kEvalA bhAratI nAnyadEvyastatrAAviShTAstatkR^tE kAshirAjaH svayambarARtha nR^ipatInAjuhAva saRvAstEEpi hyAtra haRShAt samEtAH-20.13

tEShAM madhyE bhImasEnAMsa eShA mAlAmAdhAt tatra jarAsutAdhyAH kruddhA viShNOrAshritAnAxipanta AsEdurucchaiH shivamAstuvantaH-------20.14

As described in the reference above, bhAratI dEvi was born as the daughter of kAshI rAja by the name kALI to become the wife of bhImasEna. droupadi was indeed born as the daughter of kAshI rAja and she was called kALI. But this rUpa did not have the rUpa-s of shachi dEvi and other rUpa-s. kALI had only the rUpa bhAratI dEvi. During the svayaMvara of kALI all the kings came over to the palace of kAshI rAja. kALI dEvi put the marriage garland around the neck of bhImasEna. jarAsaMdha and those others that were present at the svayaMvara started to fight with bhImasEna. bhImasEna won over them. bhImasEna married kALI and went to iMdraprastha. This is the kALI that JagannAtha dAsa refers to in this stanza.

The avatAra of droupadi (bharatI dEvi) is a combination of shachi (consort of iMdra), shAmalA (consort of yama), ushA (consort of ashvinI dEvata-s) and pARvatI (consort of R^idra).

Why?

The answer lies in the following reference from MBTN:-

anvEnaM bhAratI sAxAd vEdimaddhayAt samutthitA prANO hi bharatO nAma saRvasya bharaNAchChrataH--------------------------18.93

tadbhARyA bhAratI nAma vedarUpA saraswatI shaMrUpamAshritA vAyuM shrIrityEva cha kIRtitA-----------------------------18.94

AvEshayuktA shachyAshcha shyAmaLAyAstathOShasaH tAshchEndradhaRmanAsatyasaMshrayAchChriya IritAH------------------------18.95

sA kR^iShNA nAmatashchAAsIdutkR^iShTatvAddhi yOShitAm kR^iShNA sA vaRNatashchAAsIdutkR^iShTAnandinI cha sA ----------------18.96

..umAshayuktAAtitarAM saRvalaxaNasaMyuMtA ----------------------------18.97

pURva hyumA cha dEvyastAH kadAchid bhaRtR^ibhiRyutAH vilAsaM daRshayAmAsuRbrahmaNaH pashyatOOdhikam---------------------18.98

shashApa tAstadA brahmA mAnuShIM yOnimApsyatha tatrAnyagAshcha bhavatEtyEvaM shaptAH surA~NganAH---------------------18.99

vichARya bhAratImEtya saRvamasyai nivEdya cha sahasravatsaraM chainAM shushrUShitvA babhAShirE------------------------18.100

dEvi nO mAnuShaM prApyamanya gAtvaM cha saRvathA tathAApi mArutAdanyaM na spR^ishEma katha~nchana----------------------18.101

brahmaNAiva cha shaptAH sma pURva chAnyatra lIlayA ekadEhatvamapyainaM yadA va~nyituM gatAH-------------------------------18.102

ekadEhA mAnuShatvamApsyatha trisha uddhtAH trishO madva~nchanAyEtA iti tEnOditA vayam--------------------------------18.103

atastvayaikadEhatvabhichChAmO dEvi janmasu chatuRShvapi yatOOsmAkaM shapadvayanimittataH chatuRjanma bhavEd bhUmou tvAM nanyO mArutAd varjEt----------------18.104

When drupada rAja performed the yaj~na, after dR^iShTadyumna was born in the yaj~na kuMDa, then sAxAt bhAratI dEvi arrived from this kuMDa. Bharata is another name for vAyu and hence his consort is called bhAratI dEvi. Since she was now born as a result of the yaj~na performed by drupada rAja, she came to be known as droupadi. droupadi had the AvEsha of shachI, shAmala & uShA and they were the respective consorts of iMdra, yama & ashvini dEvata-s and since droupadi had the the support of these 3 dEvata-s, she was also called 'shrI' and she was dark blue (kR^iShNa vaRNa) color and she was the most beautiful women. She was therefore also called kR^iShNe. droupadi had pARvatI aMsha greater than the the aMsha of shachI, shAmala & uShA.

The reason why droupadi was born along with the rUpa of bhAratI dEvi and the others (pARvatI, shachI, shAmala & uShA) is described below.

Once, pARvatI, shachI, shAmala & uShA were along with their consorts displayed excessive involvement in their ballet in the presence of brahma dEvaru. brahma dEvaru was annoyed and he cursed them to be born as humans and have relationship with other men. The four dEvi-s thought deeply about the effect it would have on them and they prayed to bhArati dEvi for a 1000 years and after pleasing her well, they explained about the shApa that they had received from brahma dEvaru and pleaded her, "We four dEvi-s have been cursed to obtain janma in dEha as humans and be related to other men. Besides, in the past we had gone to fool brahma dEvaru by all of us being present in only one dEha, which brahma dEvaru discovered and cursed us to obtain 3 janma-s in one dEha. If we have to have relationship with other men then we would prefer someone who is uttama to our husbands and vAyu dEvaru alone is uttama to our husbands and we could touch him and none other. Only if you join us, we could obtain the relationship of vAyu dEvaru. None other than vAyu dEvaru can touch you. By way of 2 shApa-s we are supposed to take birth as humans for 4 times. If you join us in our dEha, we would be touched only by vAyu and none others. Therefore, please agree to take janma along with us in the same dEha for 4 janma-s", and bhAratI dEvi agreed to join them in the same dEha as human for 4 janma-s as follows:-

1) bhAratI dEvi was born as shivakanye to a brahmin called shiva. pARvatI dEvi and others did tapas of R^idra dEvaru and as their kaRma was getting over, bhAratI dEvi desired the companionship of and performed penance on the R^idrAMtaRgata ParamAtma. The purpose of the tapas was to obtain their husbands. They were blessed that their wishes would be fulfilled at the end of their lives. However shivakanye died at her youthful age. Since hanumanta dEvaru was a brahmachari, there was no connection with bhAratI dEvi.

2) bhAratI dEvi was born along with others as iMdrasEnA to naLa rAja and damayaMtI. At that time mudgala R^iShi was performing penance. One day while listening to some purANa, he laughed at the story of brahma dEvaru eloping his own daughter. brahma dEvaru cursed mudgala R^iShi to adhOgati by experiencing the companionship of 5 dEvi-s such as bhArati and other dEvi-s. Then mudgala performed penance of brahma dEvaru and then brahma dEvaru said, "Oh mudgala, you will not experience their companinonship personally. vAyu would exist in your sharIra and expereicne the same and at that time you would remain unconscious. Therefore you will remain faultless." By that arrangement, vAyu dEvaru resided in mudgala and married iMdrasEnA and after krIDa with her for many years, he went away after waking up mudgala into consciousness.

3) iMdrasEnA was then born as droupadi (daughter of drupada rAja) to become the wife of bhImasEna.

4) droupadi was then born as chaMdrA (daughter of a brahmin called shaMkara) during the time of madhvAchARya. She died at a young age.

Thus pARvatI, shachI, shAmala & uShA were born 4 times as human dEha along with bhAratI dEvi - born as shivakanye during hanumAvatAra, as iMdrasEnA during trEtA yuga, as droupadi during bhImAvatAra and chaMdra during madhvAvatAra.

This bhAratI dEvi is kAlAbhimAni, since she exists along with vAyu dEvaru in the sthUla dEha who is performing 21600 haMsa nAmaka japa-s and offering to ParamAtma.

dyusabhA - 'dyu' means svaRga lOka, 'dyusabhA' means the sabhA of he who stays in svaRga lOka i.e. iMdra sabhA. bhArati dEvi is the abhimAni of vaRga lOka.

saraswatI dEvi and bharatI dEvi are lower than their husbands on 100 vijAti guNa-s.

hari samIrAvEsha nara saM

karuShaNAvEshayuta laxmaNa

paramapuruShana shuklakEshAvEsha balarAma

hara sadAshiva tapa ahaMkR^itu

marutayukta shukORdhvapaTa ta

tpuruSha jayagIShvouRva drouNI vyAdha dURvAsa..................HKAS_21-11

hari = narasiMha dEvaru

samIra = jIvOttama vAyu dEvaru

AvEsha = shESha who has hari-vAyu AvESha

nara = 'nara' avatAra of nArAyaNa bhakta-s

saMkaruShaNa AvEshayuta = AvESha of saMkaRShaNa nAmaka ParamAtma

laxmaNa = laxmaNa (brother of rAma) - son of dasharatha rAja & sumitra

paramapuruShana = shrI kR^iShNa who is saRvOttama puruSha

shuklakEshAvEsha = shukla AvEsha of kR^iShNa ParamAtma

balarAma = i.e. balarAma

hara = manObhimAni R^idra dEvaru

sadAshiva = parama maMgaLa svarUpa of shaMkara

tapa = also called 'tapa' since he did tapas in sea water for 10 kalpa-s

ahaMkR^itu = ahaMkAra tatvAbhimAni dEvata

marutayukta = vAyvyAvEsha

shuka = shukAchARya (son of vyAsa muni)

URdhvapaTa = URdhvapaTa avatAra

tatpuruSha = tatpuruSha avatAra

jayagIShva = jayagIShva muni avatAra

ouRva = another avatAra by name 'ouRva'

drouNI = ashvatthAma (son of drONAchARya)

vyAdha = kirAta vyAdha

dURvAsa = dURvAsa (son of atri R^iShi & anusUyA)

In this stanza, JagannAtha dAsa explains about the avatAra-s shESha and R^idra. However, garuDa has no avatAra on earth.

First he explains about shESha as follows-

1) hari samIrAvEsha nara

shrI shESha dEvaru took avatAra as 'nara' as the son of yama dhaRma and mURtI dEvi (shyAmalAvatAra). He has the AvEsha of narasiMha dEvaru (hari) and vAyu dEvaru (samIra). Thus shESha is called 'nara' as quoted in garuDa purANa by the following reference:-

"shAmalAyAM cha dhaRmAchcha sarOjAtastu bhUtalE

shEShaH sa Eva vijj~nEyaH bhaktO nArAyaNasya cha"

2) saMkaRShaNAvEshayuta laxmaNa

shESha dEvaru took avatAra as laxmaNa (brother of rAma), who is the third son of king dasharatha & queen sumitrA dEvi. Since he is the son of sumitrA, he is also called soumitrI. The biMba mURti of shESha dEvaru is saMkaRShaNa nAmaka ParamAtma. shESha was born as laxmaNa by saMkaRShaNa AvEsha as per the reference below:-

"sumitrAyaM dasharatHajjAtO yO laxmaNAbhidhaH"

3) paramapuruShana shuklakEshAvEsha balarAma

saRvOttama & puruSha vAchya shrI kR^iShNa is paramapuruSha. shESha dEvaru was born as balarAma to vasudEva and rOhiNI by the AvEsha of the white hair on sharIra of shri kR^iShNa. balarAma had shEShaMsha & vAyu AvEsha and the AvEsha of the white hairs of nArAyaNa as referred below:-

"aviShTou shvEtarEShAtma shEShAMshaM rOhiNIsutaM

vasudEvAt rOhiNyAM jAtaH api vAyvanaMtAshavAn"

Now, JagannAtha dAsa explains the various rUpa-s of R^idra -

4) hara -

During mahApraLaya biMba mURti saMkaRShaNa, who is the same as shrI laxmI narasiMha, would be the aMtaRyAmi for R^idra and perform praLaya via R^idra. mahA praLaya rUpa of R^idra is called 'hara' - meaning destroyer.

5) sadAshiva

ahaMkAra tatva-s are of 3 types i) vaikArika tatva, ii) taijasAhaMkAra & iii) tAmasAhaMkAra

tAmasAhaMkArika R^idra dEvaru is called sadAshiva, who wears (has) the elephant skin. Although he wears the lion skin and tAmasAhaMkAra abhimAni, he is maMgala thus called 'sadAshiva' - sadA (always), shiva (maMgala prada).

6) tapa

Previous R^idra did tapas (penance) for 10 brahma kalpa days under sea water and was recognized as uttama as Aditya-s and was bestowed the title of shESha. R^idra is thus called 'ugratapa' as referred in garuDa purANa below:-

"tamObhimAnI sa j~nEyO hyashivatvAtsadAshivaH

dashakalpa tapaH kaRtuM vivEsha lavaNAMbhasi

atO R^idraH tapaH saMj~nAhyavApa khagastamaH"

7) ahaMkR^ita

Since R^idra is the abhimAni for ahaMkAra tatva, he is therefore called 'ahaMkR^itu', as referred in garuDa purANa below:-

"yO ahaMkArAtmakO R^idraH sa EvAbhUt khagEshvaraH"

8) marutayukta shuka

shukAchARya is the son of vAyvyAvEsha vyAsa muni. shukAchARya explained the bhAgavataM to parIxita rAja during the 7 days that left for his death. He is a special bhakta of ParamAtma. This is the R^idra avatAra in order to spread knowledge as referred below:-

"vyAsaputra shakaH prOktaH vAyurAvEsha saMyutaH

R^idRavatArO vijj~nEyO j~nAnARthaM hR^ibhAvadbhuviH"

9) URdhvapaTa

During daxa yaj~na, pARvati (consort of R^idra) immolated herself by the power of yOgAgni. Since then he remained as 'URdhvarEtasvi'. R^idra is therefore also called 'URdhva' or 'URdhvarEta' and he therefore remained as a vairAgi (unattached in earthly life) and thus he was not lustful. He is thus called 'apaTa' or 'URdhvapaTa'.

10) tatpuruSha

This is the gAyatrI rUpa of R^idra. This is one of the 5 faces of R^idra.

Reference below:-

"tatpuruShaya vidmahE mahAdEvAya dhImahi' tanno R^idraH prachOdayAt"

11) jayagIShavya

jayagiShavya is the R^iShi rUpa of R^idra. He gave j~nAna to jAMbuvati (tuLasi) - one of the shaNmahiShi of kR^iShNa.

12) ouRva

'u' means superb or raised 'ru' means cry or lament. Since he made superb cry in praise of ParamAtma, R^idra is called 'uru'. The son of 'uru' is ouRva', who completes the praise which 'uru' had not completed.

Once when uru nAmaka R^idra met saRva guNa paripURNa biMba mURti saMkaRShaNa nAmaka ParamAtma, uru very loudly begged pardon for all the sins that he has commited by effect of kali and requested Him to grant salvation. ouRva - the son of uru completed the request and obtained the anugraha of ParamAtma. Reference from garuDa purANa states:-

"urOH putrastu chouRvatu R^idra Eva prakIRtitaH

uruH utkR^iShTa vAchitvAt urO RodanavAchakaH"

13) drouNI

Another avatAra of R^idra was ashvatthAma - the son of drONAchaRya. Since he was son of drONAchARya, he was called drONI. By way of his prArabdha kaRma, he served on the side of duRyOdhana and fought against pAMDava-s.

Reference:-

"drONAjj~nAtO drouNI saMjj~naH R^idra Eva prakIRtitaH".

14) vyAdha

R^idra defeated aRjuna in a fight in his kirAta rUpa (as a huntsman) and then displayed his real rUpa as R^idra to aRjuna and bestowed aRjuna with pashupatAstra. R^idra is therefore called 'vyAdha'.

15) dURvAsa

R^idra was born as dURvAsa to atri R^iShi and anusUyA dEvi. He is the 2nd son out of the 4 sons that anusUya had in vaivasvata manvaMtara. His other brothers were chaMdra, dattAtrEya & ARya. Since brahma dEvaru has no avatAra on earth, chaMdra represented brahma dEvaru, dURvAsa represented R^idra and dattAtrEya represented viShNu. However, dattAtrEya avatAra became famous.

"atriputryanusUyaM jajj~nE R^idrOmahAtapAH dURvAsAsatu vijj~nEyaH mAna bhaMgAya bhUbhR^itAM"

garuDa shESha shashAMkadaLa shE

khararu tammoLu samaru bhAratI

sarasijAsana patnigadhamaru nUru guNadiMda

harimaDadi jAMbavatiyoLu shrI

taruNiyAvEshavihudeMdigu

korate eniparu garuDashESharigaivaraidu guNa......................HKAS_21-12

garuDa = garuDa dEvaru

shESha = shESha dEvaru

shashAMkadaLa shEkhararu = R^idra dEvaru (he has chaMdra kaLA)

tammoLu samaru = they are equal among themselves (by svarUpa)

bhAratI = bhAratI dEvi

sarasijAsana patnige = saraswatI dEvi

nUru guNadiMda = 100 vijAti guNa-s

adhamaru = they (garuDa, shESha & R^idra) are lower

harimaDadi = consort of shrI kR^iShNa

jAMbavatiyoLu = jAMbavatI dEvi (superior among the ShaNmahiShi-s)

shrItaruNiya AvEshavihudu eMdigu = has a higher degree of AvESha compared to other five i.e. nIlA and others in terms of beauty, youth

garuDa shESharige = to garuDa, shESha (and R^idra)

aidu guNa = by 5 vijAti guNa-s

korate eniparu = they (ShaNmahiShi-s) are lower

This stanza describes the positions of ahaMkAra tatvAbhimAni dEvata-s i.e. garuDa, shESha & R^idra, who are in the same kaxa and then about the position of shaNmahiShi-s and the special characteristics of jAMbavatI dEvi (tuLasI dEvi).

1) garuDa

kAla nAmaka garuDa is is chittAbhimAni. The saMkalpa of manas is called chitta. He is the son of kashya muni & vinutA. aruNa (charioteer of sURya) is the elder brother of garuDa. He serves ParamAtma as His vehicle. He is the abhimAni for vaikArikAhaMkAra.

2) shESha

shESha dEvaru is buddhyAbhimAni. The ability to take decisions is related to buddhi. He was born to kashyapa R^iShi kadruvi. He is the abhimAni for taijasAhaMkAra. He was former R^idra. He serves ParamAtma by being His bed.

3) shashAMkadaLa shEkhara

'shashi' means moon. shasha - is related to moon. chaMdra is also called shashAMka. chaMdra has 16 kaLe-s. Among these there is one svarUpa kaLe and the other 15 kaLe-s are the increasing order in the size of the moon in shukla paxa from amAvAsya. Each of these kaLe-s are called 'daLa'. mahAR^idra dEvaru holds on such kaLe on his head. He therefore called chaMdrashEkara. puruSha sUkta says, "chaMdramA manasOjAtaH..", i.e. chaMdra was born from the manas of puruSha rUpi ParamAtma. Thus, R^idra who wears chaMdra on his head is manObhimAni. He is tAmasAhaMkAra abhimAni.

As discussed earlier, garuDa has no avatAra. The present R^idra would be shESha in the next kalpa. Thus shESha is slightly above R^idra.

4) bhAratI

bhAratI dEvi is the consort of vAyu dEvaru. This has been discussed earlier.

5) sarasijAsana patnI

sarsija - means the lotus that grows in water. While shrIman nArAyaNa was lying on the xIra samudra as padmanAbha rUpi ParamAtma, a Lotus Flower shot out from His Navel, just by His ichChA. Since laxmI dEvi exists in this Navel Flower, it was a Golden Lotus Flower. chatuRmukha brahma was born there. He is therefore called sarsijAsana. His consort is saraswatI dEvi, who is vEdAbhimAni. She holds the kachChapI vINa in her hand and hums the vEda-s in a pleasant tone. bhAratI dEvi is future saraswatI. Thus saraswatI is slightly higher than bhAratI dEvi.

6) harimaDadi

During kR^iShNAvatAra, ParamAtma had 6 wives by the names - nIla, bhadrA, mitraviMdA, kALiMdI, laxaNa & jaMbavatI. They are referred as shaNmahiShi-s. Along with rukmiNI & satyabhAma He would then be said to have aShTamahiShi-s.

7) jAMbavatiyoLu

jAMbavatI dEvi is most important among the shaNmahiShi-s. jAMbavatI is the adopted daughter of bhallUka rAja jAMbavaMta. When samaMtaka maNi was lost and it was to be located, kR^iShNa entered the cave and fought with him. bhallUka rAja fought well and finally kR^iShNa showed him His rAma rUpa. jAMbavaMta offered his obeisance to kR^iShNa and offered jAMbavatI in marriage to kR^iShNa. jAMbavatI had a higher degree laxmI AvESha in terms of beauty, youth & radiance than the other 5 of the ShaNmahiShi-s.

During samudramathana (amR^itamathana), ParamAtma took the form of dhanvaMtrI and rose from the sea bed holding amR^ita (nectar) in a golden vessel. By His mAya drops of Tears fell from His eyes into the vessel of nectar. At that time jAMbavatI was born as tuLasI. She was jAMbavatI indeed. She received her j~nAna from R^idra in his jaigIShavya rUpa.

Reference for the above:-

tulasI jAMbavatItyuktA laxmyAvEshEna saMyutA tayA saMpUjayEdbhaktA viShNulOkamavApnuyAt ta -----padma purANa

In tAratamya, tuLasI is to be praised or remembered after R^idra and pARvatI

a) When jAMbavatI has complete laxmyAvESha, she is equal to shESha

b) When that AvEsha is not there, she is 20 guNa-s superior to pradyumna but 5 guNa-s lesser than shESha (balarAma). This is the speciality of jAMbavatI among the ShaNmahiShi-s.

References for the above:-

"tayaivAnyAH saRvadAnupraviShTAstAsAM jAMbavatI pradhAnA" -----niRNaya

"ramAvEshAdhikyakAlE pradyumnAt viMshadguNAdhikAH"

---tAratamya koustubhe

However, nIla, bhadrA, mitraviMdA, kALiMdI & laxaNa are lower than garuDa, shESha & R^idra by 5 vijAti guNa-s.

nIla bhadrA mitraviMdA

mElenipa kALiMdi laxaNe

bAleyarigiMtadhama vAruNi soupaRNi girijA

shrIlakumiyuta rEvatI siri

mUlarUpadi pEyaLenipaLu

shailajAdyaru dashaguNAdhama tamma patigaLige.......HKAS_21-13

nIla = nIlA dEvi

bhadrA = bhadrA dEvi

mitraviMdA = mitraviMdA dEvi

mElenipa = jAMbavatI - is superior due to higher degree of laxmyAvEsha in her

kALiMdi = kALiMdI dEvi

laxaNe = laxaNa dEvi

bAleyarigiMtadhama = the following are lower by than ShaNmahiShi-s by 5 vijAti guNa-s

vAruNI = vAruNI dEvi - consort of shESha

soupaRNI = soupaRNI dEvi - consort of shESha

girijA = girijA nAmaka pARvatI dEvi - consort of R^idra

shrIlakumiyuta = AvEsha of laxmI in terms of radiance & beauty

rEvatI = rEvatI dEvi - consort of balarAma

mUlarUpadi = her mUla rUpa of vAruNI

pEyaLenipaLu = called as 'pEya'

shailajAdyaru = daughter of himAchala rAja i.e. pARvatI & vAruNI & soupaRNI

tamma patigaLige = to their respective husbands

dashaguNAdhamaru = lower by 10 vijAti guNa-s

This stanza explains about the position of ShaNmahiShi-s of kR^iShNa and then those lower than them i.e.vAruNI, soupaRNI & pARvatI

1) nIlA dEvi

Formerly, she was the daughter of kAvyabAla. From her young days itself, she had the desire to be married to shrI kR^iShNa. To achieve this she did penance in shESha paRvata. ParamAtma granted her this boon - that he would marry her during kR^iShNAvatAra. During dvApara yuga, nIlA was born to kuMbhaka (brother-in-law) of naMdagOpa. nagnajita rAja of kOsala arranged for her svayaMvara. There were 7 daitya-s in the form of bulls, who were troubling sajjana-s of that time. nagnajita rAja said that he would marry off his daughter nIlA to that person who would bind these bulls. Many kings came forward to do the same, but they failed in their attempt. shrI kR^iShNa of yadukula bound all these bulls in a single attempt. nIlA put the garland around the neck of shrI kR^iShNa. Thus nIlA became one of His shaNmahiShi-s.

narahari AvEsha saMyuta

nara puraMdara gAdhi kusha maM

daradyumna vikuxivAli iMdranavatAra

bharata brahmAviShTa sAMba su

darushana pradyumna sanakA

dyaroLagippa sanatkumAranu shaNmukha kAma...........HKAS_21-14

iMdrana = iMdra's

avatAra = avatAra

nara = nara nAmaka shESha dEvaru

hari = shrIman nArAyaNa

AvEsha saMyuta = AvEsha in these persons

nara = aRjuna

puraMdara = puraMdara nAmaka iMdra avatAra

gAdhi = gAdhi - father of vishvAmitra

kusha = kusha - son of shrI rAma

maMdaradyumna = maMdaradyumna avatAra

vikuxi = vikuxi rAja - born in ixvAku vaMsha

vAli = brother of sugrIva ( all these are avatAra of iMdra)

kAma = avatAra of manmatha

bharata = bharata - younger brother of rAma

brahmAviShTa = having AvEsha of brahma dEvaru

sAMba = sAMba - son of jAMbavatI

sudarushana = sudaRshana chakra

pradyumna = pradyumna (son of shrI kR^iShNa)

sanakAdyaroLagippa = one among the sanakAdi R^iShi-s

sanatkumAranu = sanatkumAra

shaNmukha = ShaDAnana - son of R^idra (all these are avatAra of kAma dEvaru)

The explanation for this stanza has been taken from bhAvaprakAshike.

The avatAra of aRjuna is a combination of narAMsha & AvEsha of ParamAtma. MBTN 12th Chaper states as under:-

"itIritAsAhvayadAshuvAsavaM tataH prajajj~nEsvayamEvashakraH sajARjunOnAma narAMshayuktO viShNAvEShI balvanastvEttA" ----12.99

After listening to pAMDu rAja, kuMtI dEvi invoked iMdra by the power of her maMtra. iMdra was born to kuMti as aRjuna. He was very strong and had understood all shAstra-s very well. This is what must be understood as 'narahari AvEsha saMyuta'. kR^iShNa-aRjuna are called nArAyaNa-nara.

aRjuna is thus called 'nara' by JagannAtha dAsa. 'narahari AvEshayutanara' means nara rUpa having narAMsha, which indicates aRjuna. puraMdara means dEvEMdra.

14th adhyAya of viShNu rahasya states as under:-

EshaEvamanuRjAtaH saptamO hiravEsutaH--------------37

ixvAkumukhyAstasyAsuH putrAdashamahAbalA iMdraH puraMdarastatru dEvArUdrAdayastathA--------38

During the end of the 6th manvaMtara, ParamAtma took matsyAvatAra in satyavrata rAja and advised tatvOpadEsha. By the anugraha of ParamAtma he was born of vivaRsvA (son of sURya) - shrAddha dEvaru & vaivasvta and was the adhipti of this manvaMtara. He had 19 children including ixvAsu & others. In that manvaMtara, puraMdara (son of kashyapa) was the iMdra. That is why iMdra is called puraMdara.

4th adhyAya of MBTN says:-

"tatahsuvaMshE shashinah prasUtE gAdhIti shakranuchOsyajAsIt"

Gist - dEvEMdra was born as gAdhi rAja in chaMdra vaMsha. vishvAmitra was his son.

9th adhyAya say:-

"dEvyAMsachAjanaya diMdrahutAshanoudvouputrouyamA kushalavA balinou guNADhyou"

Gist - shrI rAma & sItA dEvi had iMdra & agni as kusha & lava respectively as their sons. They were twin children. They had immense strength and guNa-s.

44th adhyAya of viShNu rahasya says:-

"ShAShTastu chaxuShAh putraH chAxuxO manurIritaH maMdaradyumna svayaM shakraH aiMdraMpadamAshata"-------8

Gist - chAxuSha was the son of chaxuSha (6th manu). iMdra himself ruled the iMdra lOka as maMdaradyumna.

vikuxi rAja (son of ixvAku rAja) was avatAra of iMdra. vAli is also avatAra of iMdra.

Now, JagannAtha dAsa describes about the avatAra-s of manmatha.

bharata (son of kaikEyI), who was the younger brother of shrI rAma, was earlier manmatha.

Reference from MBTN:-

pURvaM harEshchakramabhUddhi duRgA tamaHstthitA shrIriti yAM vadanti satvAtmikA sha~NkhamathO rajasthA bhUnAmikA padmamabhUddharEhiM---3.73

gadA tu vUyuRbalasaMvidAtmA shAR~Ngashcha vidyEti ramaiva khaDgaH duRgAtmikA saiva cha chaRmanAmnI pa~nchAtmakO mAruta eva bANAH----3.74

evaM sthitEShvEva purAtanEShu varAd rathA~NgatvApa kAmaH tatsUnutAmApa cha sOOniruddhO brahmOdbhavaH sha~NkhatanuH pumAtmA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.75

tAvEva jAtou bharatashcha nAmnA shatrughna ityEva cha rAmatOnu pURva sumitrAtanayashcha shESha sa laxmaNO nam raghUttamAdanu-----3.76

Gist - Primarily, the 3 rUpa-s of satva, rajO & tamO guNAtmaka laxmI dEvi in the from of shrI, bhU & duRga exist in the shaMkha, padma & chakra in their respective rUpa-s. vAyu, who is endowed with strength and knowledge exists as gadA (mace). vidyA nAmaka ramA dEvi exists as shAraMga dhanussu (bow). ramA dEvi also exists as khaDga. duRgA dEvi being chaRma and paMcha prANa rUpi vAyu dEvaru being arrows - under these conditions manmatha obtained the chakravaRti status.

aniruddha (son of manmatha) obtained boon. Born to brahma dEvaru as shaMkha rUpa, he reached the hands of ParamAtma. These two were born as bharata & shatrughna to kaikEyi & sumitra respectively.

sudarushana - shrIman nArAyaNa chakra is called 'sudaRshana'.

1) satvaguNAbhimAni shrI dEvi (laxmI dEvi) is shaMkha rUpi

2) rajO guNAbhimAni bhU dEvi is padma rUpi

3) tamO guNAbhimAni duRgA dEvi is chakra rUpi

4) vAyu dEvaru (bala-j~nAnAtmaka) is gadA rUpi

5) vidyA nAmaka ramA dEvi is shaRj~nga rUpi

6) ramA dEvi herself is khadga rUpi

7) duRgA dEvi is chaRma rUpi

8) prANA and other 4 rUpa-s of vAyu are bANa rUpa

This has been discussed in MBTN above. Based on this, manmatha was sudaRshana chakra - and he was bharata. Thus kAma was bharata & sudARshana.

sAMba (son of jAMbuvatI) was manmatha from brahma dEvara aMsha. Reference from 17th adhyAya of MBTN is as under:-

"adhApa sAMbanAmakaM sutaMcharOhiNIharEH chatuRmukhAMsha saMyutaMkumAramEva ShaNmukaM"

After kR^iShNa married jAMbavati & satyabhAma rOhiNI was gifted with sAMba (rOhiNI is called jAMbavatI. Since she was the daughter of jAMbUvaMta, she became famous as jAMbavatI. Her first name was rOhiNI). This sAMba was previously ShaNmukha - born from the aMsha of brahma dEvaru.

Thus it is derived that manmatha is also sAMba via brahmAvEsha and ShaNmukha as described above.

pradyumna - was born as avatAra of kAma to shrI kR^iShNa & rukmiNI. Since ParamAtma was present in him as pradyumnAMsha, the child was called 'pradyumna'. He was especially handsome and bright. He married rukmavatI and was gifted with a son called aniruddha. rukmavatI is ratI dEvi.

sanatkumAra - He is one among the four sons of brahma dEvaru i.e. sanaka, sanaMdana, sanasujAta, sanatkumAra. They are serious tapasvi-s. sanatkumAra was the avatAra of brahma dEvaru. He was indeed born as pradyumna to shrI kR^iShNa & rukmiNI.

ShaNmukha - is the son of R^idra and pARvatI dEvi. Since he was born in a garden of 'daRbhe' (a typical grass), he was called sharavaNabhava (sharavaNa - means daRbhE). When he was a child he suckled the 6 kR^ittikAxatrAbhimAni dEvata-s. Since he sukled them at the same time he came to be known as 'ShaNmukha' or 'ShaDAnana'. He was also called sEvAni, kumara & skaMdha. He became the sEnAdhipati of the dEvata-s and killed tArakAsura.

> "Sukumar S C" wrote:

>

>>>Even brahma dEvaru could not have touched it.

>

> Sorry, I should have written as follows: ---"By the anugraha of brahma dEvaru to kali, none could have touched that poison"

>

>

>> --> Pls clarify as to whether Vayu is greater in strength than Brahma Devaru. I am little unclear on this.

>

> brahma dEvaru is certainly superior to vAyu dEvaru in tAratamya.

vAyu is yet to perform sAdhana for one more kalpa

>

> Thank you for your minute observation.

>

> Regards

>

> Moudgalya

Rgds

Iraidu guNa kaDime pARvati

vAruNIyarigiMdra kAma sha

rIramAni prANa dashaguNavavara shakranige

mArajArati daxa guru vR^i

trAdijAyA shachi svayaMbhuva

rArujana sama prANagavararu hattu guNadiMda.............HKAS_21-15

pARvati vAruNiyarige = to pARvatI dEvi & vArunI dEvi

iMdra kAma = iMdra & kAma

Iraidu guNa kaDime = lower by 10 vijAti guNa-s

sharIramAni = tvagIMdriyAbhimAni

prANa = ahaMkArika prANa (in jIvOttama prANa dEvaru)

shakranige = to iMdra (including kAma)

dashaguNa avara = lower by 10 vijAti guNa-s

mArajA = aniruddha (son of manmatha)

rati = ratI dEvi - consort of kAma

daxa = daxa prajApati

guru = brahaspatyAchARya

vR^itrAdijAyA = wife of iMdra, who kiled vR^itrAsura & others

shachi = shachi dEvi

svayaMbhuva = svayaMbhu manu

Arujana = these 6 persons

sama = are equal to each other

prANage = to ahaMkArika prANa

hattu guNadiMda = by 10 vijAti guNa-s

avararu = are lower

Some understandings from this stanza are:-

1) iMdra and kAma are lower than pARvatI, vAruNI & soupaRNI by 10 vijAti guNa-s

2) ahaMkArika prANa, being the tvagIMdriyAbhimAni and since the tvagIMdriya pervades for head to toe, he is the abhimAni for sthUla dEha. He is one among the 49 marut-s. Here prANa must not be construed as mukhya prANa. ahaMkArika prANa is lower to iMdra & kAma by 10 vijAti guNa-s

3) mArajA - mAra means manmatha. aniruddha is the son of manmatha. aniruddha is thus mArajA. This aniruddha was born as pradyumna to rukmiNi-kR^iShNa in dvApara yuga. pradyumna is avatAra of manmatha. aniruddha married rOchana (grand-daughter of rukmi) and was gifted with a son called vajra.

4) ratI dEvi - consort of manmatha and daughter of daxabrahma. She was gifted with beauty and youth.

5) daxa - son of brahma dEvaru. He is hastAbhimAni dEvata. daxa was born from the thumb of the right hand of brahma dEvaru during svayaMbhu manvaMtara. His daughter is called dAxAyaNI nAmaka paRvatI. He is thus the father-in-law of R^idra.

6) guru - refers to brahaspatyAchARya, who is the son of aMgirasa muni. He protects the lOka-s by his agni rUpa. tArA dEvi is consort. His son is kacha. svAhA dEvi (wife of agni) is the daughter of brahaspatyAchARya. 7) vR^itrAri jAyA - vR^itrAri is the iMdra who killed vR^itrAri sura. jAyA is the wife of iMdra - meaning shachI dEvi. vR^itrArisura was born to kill iMdra. iMdra used the backbone of dadhIchiR^iShi as vajrAyudha and killed vR^itrArisura. He thus came to be known as vR^itrArijAyA. shachi dEvi is the queen of iMdra. shachi was the daughter of pulOma asura. shachi is thus called 'poulOmi'. Her son was jayaMta. While nahuSha was iMdra, he fell in love with shachi and he was thus cursed by agastya muni to become a boa-contrictor (a large S snake that kills animals for food by winding its long body around them and crushing them). And by the curse from brahma dEvaru, shachi was destined to be part of droupadi sharIra and be the wife of aRjuna (iMdrAMsha).-----see HKAS_21-10

8) svayaMbhu manu - he is manvaMtarAdhipati and upasthatatvAbhimAni.

aniruddha, ratI dEvi, daxaprajApati, guru brahaspatyAchARya, shachI dEvi and svayaMbhu manu - these 6 dEvata-s are all equal to each other. They are in the same kaxa. However, they are lower than ahaMkAra prANa by 10 vijAti guNa-s.

kAmaputraniruddha sItA

rAmanAnuja shatruhana bala

rAmanAnuja poutrananiruddhanoLaganiruddha

kAmabhARyA rugmavati sa

nnAma laxaNaLenisuvaLu pou

lOmi chitrAMgadeyu tArAveraDu pesarugaLu.............HKAS_21-16

kAmaputraniruddha = aniruddha (son of kAma) has 2 avatAra-s

sItArAmanAnuja = younger brother of shrI rAma (husband of sItA dEvi)

shatruhana = shatrughna

balarAmanAnuja = younger brother of balarama (i.e. shrI kR^iShNa)

poutrananiruddhanoLu = in aniruddha (who is the grandson) (pradyumna is the son of kR^iShNa & aniruddha is the son of pradyumna and hence poutra - grandson)

aniruddha = exists AvEsha of aniruddha nAmaka ParamAtma

kAmabhARyA = ratI dEvi - wife of manmatha has 2 avatAra-s

rugmavati = rugmavati (daughter of rukmi, who is the elder brother of rukmiNi)

sannAma = another good name

laxaNaLenisuvaLu = laxaNa dEvi avatAra

poulOmi = shachi dEvi (wife of iMdra) has 2 avatAra-s

chitrAMgadeyu = chitrAMgade (wife of aRjuna)

tArA = tArA (wife of vAli)

eraDu pesarugaLu = these are the two names

In this stanza, JagannAtha dAsa explains the avatAra-s of aniruddha (son of kAma), ratI dEvi (wife of kAma) & shachI dEvi (wife of iMdra).

aniruddha has 2 avatAra-s as described below:-

1) 'bharata' - sItA's husband rAmachaMdra dEvaru had three younger brothers - bharata, laxmaNa & shatrughna. Among them laxmaNa was shEShAMsha, bharata was the avatAra of manmatha & shatrughna was the aMsha of aniruddha. aniruddha, who was the son of manmatha, was born as shatrughna to king dasharatha & sumitra dEvi. manmatha had performed penance and earned the anugraha of ParamAtma and became the abhimAni for the chakrAyudha of ParamAtma and aniruddha (son of manmatha became the shaMkhAbhimAni for ParamAtma. aniruddha (son of kAma) has the aMsha of aniruddha nAmaka ParamAtma. Thus shatrughna is the aMsha of aniruddha. The reference lies in "aniruddhayuk shatrughnOOniruddhOO rAmanaMdanaH"

2) 'aniruddha' - shrI kR^iShNa was the younger brother of balarAma. rukmiNI dEvi (with kR^iShNa) was gifted with a son called pradyumna. pradyumna's son was aniruddha. Thus aniruddha here was the grandson of kR^iShNa (poutrananiruddhanoLaganiruddha), aniruddha nAmaka kAma putra is aniruddha avatAra

ratI dEvi has 2 avatAra-s as under:-

1) 'rukmavatI' - ratI dEvi is wife of manmatha (kAmabhARyA). She took avatAra as rukmavatI - the daughter of rukmI (elder brother of rukmiNI dEvi). pradyumna (manmatha avatAra), who was the son of kR^iShNa-rukmiNI, married rukmavatI. aniruddha is the son pradyumna-rukmavatI.

2) 'laxaNa' - She was the daughter of duRyOdhana. She was ratI dEvi indeed. Previously, alaxmI dEvi (wife of kali) was born as daughter of kAshI rAja. (This does not refer to the other daughter of kAshI rAja, who was called bhAratI). duRyOdhana had married her. In her earlier life, she had married axakumAra (son of rAvaNa), who was killed by being hit on his thighs by hanumaMta by his mace. He was laxaNa and his sister was laxaNe. She was the beloved wife of ShaNmukha previously. ShaNmukha was the avatAra of manmatha. While duRyOdhana arranged for the svayaMvara of laxaNa, sAMba (son of jAMbavatI) eloped her. laxaNe too was keen on this. Since sAMba was the avatAra of sAMba, ratI dEvi aMsha laxaNa became his wife. Thus, rugmavatI (daughter of rugmi) married pradyumna of shri kR^iShNa. The 2nd avatAra of ratI dEvi is laxaNa (daughter of duRyOdhana), who married sAMba (son of kR^iShNa).

References for above:-

"tasyAM sutaM tvajanayatvuru asayOxaH kayApurA priya tamAMcha -----------------------MBTN_Ch.19

duRyOdhanasyasaputrI ratiRyA pURvaM nAmnA laxaNA kAMta rUpa svayaMvarathAM tAM balainaiva sAMbOjagrAhA chaina mAsAnuraktA ------------------------MBTN_Ch.22

'poulOmi' - She is the wife of pulOma (another name of iMdra). She is therefore shachI dEvi. shachI dEvi has 2 avatAra-s as under:-

'chitrAMgade' & 'tArA' -

chitrAMgade was the wife of aRjuna. During dvApara yuga, she was born as the daughter of chitravAhana (king of maNalUru). chitravAhana was also known as vIrasEna. maNalUru was the capital of the kingdom of pAMDya dEsha. aRjuna had come as a pilgrim to pAMDya dEsha. There he married chitrAMgade just as gaMdhaRva-s do. aRjuna-chitrAMgade had a son called babruvAhana. vIrasEna mahArAja was the aMsha of tvaShTA nAmaka sURya. He has AvEsha of yama. Until babruvAhana was born, aRjuna stayed with chitrAMgade and then he left her, previously shachI dEvi was tArA dEvi as wife of vAli. During dvApara yuga when vAli had an encounter with duMdhubhi, vAli entered the cave and was fighting with duMdubhi. Since vAli did not return for many days, sugrIva (vAli's younger brother) thought that vAli must be dead and closed the mouth of the cave with a big rock and returned to town and took over as king of kiShkiMda. He then married tArA (who was wife of vAli) as per the rules of vAnara vaRga. For this reason, aRjuna did not stay with chitrAMgade (former tArA) for a long time. [Please note that this tArA dEvi is different from brahaspatyAchARya's wife tArA dEvi].

tAranAmaka trEteyoLu sI

tAramaNanArAdhisidanu sa

mIrayuktOddhavanu kR^iShNage prIyanenisidanu

vArijAsanayukta drONanu

mUru iLeyoLu bR^ihaspatigava

tAraveMbaru mahAbhArata tAtpaRyadoLage........HKAS_21-17

iLeyoLu = on this earth

bR^ihaspatige = to brahaspatyAchARya

mUru avatAra = has 3 avatAra-s

trEteyoLu = in trEtA yuga

sItAramaNana = sItA pati rAmachaMdra

tAranAmaka = by the name tArA in his kapi rUpa

ArAdhisidanu = has served

samIrayukta = having AvEsha of vAyu dEvaru

uddhavanu = by the name uddhava

kR^iShNage prIyanenisidanu = very devoted to kR^iShNa in dvApara yuga

vArijAsanayukta = having brahma dEvara Avesha

drONanu = drONAchARya, who taught weaponry in dvApara yuga

mahAbhArata tAtpaRyadoLage = in mahAbhArata tAtpaRya niRNaya

eMbaru = the 3 above avatAra-s are described

bhAvaprakAshike explains as under:-

brahaspatyAchARya has 3 avatAra-s.

In order to serve rAma dEvaru in trEtA yuga, he was born as tAra as described in 3rd adhyAya of MBTN referred below:-

.....brahaspatistAra utO shachI cha shakrasya bhARyaiva babhUva tAra----3.68

bR^ihaspatiRbrahmasutOpi pURvaM sahaiva shacyA manasObhijAtaH bramOdbhavasyA~NgirasaH sutOObhUnmArIchajasyaiva shachI pulOmnaH-3.69

sa Eva shachyA saha vanarOObhUt svasambhavO dEvaguruRbR^ihaspatiH abhUt suShENO varuNOOshvinou cha babhUvatustou vividashcha maindaH---3.70

Gist - as guru brahaspatyAchaRya & shachI dEvi (wife of iMdra) - also called tAra, they were born as brother and sister. This tArA was the wife of vAli (avatAra of iMdra). Earlier, bR^ihaspatyAchARya was the son of brahma dEvaru. He was born from the manas of brahma along with shachI dEvi. At that time too they were brother-sister. In between, for one janma they were different. He was born to aMgirasa R^iShi and she was born as daughter to marIchi R^iShi (a dAnava). That is how shachI dEvi came to be called as poulOmi. The same brahaspatyachaRya was born to shachI dEvi as vAnara rUpi - meaning dEva guru brahaspatyAchARya was born as tAra and it must not be construed that tAra was born as kapi rUpi to brahaspatyachaRya.

During dvApara yuga, brahasptyAchARya was born with vAyu dEvaru AvEsha in order to serve shrI kR^iShNa as indicated in MBTN referred below:-

bR^ihaspatiH pURvamabhIddharEJ padaM samsEvituM pavanAvEshayuktaH sa uddhavO nAma yadupravIrAjjAtO vidvAnupagavanAmadhEyAt------12.100

drONAtmakaM nAtitarAM svasEvakam kuRyAddhariRmAmiti bhUya Eva sa udbhavAtmAAvatatAra yAdavEShvAsEvanARthaM puruShOttamasya----12.101

In order to serve ParamAtma, brahaspatyAchaRya was born as drONAchaRya with brahmAvEsha. Not satisfied with this, he was born to upagava (a yAdava) as uddhava with vAyu AvEsha. Why? Because, he thought ParamAtma may not accept his services in the form drONa, therefore his birth as uddhava. Meaning - brahaspatyAchARya, who was born with brahmAvEsha as drONa, was also born later as uddhava.

Thus the order of births of brahaspatyAchARya is tAra -> drONa -> uddhava.

If one argues that, this differs from what JagannAtha dAsa means in his stanza, it would be wrong because, JagannAtha dAsa did not mean the order of names of those births, but he meant to mention the names only.

MBTN clarifies that drOna was indeed brahaspatyAchaRya in the following stanza:-

yadA hi jAtaH sa kR^ipastadai bR^ihaspatEH sUnuragAchcha ga~NgAm snAtuM dhR^itAchIM sa dadaRsha tatra shlathaddukUlAM suravaRyakAminIm ---------11.61

taddaRshanAt skannamathEndriyaM sa drONE dadhArAAshu tatOObhavat svayam ambhOjajAvEshayutO bR^ihaspatiH kaRtuM harEH kaRma bhuvO ---------11.62

drONEtinAmAssya chakAra tAtO ------------------------------------------------11.63

When kR^ipAchARya was born on earth, at that same time bharadvAja (son of brahaspatyAchARya) had come to gaMgA river for a bath. At that time, he saw ghR^itAchi (apasarA strI), who was bathing there while she was partially clothed and he was uncontrollably excited. Since he possessed 'amOgha vIRya', he collected his 'vIRya' in drONa (a leaf vessel). It was here that drONAchARya was born as bR^ihaspatyAchaRya with brahma dEvaru AvEsha in order to assist ParamAtma in to reduce the burden of mother earth (bhU bhAra).

JagannAtha dAsa, very nicely uses the references from MBTN to explain this stanza.

manu mukhyAdyarigiMta pravahanu

guNadi paMchaka nIchanenisuva

ina shashAMkaru dhaRmamAnavi eraDu guNadiMda

kaniyareniparu pravahagiMtali

dinapa shashi yamadhaRmarUpaga

Lanudinadi chiMtipudu saMtaru saRvakAladali....HKAS_21-18

pravahanu = pravaha vAyu dEvaru

manu = svayaMbhu manu

mukhyAdyarigiMta = and other 5 dEvata-s (aniruddha, rati, guru, daxa & shachi)

guNadi paMchaka = by 5 vijAti guNa-s

nIchanenisuva = are less

pravahagiMtali = to pravaha vAyu

ina = vivasvAn nAmaka sURya

shashAMkanu = chaMdra

dhaRma = yama dhaRma rAya

mAnavi = shatarUpA dEvi - wife of svayaMbhu manu (since she is wife of manu, she is called mAnavi)

eraDu guNadiMda = by 2 vijAti guNa-s

kaniyareniparu = they are less

dinapa = dinAbhimAni i.e. sURya

shashi = nishAbhimAni i.e. chaMdra

yamadhaRma = yama dhaRma rAya

rUpagaLanu = the rUpa-s of these dEvata-s (tadaMgaRta bhagavad rUpa-s

saMtaru = j~nAni-s

saRvakAladali = at all times

anudinadi = every second

chiMtipudu = must remember them

pravaha - pravaha vAyu is one among the 49 marut-s. He is the adhipati for vAyavya direction (North-West). He is also known as nAsikya, bhoutika & ativAha. Reference for this lies in the following:-

"nAsikyastu sa EvOktO bhoutikastu sa Evacha ativAha sa EvOktaH yatO gamyO mumuxubhiriti"-----bR^ihattAratamye

The process of breathing through our nAsikEMdriya consists of:- pUraka - the process of breathing in fresh air (Oxygen) through our nose rEchaka - the process of exhaling used air (Carbondioxide) Therefore, he is called 'nAsikya'. However, nAsatya & dasra (ashvini dEvata-s) who are the nAsikEMdriyAbhimAni-s are bhUtavAyu abhimAni-s thus, he is also called 'bhoutika'. Since he is obtainable or accessible to mumUxa-s, he is called 'ativAhaka'

In the stanza, '.pravahanu guNadi paMchaka nIchanenisuva' - means that pravaha vAyu is lower than the following 6 dEvata-s - svayaMbhu manu, aniruddha, rati, brahaspatyAchARya, daxa & shachi).

ina - is sURya. This must be understood as vivasvAn nAmaka sURya.

chaMdra - is digdEvata. He is abhimAni for strOtrEMdriya-s. He is one among the navagraha-s. atri muni was created by brahma dEvaru. atri muni was once engrossed in deep penance. Powerful rays of light radiated from his eyes. These rays reached in all directions. These rays fell on xIra samudra too. brahma dEvaru brought together all the rays and created puruShAkAra chaMdra. chaMdra rose from xIra samudra. Thus chaMdra is son of atri. ashvini and other 27 naxatra-s (are daughters of daxa brahma). Thus is is also called 'uDurAja'. He is the king of vanaspati-s. rohiNi is most loved by him among the 27 naxatra-s. He has 16 kale-s. He begot budha through tAra (wife of brahaspatyAchARya).

dhaRma - he decides which of our actions are dhaRma or adhaRma. He is very gentle to sajjana-s. He is thus called 'yama'. He is the adhipati for daxiNa (South direction). He is son of sURya & saMj~nA dEvi. yamuna is the yougher sister of yama. shani is the step brother of yama. shani is the son of bhARyA dEvi. By a curse from aNimAMDavya muni, yama was born as a shUdra on bhU lOka. Vidura was the avatAra of yama. vidura was son of a dAsi (servant) & vEdavyAsa. yama was born as dhaRmarAya or yudhiShThira to kuMti as the eldest son of king pAMDu. He was pleased by the pativratya of sAvitri and saved satyavAn.

mAnavi - is shatarUpA dEvi who is the wife of svayaMbhu manu - thus called mAnavi. She too is the abhimAni for 'upasthatatva' - just like svayaMbhu manu.

The above 4 dEvata-s i.e. sURya, chaMdra, yamadhaRma & shatarUpA dEvi are lower than pravaha vAyu by 2 vijAti guNa-s.

dinapa - is sURya who is dinAdhipati. By performing the sURYa maMtra one obtains long life, all wishes are fulfilled, and one is free from all diseases.

shashi - is chaMdra. By remembering chaMdra one obtains bhOga prApti and begets progenies.

yama - by remembering yama all our sins are destroyed and our sufferings in hell is reduced apart from escaping untimely death.

In this way, j~nAni-s must remember sURya, chaMdra & yama constantly at all times.

marutanAvEshayuta dhaRmaja

karaDi viduranu satyajitu I

reraDu dhaRmana rUpa brahmAviShTa sugrIva

hariya rUpAviShTa kaRNanu

taruNigeraDavatAra chaMdrama

surapanAvEshayutanaMgadanenisikoLutippa.......HKAS_21-19

dhaRmana rUpa = avatAra-s of yama dhaRma rAya

IreraDu = the following four

dhaRmaja = yudhiShTira, who was born to kuMti by the power of maMtra of yamadhaRma

karaDi = jAMbavaMta - bhallUka rAja - king of bears

viduranu = vidura

satyajitu = satyajitu

marutanAvEshayuta = born with AvEsha of vAyu dEvaru

taraNige = to sURya

eraDavatAra = two avatAra-s

hariya rUpAviShTa = with the AvEsha of ParamAtma

brahmAviShTa sugrIva = sugrIva - having brahmAvEsha

kaRNanu = karaNa - eldest son of kuMti

chaMdrama = the avatAra-s of chaMdra are

surapanAvEshayuta = by iMdra AvEsha

aMgadanenisikoLutippa = aMgada - son of vAli

These explanations are taken from bhAvaprakAshika.

yamadhaRma had 4 avatAra-s as follows:-

1) yudhiShTira

He was the son of kuMti by the grace of yamadhaRma. He had the AvEsha of vAyu dEvaru as mentioned in MBTN:-

sa dhaRmajaH sudhARmikO bhavEddhi sUnuruttamaH itIratE tayA yamaH samAhutOOgamad drutaM------------ 12-32

tatashcha sadya Eva sA suShAva putramuttamaM yudhiShThiraM yamO hi saH prapEda AtmaputratAM------12-33

kuMti dEvi took permission from her husband pAMDu rAja and invoked yama dEvaru by the strength of her maMtra. yama dEvaru arrived immediately and she was instantly gifted with a son who was named yudhiShThira. yama was himself born as yudhiShThira in kuMti as per the above statement.

And that he had vAyu AvEsha is based on the following from MBTN:-

yudhiShThirAdaiShu chatuRgha vAyuH samAnaviShTaH phalgutOvishEShAt------------126

dhaRma rAja yudhiShThira was the 1st son of kuMti. Now, bhImasEna was himself vAya avatAra, therefore besides him among the other 4 brothers i.e. yudhiShThira, aRjuna, nakula & sahadEva, vAyu AvEsha was more prominent. vAyu AvEsha was 'soumya AvEsha' in yudhiShThira and 'vIra rUpa' in aRjuna.

2) karaDi

MBTN refers as under:-

.ya Eva pURvaM paramEShThivaxasastvagubhavO dhaRna ihAAsyatObhavat -----3.66

ya Eva sURyAt punarEva sa~nj~nayA nAmnA yamO daxiNadikpa AsIt sa jAmbavAn daivatakARyadaRshinA purAiva sR^iShTo mukhataH svayambhuvA -----3.67

He is jAMbuvaMta indeed. That dhaRma who was previously born from the skin on the heart of brahma dEvaru, the same dhaRma was born from the mouth of brahma dEvaru. And that yama who was previously born as son of vivasvAn sURya and saMj~nA dEvi and became the dikpAlaka of daxiNa (South direction), the same yama was born as jAMbuvaMta by the grace of brahma dEvaru, who knows the plans of ParamAtma and help Him to execute His plans successfully.

3) vidura

vidura was indeed yama dhaRma rAja as stated in the MBTN reference below:-

tasyAM sa dEvOOjani dhaRmarAjO mANDavyashApAd ya uvAha shUdratAm vasiShThasAmyaM samabhIpsamAnaM prAchyAvayannichChayA shApamApa -----11.132

According to the instructions received from his mother satyvati, vEdavyAsa gifted dhR^itarAShTra who was a blind child to aMbika and pAMDu who was bleached color to aMbAlika. These two were the wives of vichitravIRya (who was dead by then).

Since the 1st son was blind and the 2nd son looked bleached, satyavati requested vEdavyasa to gift the family a defectless child. After he agreed, she convinced aMbika to meet vEdavyAsa again to beget another child. However, aMbika was too scared to face vEdavyAsa. She deputed her 'dAsi' i.e. servant to vEdavyAsa, by decorating the dAsi very beautifully. She served vEdavyAsa with bhakti and yamadhaRma rAja was born as vidura to that dAsi, who was a shUdra. Why? Because, mAMDavya R^iShi was performing penance with the intention of obtaining equal status of vasiShTa. At that time, the there was burglary in the palace of the king hiMdEya of that kingdom. The thieves ran to save themselves and hid themselves in the Ashrama of mAMDavya R^iShi. At mAMDavya was in deep penance and was not aware of what was happening around him. The gaurds of the king came in search of the thieves and found them hiding in the Ashrama. They believed that mAMDavya too must be part of the gang of thieves and carried him together with the thieves to the king and as per the orders of the king they were all jailed & sent to death by piercing them with a sharp weapon.

Even at that time, mAMDavya was in a state of deep penance. All the other thieves died in jail, while mAMDavya was still in penance. After many years, he woke up from his penance and realized that he was in jail and spiked by a weopon. He asked the gaurds to call the king and meet him. The king was aghast and asked forgivance from mAMdavya. Since the weapon was stuck in the body of mADavya, it could not be removed. Therefore, the king cut of the weapon. The remaining part of the weapon remained in the body of mAMDavya. He thus came to be known as 'aNi mAMdavya'.

mAMDavya realized by the power of his penance that this was not the punishment metted by the king but it was as per the prEraNa of yama and forgave the king. From there, mAMDavya went straight to yama and asked his as to why he was given this punishment with a weapon. Although the actual reason was that yama had done this to prevent mAMDavya from obtaining the equal status with vasiShTa, yama prepared himself to accept any shApa (curse) to be given by mAMDavya and said to mAMDavya, "When you were a child, you used to kill flies by piercing stick into the body of the flies.". This was the lie yama told mAMDavya. Since this was a lie told by yama in order to destroy the tapas of mAMDavya, this was not construed as an offence at all.

mAMdavya was angry and said, "Even if I done such actions ignorantly when I was child, this cannot be the punishment metted to me. You are lying to me by hiding the truth. Therefore, you shall be born as a shUdra on earth." By giving such a curse, all the phala accumulated by mAMDavya by way of his penance was destroyed. Thus yama accepted the curse on his own volition.

Thus yama was born as vidura - the son of shUdra to vEdavyAsa. vidura was a great j~nAni.

4) satyajitu

This is another avatAra of yama. Reference for this lies in 27th adhyAya of viShNu rahasya as under:-

"...tR^itIyOtvaMtarE brahmanmuttamOnAmavaimanuH-------4

yaH stanAda bhavadviShNOh sadhaRmastviMdratAMgataH satyajinnAma vikhyAtO dhaRmAdajaniyaH svayaM-------------5

uttama who was the 3rd manu, was indeed the son of priyavR^ita rAja. Previously, yama who was born from the right side of ParamAtma, was now born as satyajit. He was iMdra in the 3rd manvaMtara.

sURya has 2 avatAra-s

1) sugrIva

sugrIva was sURya having brahma dEvaru AvEsha and born as 'kapi'. This is referred in 3rd adhyAya of MBTN saying, - "sugrIva asitparamEShTitEjasAsutOraviH"

2) kaRNa

This is the 2nd avatAra of sURya. This is referred in MBTN as under:-

....suvAkyaprayatvatOOpi tamathAAsasAda bhAskaraH------------11.148

sa tatra jaj~nivAn svayaM dvitIyarUpakO vibhuH saRvamadivyakuNDalO jvalanniva svatEjasA------------------------11.149

purA sa vAlimAraNaprabhUtadOShakAraNAt sahasravaRmanAminAAsurENa vEShTitOOjani---------------------11.150

yathA grahaiRvidUShyatE matiRnR^iNAM tathaiva hi abhUchcha daityadUShitA matiRdivAkarAtmanaH------------------11.151

tathAApi rAmasEvanAddharEshcha sannidhAnayuk sudaRshanIyakaRNataH sa kaRNanAmakOObhavat-----------------11.152

kaRNa was the 1st son of kuMti. By the power of the maMtra of kuMti dEvi, sURya arrived in front of her and gifted her a son (in his own rUpa of sURya) called kaRNa. kaRNa had beautiful earings and a gleaming kavacha embedded on him at birth itself. However, in his previous janma as sugrIva, he was a party to kill his brother vAli, since he then had the AvEsha of sahasravaRma daitya. Just as the bhUta graha-s trouble humans, in the same way sURya rUpi kaRNa had a troubled head. Since he (as sugrIva) had served rAma dEvaru, he had ParamAtma sannidhAna in him.

Since he was born with beautiful earings in his ears, he came to be known as kaRNa.

chaMdra had avatAra as aMgada. chaMdra was born as iMdra by the AvEsha if iMdra and was born as kapi. MBTN refers as under:-

brahmOdbhavaH sOma utAsya sUnOratrErabhUt sOO~Ngada Eva jAtaH----3.68

indrOO~NgadE chaiva tatOO~NgadO hi balI nitAntaM sa babhUva shashvat---3.78

chaMdra, who was previously the son of brahma dEvaru was later born as the son of atri (son of brahma dEvaru himself). He was again born as aMgada (son of vAli)

Since aMgada had the AvEsha of chaMdra, he was very strong.

taruNigiMtali pAda pAdare

varuNa nIchanu mahAbhiShak dara

dura suShENanu shaMtanuvu nAlvaru varuNarUpa

suramunI nAradanu kiMchit

korate varuNage agnibhR^iguvaja

goraLapatni prasUti mUvaru nAradanigadhama........................HKAS_21-20

taruNigiMtali = to sURya dEvaru

varuNa = varuNa dEvaru

pAda = 1/4th (one fourth)

pAdare = 1/8th (half of one fourth)

nIchanu = lower

mahAbhiShak = mahAbhiShak (mahAvaidya) - this is the 1st avatAra of varuNa

daradura = daradura is the 2nd avatAra

suShENanu = suShENa - vAnara vaidya

shaMtanu = shaMtanu chakravaRti

nAlvaru varuNa rUpa = are the 4 avatAra-s of varuNa

suramunI nAradanu = dEve R^iShi nArada

varuNage = to varuNa

kiMchit korate = a little lower

agni = agni dEvaru

bhR^iguvu = bR^igu R^iShi

ajagoraLapatni = wife of daxa prajEshvara (who has the neck of a sheep)

prasUti = prasUti dEvi

mUvaru = these 3 dEvata-s i.e. agni, bhR^igu & prasUti

nAradanige = to nArada muni

adhama = they are lower

These explanations have been taken from bhAvaprakashika.

varuNa is lower than sURya by 3/8th guNa-s.

varuNa has 4 avatAra-s as unders:-

1) mahabhiShak

2) varuNa

3) duRdara

4) suShENa

MBTN explains as to why varuNa was born as mahAbhiShak rAja & shaMtanu in the following references:-

pURvOdadhEstIragatEEbjasambhavE ga~NgAyutaH paRvaNi ghURNitOObdhiH avaxipat tasya tanou nijOdabinduM shashApainamathAbjayOniH-----------11.14

mahabhiSha~N nAma narEshvarastvaM bhUtvA punaH shantanunAmadhEyaH janiShyasE viShNupadI tathaiShA tatrApi bhARyA bhavatO bhaviShyati-----11.15

shAntO bhavatyEva mayOditastvaM tanutvamaptOOsi tatashacha shantanuH itIritaH sOOtha nR^ipO babhUva mahAbhsha~N nAma harEHpadAshrayaH---11.16

sa tatra bhuktvA chirakAlamuRvI tanuM vihAyAApa sadO vidhAtuH tatrApi tiShThan suravR^indasannidhou dadaRsha gaMgAM shluthitAmbarAM svakAm------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.17

avA~NmukhEShu dyusadassu rAgAnnirIxamANaM punarAtmasambhavaH uvAcha bhUmou nR^ipatiRbhavAAshu shaptO yathA tvaM hi purA mayaiva -------11.18

itIritastatxaNataH pratIpAd babhUva nAmnA nR^ipatiH sa shaMtanuH avApya gaMgAM dayitAM svakIyAm tayA mumOdAbdagaNAn bahUMshcha -------11.19

Once upon a time, during one of the paRvakAla-s, brahma dEvaru had come to the sea shore on the East of gaMga river at the place of saMgama. Since it was paRvakAla and it was at the point of saMgama, the sea (varuNa) was excitingly rough with froth & lather and sea water sprinkled over brahma dEvaru. brahma dEvaru was annoyed, told him to become tranquil (shAMtO bhava) but varuNa did not bother. Therefore, he cursed varuNa saying, "You varuNa! Will be born as mahAbhiShak rAja and after some time you will be born as shaMtanu rAja kumAra. Even at that time this gaMga will be your wife. Since I told you to become serene you will be born as human and called shaMtanu."

As per this shApa, varuNa was born as mahAbhiShak rAja as a great bhakta of ParamAtma and after he died, he reached brahma lOka. In one of the sabhA-s where everyone was present, there arrived gaMga who was the wife of mahAbhiShak. By chance, the cloth draped by her slipped from the upper portion of her body. All the members present in the sabhA lowered their eyes as they did not wish to see her in semi clad state. However, mahAbhiShak continued to stare at her. brahma dEvaru immediately ordered that he be born as shaMtanu as per earlier shApa.

Immediately, he was born as the son of pratIpa rAja - as shaMtanu on earth and he later married gaMga and lived for many years.

duRdara is a type of frog. varuNa was born as duRdara frog. maMDUka upaniShad explains how varuNa praised ParamAtma in that rUpa of a frog - "maMDUkarUvIvaruNa stuShTAva harimavyayaM"

varuNa was also born as suShENa as referred in the 3rd adhyAya of MBTN - "abhUtsuShENOvauNaH".

dEva R^iShi nArada is slightly lower than varuNa in tAratamya. agni, bhR^igu R^iShi & prasUti (wife of daxa prajEshvara) are lower than nArada.

nArada was born from the thigh of brahma dEvaru. nArada -> nAraM = dOSha rahita j~nAna, da = one who gives. Thus nArada is the one who gives dOSha rahita j~nAna. He is the one who moves about and keeps visiting trilOka-s. He is hari kARya sAdhaka. He is respected by all dEvata-s and dAnava-s. 'mahatI' is the veeNa he holds in his hands. Since he is dEva R^iShi, he is referred as suramuni. He is the last among the 10 sons of brahma dEvaru in svayaMbhu manvaMtara. The 10 sons of brahma dEvaru are marIchi, atri, aMgIrasa, pulastya, pulaha, kR^itu, dyugu, daxa, vasiShTha & nArada.

nArada is lower than varuNa.

agni - He is the adhipati for AgnEya (South-East). He is vAgIMdriyAbhimAni and tEjOtatvAbhimAni. He is the first dEvata in R^ig vEda. He was born from the mouth of virAT puruSha. svAhA dEvi (daughter of daxa brahma) is his wife. svAhA & svadA are his two wives. While we perform yaj~na-s, he carries the havissu to the dEvata-s. Therefore, he is also called amarAsya & hutavaha. Tagaru (male sheep) is his vehicle.

bhR^igu - He was the son of brahma dEvaru. During the satra yAga going on at the banks of saraswati river, by the suggestion from nArada, bhR^igu went to visit the residences of 'trimUrti-s' and established that shrI hari is saRvOttama. khyAti is his wife and his sons are kavi & chyavana.

ajagoraLa patni prasUti - explanation

daxa was called ajagoraLa because, once he had insulted R^idra dEvaru. How? While performing a yaj~na, daxa had invited his daughter satI dEvi and son-in-law R^idra for the same. But when they came there daxa did not care to offer Ahuti (oblation) to R^idra. This was an unbearable insult for sati dEvi. Therefore, satI dEvi abused her father in several ways and laid down her life there itself. Then, R^idra destroyed the yaj~na and cut off the head of daxa and offered it as oblation to agni. Then brahma dEvaru arrived there and passified R^idra and requested him to bring daxa back to life. Then R^idra brought the head of a sheep and brought daxa back to life. Thus daxa came to be known as 'ajagoraLa'. prasUti is the wife of daxa.

On Wednesday, March 28, 2007 sgpchar at vsnl.com

> During dvApara yuga

> when vAli had an encounter with duMdhubhi, vAli entered the cave and was fighting with duMdubhi. Since vAli did not return for many days, sugrIva (vAli's younger brother) thought that vAli must be dead and closed the mouth > of the cave with a big rock and returned to town and took over as king of > kiShkiMda. He then married tArA (who was wife of vAli) as per the rules of vAnara vaRga.

Could you pls. double check your source ? I don't think there was such a rule in vAnara varga -- if so, then there is nothing wrong in Vali's wife staying with Sugriva. There was no need for Rama to punish Vali if Vali had not erred in following vAnara dharma.

A [devata] strI cannot associate with those who are much lower in yogyata to her husband. That is why Vali's wife [aMsha]doesn't join her husband at svarga loka at the end of her "avatara" and wanders in antarIxa loka. She returns back as Chitrangada and undergoes separation from Arjuna in that aMsha.

MBTN 20.160:

"sa vIrasenastvashhTuraMsho yamasyApyAveshayuk.h

sA cha kanyA shachI hi |

tArAdehe sUryajasyAN^gasaN^gAt.h svargaM

nAgAdantarixAdihA.asIt.h || 20\.160||

That Virasena is of tvashhTR^i amsha, with the Avesha of Yama. His daughter (ChitrAngada) is ShachI. On account of angasanga, as tAra, with SugrIva, she did not go back to svarga, but stayed in antarixa [and later was born as Chitrangada).

Regards,

Meera Tadipatri

> For this reason, aRjuna did not stay with chitrAMgade (former tArA) for a long time. [Please note that this tArA dEvi is different from brahaspatyAchARya's wife tArA dEvi].

> tAranAmaka trEteyoLu sI

> tAramaNanArAdhisidanu sa

> mIrayuktOddhavanu kR^iShNage prIyanenisidanu

> vArijAsanayukta drONanu

> mUru iLeyoLu bR^ihaspatigava

> tAraveMbaru mahAbhArata tAtpaRyadoLage........HKAS_21-17

> Earlier, bR^ihaspatyAchARya was the son of brahma dEvaru. He was born from the manas of brahma along with shachI dEvi. At that time too they were brother-sister. In between, for one janma they were different. He was born to aMgirasa R^iShi and she was born as daughter to marIchi R^iShi (a dAnava). That is how shachI dEvi came to be called as poulOmi.

Marichi Rishi is NOT a dAnava -- Marichi Rishi's son is Kashyapa so he is also called as "mArIcha". He is not a dAnava. He is a prajapati for the manvantara. He marries Danu's and Danu's progeny is called dAnava-s just as Diti's progeny is called daitya-s, and aditi's as Aditya-s.

Bhagavata 6.6.34ff elaborates how at the command of Chaturmukha Kashyapa marries dAnavi Puloma and Kalika. They beget 60,000 [shhashhTi-sahasra] Pauloma-kAlikeya-s.

Sachidevi is the daughter of Pauloma and hence she is called Paulomi.

Sri Vadirajatirtha, commenting on MBTN 3.71 confirms this by saying:

"mArIchajasya = kashyapajasya PulomanAmnaH shachyeva Paulomiti jAtA"

> The same brahaspatyachaRya was born to shachI dEvi as vAnara rUpi -

No, he was not born to Shachidevi -- he is born as her brother.

> meaning dEva guru brahaspatyAchARya was born as tAra and it must not be > construed that tAra was born as kapi rUpi to brahaspatyachaRya.

Regards,

Meera Tadipatri

nIla dR^iShTadyumna lava I

lElihAnana rUpagaLu bhR^igu

kAliloddadariMda hariyanu vyAdhanenisidanu

ELu R^iShigaLiguttamaru muni

mouLi nAradagadhama mUvaru

gALiyuta prahlAda bAhlIkarAyaneninisidanu...........HKAS_21-21

lElihAnana = agni dEvaru

rUpagaLu = avatAra-s

nIla = nIla nAmaka kapi

dR^iShTadyumna = dR^iShTadyumna

lava = lava kapi

I = these above 3 rUpa-s

bhR^igu = bhR^igu R^iShi

hariyanu = to ParamAtma

kAliloddadariMda = since he kicked Him

vyAdhanenisidanu = was born as a fowler

ELu R^iShigaLiguttamaru = agni, bhR^igu & prasUti (all three belonging to 14th kaxa) are higher than saptaR^iShi-s of 26th kaxa

mUvaru = these three - agni, bhR^igu & prasUti

muni mouLi = from 14th kaxa

nAradage adhama = lower than nArada

gALiyuta = vAyu dEvara AvEsha

prahlAda = prahlAda - kaRmaja dEvata

bAhlIkarAyaneninisidanu = avatAra as bAhlIkarAja

agni, who is in the 15th kaxa, has 3 avatAra-s us under:-

1) nIla (kapi)

He was born during rAmAvatAra and served ParamAtma in building the bridge to laMka.

2) dR^iShTadyumna

He was the son of drupada rAja. The reference is available in MBTN as under:-

putraM cha drONahantaramichChan vipravarou yayou-----------18.87

yajOpayAjAvAnIyAthARbudEna gavAM nR^ipaH chakArEShTiM tu tadbhARyA dvijAbhyAmatra chAAhutA drupadAt sutalabdhyaRthaM sAAhaMkarAd vyaLambayat------18.88

kimEtayEtyavaj~nAya tAvubhou viprasattamou ajuhUtAM tat putrARtha patnayAH prAshyaM havistadA-------18.89

hutE haviShi mantrAbhyAM vaiShNvAbhyAM tadaiva hi dIptAMgaranibhO vanhiH kuNDamaddhyAt samutthitaH-------18.90

kirITI kuNDalI dIptou hEmamAlI varAsimAn rathEnAAdityavaRNEna nadan drupadamadravat-----------------18.91

dhR^iShTvAd dyOtanatvAchcha dhR^iShTadyumna itIritaH munibhiRdrupadEnApi saRvEdARthatatvavit---------------------18.92

After the pAMDava-s finished their learnings from drONAchARya, he used them to defeat and drupada rAja and snatched away half the kingdom of drupada rAja. This was unbearable to drupada. He was boiling with resentment but he was impressed by the strengths of bhIma & aRjuna and therefore nurtured a dream of having a daughter who could be married to aRjuna and a son who could kill drONAchARya. He visited many R^iShi-s in search of such a gift and finally met brahmin brothers called yAja & upayAja and gifted them 10 crores cows and explained them his intentions.

yAja-upayAja arranged for a yaj~na by reciting maMtra-s invoking the power to enable the queen to bear son as per the wish of king drupada. The queen was called in to participate at the oblations. The queen did not arrive as soon as she was called as she was busy dressing up and she also thought that the brahmins will wait for her since she is the queen and the king cannot beget a son at all without her presence. This was her ahaMkAra. The brahmins realized this aspect and did not care for her and went ahead with offering two ahuti-s (oblations) into the hOma, which were meant to favor her with the gift of a son and a daughter.

Immediately radiant agni rose from the hOma kuMDa. There arose a beautiful chariot in which sat a prince wearing golden earings and garlands, holding a sword in his hand as if he was immediate hurry to kill the enemy of drupada and he came near drupada. He was named dR^iShTadyumna. droupadi was born from the corner of the hOma kuMda immediately thereafter.

3) lava

MBTN refers in 9th adhyAya say:-

"dEvyAMsachAjanaya diMdrahutAshanoudvouputrouyamA kushalavA balinou guNADhyou"

Gist - shrI rAma & sItA dEvi had iMdra & agni as kusha & lava respectively as their sons. They were twin children. They had immense strength and guNa-s.

bhR^igu muni - went to find out as to who is superior among the three i.e. brahma, viShNu & mahEshvara, after conculsion of the yaj~na on the banks of sarawati river, in order to decide as to who should be offered the yaj~na phala. When he met brahma dEvaru, bR^igu muni did not pay obeisance to brahma dEvaru. brahma dEvaru was thus angry but he controlled his anger. bhR^igu muni then went to R^idra dEvaru. There he found R^idra & pARvatI dEvi in their own mood and having pleasant time but R^idra came out ot embrace bR^igu where upon bhR^igu cursed R^idra saying that he was impure and not worth embracing him (R^idra). R^idra was angry and chased bhR^igu to kill him. bhR^igu (bhR^i - fast, gu - went) ran to shrIman nArAyaNa and found that He was relaxing (shEShashAyi). bhR^igu kicked ParamAtma, but ParamAtma came down from His bed to treat the hurt feet of bhRi^gu. bhR^igu muni thus concluded that ParamAtma is uttama (Supreme), brahma dEvaru is madhyama and R^idra dEvaru is lower than brahma dEvaru. This story appears in bhAgavataM and bhaviShyOttara purANa-s. "pAdaprahAra dOShENa bhR^iguMtuvA dhatAM gataM svAjj~nAprApta vimAmEdivaM ninyE janARdanaH" - - since bhR^igu kicked ParamAtma, he was born as a fowler by name jarA during the end of dvApara yuga and shrI kR^iShNa was sent to paraMdhAma by the arrow he shot at kR^ShNa. This was as per the ichCha of kR^iShna. The same meaning is conveyed in this stanza by JagannAtha dAsa say, 'bhR^igu kAliloddadariMda hariyanu vyAdhanenisidanu' (jarA nAmaka vyAdha).

Thus, these 3 dEvata-s i.e. agni, bhR^igu R^iShi, and prasUti are at a higer level than the sons of brahma dEvaru such as marIchi & other saptaR^iShi-s but lower than nArada. prahlAda was equal to these three dEvata-s.

pratIpa rAja of kuru vaMsha had 3 sons called dEvapi, bAlhika & shaMtanu. prahlAda was vAyu AMsha and was born as balhika rAja.

janapa kaRmajaroLage nArada

muniyanugraha baladi prahlA

danala bhR^iugumuni daxa patnige samanenisukoMba

manu vivasvAn gAdhijERvaru

analagiMtali kiMchitAdhama

eNe enisuvaru saptaR^iShigaLigella kAladali...............HKAS_21-22

janapa = chakravaRti-s (kings)

kaRmajaroLage = among the kaRmaja dEvata-s

prahlAda = prahlAda rAja

nArada muniya = nArada muni

anugraha baladi = by his (nArada's) anugraha or blessings

bhR^iugumuni = bhR^igu muni

anala = agni dEvaru

daxa patnige = to prasUti dEvi (wife of daxa prajApati)

samanenisukoMba = he (prahalAda) is equal to the above 3 dEvata-s

manu vivasvAn = vivasvAn nAmaka vaivasvta manu (son of sURya)

gAdhija = vishvAmitra R^iShi (son of gAdhi rAja)

IRvaru = these two people

analagiMtali = to agni and others

kiMchitAdhama = a little less

saptaR^iShigaLige = to saptaR^iShi-s

ella kAladali = always

eNe enisuvaru = are equal

1) janapa kaRmajarolage

Being Emperors, a few of them had daivatva and they are referred as janapa kaRmaja. Among those janapa kaRmaja-s, although prahlAda rAja was supposed to be in lower kaxa, by the anugraha of nArada muni, he remains in the 15th kaxa and he is equal to agni, bhR^igu & prasUti (daxa patni). When prahlAda was in the womb of kayAlu dEvi, at that time itself gave upadEsha of 'OM namO nArAyaNa' i.e. nArAyaNa aShTAxara maMtra. prahlAda was a great hari bhakta and was recognized as 'bhAgavattOtama' and thus he is equal to agni.

2) manu visvasvAn

This is vaivasvata manu, who is the son of vivasvAn nAmaka sURya & saMj~nA dEvi. He is the adhipati of our current manvaMtara. The manu dhaRma shastra was proclaimed by him.

3) gAdhija

gAdhi was the king of kanyAkubba. He was born in the family of janhu, as the son of kusha rAja. He was a chaMdra vaMshi. brahma R^iShi vishvAmitra was the son of gAdhi rAja - thus called gAdhija. vishvAmitra was born to gAdhi rAja by the anugraha of R^iShIka muni.

vaivasvata manu and gAdhija (vishvAmitra) are slightly lower than agni and others above.

5) saptaR^ishi-s

The 7 R^iShi-s born from the various body parts of brahma dEvaru are as under:-

i) marIchi - from the manas

ii) atri - from eyes

iii) aMgirasa - from face / mouth

iv) pulaha - from navel

v) kratu - from hands

vi) vasiShTa - from prANa

vii) pulastya - from ears

Reference for the above lies in one of the suLadi-s of puraMdara dAsa as under:

"mananiMda marIchiyu nEtradiMda atri

ghanamukhadiMdaMgiranu nAbhiyiMda pulaha R^iShi

muni kratu karadiMda vasiShThanu

kaRNadi pulastyanu janisiharayai vidhiyavadiMda kELO"

However, these saptaR^iShi-s, vaivasta manu & vishvAmitra muni are equal at all times, which is described as 'eNe enisuvaru saptaR^iShigaLigella kAladali'

kamalasaMbhavabhavarenipa saM

yami marIchiyu atri yaMgira

sumati pulaha kratu vasiShTha pulastyamuni svAha

ramaNagadhamaru mitranAmaka

dyumaNi rAhUyukta bhIShmaka

yamaLarUpanu tAranAmakanenisi trEteyoLu..................HKAS_21-23

kamala saMbhava = brahma dEvaru, who was born from the Navel of ParamAtma

bhavarenipa = born from his body parts

saMyami = jitEMdriya-s & having other aShTsiddhi-s

marIchiyu = marIchi R^iShi

atri = atri R^iShi

aMgira = aMgirasa muni

sumati pulaha = j~nAna srEShTha pulaha muni

kratu = kratu R^iShi

vasiShTha = vasiShTha R^iShi

pulastya muni = pulastya R^iShi

svAharamaNage = to agni (husband of svAhA dEvi)

adhamaru = are lower

mitranAmaka = mitra nAmaka

dyumaNi = sURya

rAhUyukta = rAhu

bhIShmaka = bhIShmaka rAya

trEteyoLu = in trEtA yuga

tAranAmakanenisi = as tAra - kapi

yamaLarUpanu = thus mitra nAmaka sURya has 2 avatAra-s called bhIShmaka & tArA

'kamala saMbhava bhavarenipa' - the 7 R^iShi-s born from the various body parts of brahma dEvaru being marIchi, atri, aMgirasa, pulaha, kratu, vasiShTa & pulastya are called kamala saMbhavabhava-s. These 7 R^iShi-s are great j~nAni-s & have won over their iMdriya-s etc.

1) marIchi

marIchi muni was born from the manas of brahma dEvaru. He is thus known as 'brahma mAnasa putra'. Since j~nAna rUpi marIchi orates rays of knowledge from his mouth - he is called marIchi. kalA dEvi (daughter of kaRdama muni) was his wife and their son was kashyapa muni. His 2nd wife was URNi. marIchi was born in svayaMbhu manvaMtara. marIchi-URNi had 6 sons called smara, udgitha, pariShTaMga, pataMga, xidrabhR^ita & ghR^iNI. They troubled brahma dEvaru and were cursed to be born as sons of hiraNyAxa in duShTa yOni and died. They were then born as 6 sons of vasudEva-dEvaki and they were killed by the sword of kaMsa.

2) atri R^iShi

atri R^Shi was born from the eyes of ParamAtma. He is called 'atri' since AnaMda rUpi viShNu always protects him. He is one among the saptaR^iShi-s of vaivasvata manvaMtara. anusUya (daughter of kaRdama) is his wife. atri had 3 sons called dattAtrEya, dURvAsa & chaMdra. dattAtrEya is sAxAt ParamAtma's avatAra. chaMdra was born from the eyes of atri R^iShi. During His exile to forest, shrI rAmachaMra dEvaru was took advise from atri R^iShi about various dhaRma shAstra-s.

3) aMgirasa muni

aMgirasa muni was born from the mouth of brahma dEvaru. shraddhe (daughter of kaRdama brahma) is the wife of aMgirasa. With his wife svadhA, he was gifted with mitra dEvata and with his wife sati, he was gifted with athadvaMgirasa.

4) pulaha

pulaha was born from the navel of brahma dEvaru. gati (daughter of kaRdama brahma) was his wife. He had 3 sons called - kaRmashrEshTha, varIyas & shiShNu.

5) kratu

kratu was born from the hands of brahma dEvaru. He especially performed paMcha mahAyaj~na-s regularly and offered them to nArAyaNa ParamAtma. He was thus called kratu. He had two wives called kriya & sanniti. vAlakhilya was his son.

6) vasiShTha

vasiShTha muni was born from the prANa of brahma dEvaru. He is called vasiShTha since he had the 'vasha' (in control) of his 'iShTha' rUpi shrIman nArAyaNa. He belongs to savayaMbhu manvaMtara. URjA dEvi (the 7th daughter of kaRdama muni ) was his wife. He was gifted with shakti R^ishi as his son through his other wife aruMdhati. In the current vaivasvata manvaMtara, he was born in mitrAvaruNa vaMsha to URvaShi. As soon as mitrAvaruNa saw URvashi, he lost control over himself and she thus collected the resultant 'vIRya' in a pot. vasiShTha and agastya were thus born. Therefore, vasuShTha is also known as 'kuMbhasaMbhava'. vasiShTha muni was the rAja purOhita for the ixvAsu vaMsha. satya harishchaMdra became famous because of the dialogue between vasiShTha & vishvAmitra.

7) pulasya muni

pulasya muni was born form the ears of brahma dEvaru. 'pula' means to resist the 'ariShaDvaRga-s' like kAma, krOdha, lObha, mOha, mada and mAtsaRya (Anger, Lust, Greed, Infatuation, Pride and Jealousy respectively) by ones own yOgyata. Since he destroyed these, by way of bhagavad bhakti he is called 'pulastya'. He married 'gO' (daughter of tR^iNa muni) and was gifted with a son called vishravas. When kARtavIRyARjuna was attacked by rAvaNa, kARtivIRyARjuna overpowered rAvaNa. pulastya went and rescued rAvaNa from kARtavIRyARjuna. pulasya had another wife called haniRbhak. He was gifted with agastya through her. pulasya was gifted with kubEra from his wife ilibile. rAvaNa and others were born to him from kEshini. He obtained another son called daMbhOLa from his wife prIti.

The saptaR^iShi-s are slightly lower than agni.

8) mitra nAmaka sURya

mitra nAmaka sURya is one among the dvAdashAditya-s. Since he cause the clouds which fall as rains on earth, he is the friend of people on earth and hence called mitra. He is one of the tatvAbhimAni dEvata-s. He is one among the tatvapati dEvata-s. He has 2 avatAra-s called bhIShmaka rAja and tArA (kapi), who are referred as yamaLaru.

9) bhIShmaka rAja

bhIShMmaka rAja is the avatAra of mitra nAmaka sURya. He was the king of vidaRbha dEsha. He is also called hiraNyarOma. (bhArata - udyOga paRva). He had 5 sons called rukma, rukmaratha, rukmabAhu, rukmarEsha, & rukmamAli. ramA rUpi rukminI was is only daughter and she was the consort of shrI kR^iShNa.

10) tAra

During trEta yuga, mitra nAmaka sURya was born as tAra (kapi) to serve shrI rAmachaMdra dEvaru. Even brahaspatyAchARya took avatAra as tAra (vAnara rUpa) in trEta yuga. Although their names are the same, they are two different dEvata-s. This is described by JagannAtha dAsa as 'mitranAmaka dyumaNi rAhUyukta bhIShmaka yamaLarUpanu tAranAmakanenisi trEteyoLu'.

niraR^itigeraDavatAra duRmukha

hariyuta ghaTOtkajanu prAvahi

gurumaDadi tArAsamaru paRjanyaguttamaru

karigoraLa saMyuktabhagada

ttarasu katthana dhanapa rUpaga

Leradu vighnapa chArudEShNanu ashvinigaLu sama...........HKAS_21-24

niraR^itige = niraR^iti (who belongs to 17th kaxa)

eraDavatAra = has 2 avatAra-s

duRmukha = duRmukha (kapi)

ghaTOtkajanu = ghaTOtkaja (son of bhIma & hiDiMbi)

hariyuta = ghaTOtkaja was R^idra AvEsha

prAvahi = prAvahi dEvi (wife of pravaha vAyu)

gurumaDadi tArA = tArA dEvi (wife of brahaspatyAchARya)

samaru = meaning - these four i.e. mitra nAmaka sURya, niraR^iti, prAvahi & tArA are equal (all in 17th kaxa), but they are lower than saptaR^iShi-s

paRjanyaguttamaru = the above four are higher than paRjanya dEvata-s

dhanapa = kubEra

rUpagaLeradu = kubEra has 2 avatAra-s

karigoraLa saMyukta bhagadattarasu = one of them being - bhagadattarasa having AvEsha of R^idra

katthana = and the 2nd is katthana

vighnapa = vighna rAja gaNapati

chArudEShNanu = chArudEShNa (son of shrI kR^iShNa)

ashvinigaLu sama = meaning - kubEra, vighnapa, viShvaksEna & ashvini dEvata-s are equal

1) niraR^iti

niraR^iti is the adhipati for nairutya (South-West direction). Although he was born in rAxasa yOni just like prahlAda & vibhIShNa, he belongs to dEvata vaRga in uttama kaxa. dIRghA dEvi is his wife. Since he kills the viShNu drOhi-s he is called niraR^iti. niraR^iti has two avatAra-s as under:-

a) duRmukha - in trEtA yuga, niraR^iti was born as duRmukha (kapi) in order to serve Lord rAma. He used display a bad face at viShNu drOhi-s an hence he was called duRmukha.

b) ghaTokaja - son of bhImasEna and hiDiMbi (sister of hiDiMba), who was a demon. He was killed in the kuruxEtra war by an attack from kaRNa.

Reference for the above is:-

"mahAbali duRmukhashcha R^idrayuktO ghaTotkajaH dvouvEtou niRyatiH pURvaM prAvahI cha tathA matA chatvAra EtI paRjanyAdviguNAH parikIRtitAH"------tAratamya koustubhE

Gist:- ghaTOkaja who had R^idrAvEsha (hariyukta ghaTOtkaja), prAvahI, tArA (wife of brahaspatyAchARya), niraR^iti, mitra nAmaka sURya are all equal and higher than paRjanya dEvata-s.

2) paRjanya

paRjanya dEvata is mEghAbhimAni sURya. Rains are caused by him. paRjanya is lower than the above 4 dEvata-s by two guNa-s.

Now JagannAtha dAsa discusses about the dEvata-s in the 18th kaxa.

3) dhanapa

kubEra is dhanAdhipati. He is therefore called dhanapa. He is the dikpAlaka of the uttara (North direction). He is the son of vishravas & ilibile. He is also called sOma. Therefore, the North direction is also called 'soumya'. The yaxa-s are his subjects. Humans are his vAhana. He is in-charge of wealth. buddhi is his wife and his son's name was naLakubEra. kubera was very handsome. alkAvati was his capital. He pleased ParamAtma by his tapas and and became laMkAdhipati and also obtained the puShpaka vimAna. rAvaNa & kuMbhakaRNa, (who were the sons of the step mother of kubEra), defeated kubEra and took away laMka and the pushpaka vimAna that belonged to kubEra. After that, by the permission from shiva, kubEra built alakA nagara in kailAsa mountain and became yaxAdhipati. kubEra had 2 avatAra-s i.e. bhagadattarasu & katthana.

a) bhagadattarasu - was the son of narakAsura and bhU dEvi. prAkchyOti nagara was his capital. He had 2 sons called kR^itaprajj~na and vajradatta. bhagaddatta was killed by aRjuna on the 12th day of the war at kuruxEtra. Previously, narakAsura had stolen an elephant called supratIka. Thus kubEra was born as bhagadattasura - the son of narakAsura and took possession of the elephant called supratIka. bhagadattasura had the AvEsha of narakAsura as long as narakAsura was alive and this narakAsura AvEsha vanished from bhagadattasura as soon as narakAsura died. Since he had R^idrAvEsha, he was very strong and had good knowledge of weaponry. 'karigoraLa saMyukta' - means R^idra dEvara AvEsha, where karigoraLa is blue neck (indicating poison).

b) katthana - in trEtA yuga kubEra was born as katthana (kapi) in order to serve Lord rAma

4) vighnapa

gaNapati i.e. vighnEshvara was born as chArudEShna to kR^iShNa-rukmiNi.

kubEra (dhanapa), vighnEshvara (vighnapa), viShvaksEna & ashvini dEvata-s are all equal to each other.

drONa dhruva dOShARkAgni

prANa dyu vibhAvasugaLeMTu kR^i

shAnu shrEShTha dyunAmavasu bhIShmARya brahmayuta

drONanAmaka naMdagOpa pra

dhAna agniyanuLidELu sa

mAnareniparu tammoLage j~nAnAdi guNadiMda------------HKAS_21-25

drONa = drONa

dhruva = dhruva

dOSha = dOSha

aRka = aRka

agni = agni

prANa = pRAna

dyu = dyu nAmaka vasu

vibhAvasu = vibhAvasu

vasugaLeMTu = these 8 vasu-s

kR^ishAnu = agni among these 8 vasu-s

shrEShTha = is uttama (at a higher level in 15th kaxa) and the other 7 vasu-s are in 18th kaxa

dyunAmavasu = dyu nAmaka vasu among the 7 others

brahmayuta = has brahma dEvaru AvEsha

bhIShmARya = bhIShmAchARya

drONanAmaka = drONa nAmaka vasu

naMdagOpa = naMda gOpa

pradhAna = is the topper among the aShTa vasu-s

agniyanuLidu = except agni

ELu = the remaining 7 vasu-s

tammoLage = among themselves

j~nAnAdi guNadiMda = by way of j~nAna. AnaMda, & guNa-s

samAnareniparu = are equal

tAratamya saMgraha refers us under:-

"navakOTyOhi dEvanAM shEShAM madhyEshatasyatu, sOmAdhikArO vEdOktO"

i.e. among the 9 crore dEvata-s, only 100 dEvata-s are entitled for sOma pAna as told in the vEda-s. The tAratamya of some of these has been discussed earlier.The avatAra-s and tAratamya of the others are now being discussed. The 100 dEvata-s include, the aShTa vasu-s who are called drONa, dhruva, dOSha, aRka, agni, prANa, dyu & vibhAvasu. Among these 8 vasu-s, the avatAra-s of agni who is in the uttama kaxa-15 is as discussed in HKAS_21-21 as 'nIla dR^iShTadyumna lava I lElihAnana rUpagaLu.....'

The remaining 7 vasu-s are equal among them. Among these, dyu nAmaka vasu had brahmAvEsha and was born as bhIShmAchARya. This is enunciated in MBTN 11th adhyAya from shlOka-20 onwards which reads, "athAShTamO vasurAsIdyunAmA." upto shlOka-35. The shlOka-s are not reproduced here, but the gist is extracted for understanding.

Among the aShTa vasu-s, dyu nAmaka vasu had varAMgi as his wife. varAMgi was a friend of the wife of suviMda rAja. Since this person was a human being, she caught up with old age. varAMgi wished to protect the rAja kumAri from old age and death. Therefore, varAMgi requested her husband to bring naMdini (kAmadhEnu), which was with vasiShTa. The idea was that kAmadhEnu would give milk which was like amR^ita (nectar) and by drinking this amR^ita, the rAja kumAri would be absolved from old age and death.

dyu nAmaka vasu wanted to please his wife varAMgi and he therefore took the help of the other 7 vasu-s and went to vasiShTa's Ashrama and tied kAmadhEnu to get her along with them in order to please varAMgi. At that time vasiShTa was brahmAvEsha. He cursed them all saying, "Since all of you are caught up with adhaRma, you will immediately be born as humans on earth. Except, dyu nAmaka vasu, the rest of the 7 of you will die as soon as you are born and return to your places. Only dyu nAmaka vasu will live the sum of all your lives on earth. Since varAMgi was the cause for the dyu nAmaka vasu to suffer this punishment, varAMgi was to be born as aMbA and later born in puruSha sharIra was to be the cause to kill her husband. They would be arch enemies at that time. dyu nAmaka vasu, would would suffer his end on a bed of arrows and endure the pangs of pain of all the 8 vasu-s."

The aShTa vasu-s realized that this shApa (curse) has been given by none other than brahma dEvaru and they immediately released the cow. They paid their obeisance to brahma dEvaru and prayed that they may be spared the the suffering of being born in the womb of a woman and that dyu nAmaka vasu must become famous (kIRtivaMta) and a good warrior and that the strength of the the rest of the vasu-s must be gifted to dyu nAmaka vasu. brahma dEvaru was kind to agree to this condition.

Immediately, all the vasu-s arrived to gaMga and requested her that she give birth to them and kill all first 7 of them and let go the 8th child and they promised that she would be spared of sins of killing the children. gaMga agreed. At that time, pratIpa rAja of the kuru dynasty had come for hunting on the banks of gaMga river. gaMga took the form of a beautiful woman and came and sat on the right thigh of pratIpa rAja and mesmerisingly requested him to marry her. pratIpa rAja pointed out that the the wife's place is the left thigh and the right thigh is the place for daughter or daughter-in-law. He told her, "You must therefore marry my son". The intention of gaMga was also the same, as she knew that the son of pratIpa rAja was shAMtanu (who was varuNa indeed) and therefore she had occupied the right thigh of pratIpa rAja in the encounter with him on the river bank. In order that her plan to kill 7 children should go without objection, she told pratIka rAja, "After I marry your son, you will never ask me about my antecedents and you will never stop me for doing any thing that is wrong. You will not ask me as to why I am doing those wrong things. The moment these conditions are flaunted, I will leave your son forever. If you agree to these conditions, I would marry your son."

As we know, pratIpa rAja of kuru vaMsha had 3 sons called dEvapi, bAlhika & shaMtanu. gaMga chose to marry shaMtanu. pratIpa rAja explained the conditions of gaMga and married him to gaMga. The 8 vasu-s were born to gaMga as planned. She killed the first 7 children (vasu-s) as planned and shaMtanu was tongue tied by the pre-conditons of the marriage. When the 8th child (dyu nAmaka vasu) was about to be killed by gaMga, he stopped and asked, "Who are you? Why are you killing children? What is the reason?" gaMga explained everything to shaMtanu and as per her earlier condition she left shaMtanu. This 8th son of shaMtanu was bhIShmAchARya.

drONa nAmaka vasu was born as naMdagOpa. According to 11th adhyAya of MBTN drONa nAmaka vasu prayed that he and his wife be the parents of ParamAtma. Accordingly, brahma dEvaru bestowed this boon to them. Thus, they were born as gOkula as naMdagOpa and yashOda. naMdagOpa was a gOpAlaka. kR^iShNa was born to vasudEva and was sent to naMdagOpa.

bhUryajaikapadAhvahiRbu

dhnirayidu R^idragaNapasaMyuta

bhUrishravaneMdenipa shala virupAxanAmakanu

sUrikR^ipa viShkaMbha sahadE

vA raNAgraNi sOmadattanu

tA rachisida dvirUpa dhareyoLu patratApakanu.....HKAS_21-27

ajaikapadAhva = ajaikapada - one among the EkAdasha R^idra-s

bhUri = took avatAra as bhUri

ahiRbudhni = ahiRbudhi - another EkAdasha R^idra

bhUrishravaneMdenipa = as bhUrishrava nAmaka

shala = as shala nAmaka

virupAxanAmakanu = as virupAxa nAmaka

sUrikR^ipa = as kR^ipAchARya

viShkaMbha = as viShkaMbha

aidu = the above 5 avatAra-s

sahadEva = as sahadEva

raNAgraNI = good warrior

sOmadattanu = as sOmadatta

R^idragaNapasaMyuta = having AvESha of R^idra dEvaru

dhareyoLu = on earth

tA rachisida dvirUpa = these two avatAra-s

patratApakanu = of patratApaka

The R^idra-s i.e. ajaikapAt, ahiRbudhni, virupAxa were born as the sons of sOmadatta as bhUri, bhUrishrava & shala. These 3 were the sons of sOmadatta who was son of bAlhIka rAja (who was prahlAda aMsha). sOmadatta rAja was the avatAra of patratApaka R^idra.

11th adhyAya of MBTN says that pratIpa rAja had 3 sons called dEvApi, bAlhika & shaMtanu. bAlhika was prahlAda aMsha. patratApaka R^idra was born as son of bAlhika rAja and was called sOmadatta. The 3 R^idra-s i.e. ajaikapAt, ahiRbudhni & virupAxa were born as the sons of sOmadatta who were called bhUri, bhUrishrava & shala.

bhUrishrava rAja had the prominent anugraha AvEsha of mahAR^idra and therefore well learned in weaponry & was very strong. What was that anugraha? - sOmadatta had performed penance and he was blessed by R^idra saying, "You will have a son who will be gifted with strength, courage, guNa which can kill your enemies. He will be known as bhUrishrava. He would be reknowned as yaj~nashIla." Thus bhUrishrava was very strong.

viShkaMbha R^idra was born as kR^ipAchARya. 10th adhyAya MBTN refers that, while sharathvA R^iShi was performing tapas, he lost control over himself when he happened to see URvashi and ejaculated. The semen fell in two parts and thus were born one male and another female child. The male child here was viShkaMbha R^idra born to assist ParamAtma in His avatAra to reduce the burden of pApa on earth. The daughter was born to be the wife of drONAchARya as tArA (later known as kR^ipi).

These two children were found in the forest by shaMtanu, who had gone there for hunting. He took these kids to his palace and named them kR^ipA & kR^ipi. This kR^ipAchARya must be understood as viShkaMbhaka R^idra. However, patratApa, virupAxa & viShkaMbha are not included in the EkAdasha R^idra-s, because, apart from the EkAdasha R^idra-s that we frequently talk about, there are crores of R^idra-s. 6th adhyAya of 6th skaMda of SB informs that daxaprajEshvara was born as prAjEstasa and had 60 daughters - among them were bhUte & surUpe. bhUte was blessed 11 R^idra-s and surUpe was blessed with crores of R^idra-s. viShkaMbha must be construed as one of them.

Besides having the avatAra of sOmadatta, patratApaka R^idra has another avatAra too. Which was that? He was sahadEva- the son of jarAsaMdha.

21st adhyAya of MBTN clarifies this. When kR^iShNa, bhIma & aRjuna challenged jarAsaMdha to choose any one of them to fight, at that time, jarAsaMdha called his son and crowned him the prince. madhva says that this son was previously patratApaka R^idra. Then, how do we conclude that this was R^idra? The same adhyAya says that after jarAsaMdha was killed, the so called son sahadEva prayed to kR^ishNa, bhIma & aRjuna and arranged a gift of a beautiful chariot and his sister for bhImasEna. bhImasEna gave her away in marriage to sahadEva. This indicates that sahadEva, who was the son of jarAsaMdha was indeed patratApaka R^idra.

Thus, patratApaka R^idra has 2 avatAra-s as sOmadatta & sahadEva.

dEvashakranurukramA mi

trAvaruNa paRjanya bhaga pU

ShA vivasvanu savitR^idhAtA aRyama tvaShTR^i

dEvakIsutanalli savithR^i vi

bhAva susuta bhAnu enisuva

chyAvanapayuta vIrasEnanu tvaShTR^inAmakanu....HKAS_21-28

dEva = belonging to the class of dEvata-s

shakra = shakra nAmaka sURya

urukrama = urukrama nAmaka sURya

mitra = mitra nAmaka sURya

varuNa = varuNa nAmaka sURya

paRjanya = paRjanya nAmaka sURya

bhaga = bhaga nAmaka sURya

pUShA = pUShA nAmaka sURya

vivasvanu = vivasvAn nAmaka sURya

savitR^i = savtR^i nAmaka sURya

dhAtA = dhAtA nAmaka sURya

aRyama = aRyama nAmaka sURya

tvaShTR^i = tvaShTR^i nAmaka sURya

savithR^i = savitR^i nAmaka sURya

dEvakIsutanalli = by shrI kR^iShNa (son of dEvakI)

bhAnu enisuva = by the name bhAnu

vibhAva susuta = was born in satyabhAma

tvaShTR^inAmakanu = tvaShTR^i nAmaka sURya

chyAvanapayuta = by the AvEsha of yama dEvaru (chava = yama, chyAvana = yamadUta-s, chyAvanapa - adhipati of yamadUta-s i.e. yama dEvaru himself)

vIrasEnanu = vIrasEna who was the king pAMDya kingdom (father of chitrAMgade, who was the wife of aRjuna)

This stanza lists the names of dvAdashAditya-s as under:-

1) shakra

2) urukrama

3) mitra

4) varuNa

5) paRjanya

6) bhaga

7) pUShA

8) vivasvAn

9) savitR^i (or savitA)

10) dhAtA

11) aRyama

12) tvaShTR^i = tvaShTR^i nAmaka sURya

Among the 12 sURya-s stated above, savitR^i (savitA) nAmaka Aditya was born to satyabhAmi-kR^iShNa as bhAnu which is clarified by the line - 'dEvakIsutanalli savitR^i vi bhAva susuta bhAnu enisuva'.

adhyAya 20 of MBTN clarifies that savitR^i is the younger brother of vivasvAn and that tvaShTR^i sURya was born with the AvEsha of yama as vIrasEna who was the king pAMDya kingdom (father of chitrAMgade, who was the wife of aRjuna).

chyAvanapayuta means vIrasEna rAja by the AvEsha of yama dEvaru (chava = yama, chyAvana = yamadUta-s, chyAvanapa - adhipati of yamadUta-s i.e. yama dEvaru himself)

We must remember that urukrama nAmaka sURya is ParamAtma Himself.

Just to clarify, iMdra took avatAra of shakra nAmaka sURya.

EraDadhika dasha sURyaroLu mU

reraDu janaruttama vivasvAn

varuNa shakranurukramanu paRjanya mitrAkhya

marutanAvEshayuta pAMDU

vara parAvahaneMdenipa kE

sari mR^igapa saMpAtshvEta trayaru marudaMsha...............HKAS_21-29

EraDadhikadasha sURyaroLu = among the 12 Aditya-s

mUreraDu janaruttama = (3+2 = 5) five of them are in uttama kaxa

vivasvAn = vivasvAn nAmaka sURya

varuNa = varuNa nAmaka sURya

shakranu = shakra nAmaka sURya

urukramanu = urukrama nAmaka sURya (ParamAtma Himself)

mitrAkhya = mitra nAmaka sURya

paRjanya = paRjanya nAmaka is equal to gaMgA dEvi. All these Aditya-s listed above are lower than the five of the uttama kaxa

pAMDU = king pAMDU

marutanAvEshayuta parAvahaneMdenipa = has AvEsha of parAvaha mAruta (one on the 49 marut-s)

mR^igapa kEsari = kEsari (very important kapi)

saMpAti = saMpAti (younger brother of jaTAyu)

shvEta = shvEta

trayaru = these 3 persons

marudaMshadiMda = born from marut aMsha

Among the 12 Aditya-s following are in uttama kaxa:-

1. vivasvAn nAmaka sURya

2. varuNa nAmaka sURya

3. shakra nAmaka sURya

4. urukrama nAmaka sURya (ParamAtma Himself)

5. mitra nAmaka sURya

paRjanya nAmaka sURya is equal to gaMga dEvi.

Among the 49 marut gaNa-s - refer HKAS_05-30 see

http://dvaita.info/pipermail/dvaita-list_dvaita.info/2005-June/000871.html )

parAvaha marut by the AvEsha of vAyu dEvaru (marutanAvEshayuta) took avatAra as pAMDu rAja.

By the anugraha of vyAsa muni, pAMDu rAja was born to aMbA, who was the wife of chaMdra vaMshi vichitra vIRya. kuMtI dEvi was the 1st wife of pAMDu rAja and his 2nd wife was mAdri. Once he was on a hunting trip to the forest. There, kuMdama muni was spending an enjoyable time with his wife in the forest in the from of a deer. pAMDu rAja assumed that it was normal deer and shot an arrow at the deer. This deer immediately took the form of the original kuMdama. Immdiately, kuMdama muni cursed pAMDu rAja, "If you ever enjoy sensual pleasure with your wife, you will die instantly." pAMDu rAja did not return to the throne but returned to the mountaineous forests to perform penance. By the strength of the maMtra-s - kuMtI dEvi obtained dhaRma, bhIma & aRjuna, whereas mAdri obtained nakula & sahadEva as sons. After a few days, pAMDu died due to his sensual pleasure with mAdri.

kapi srEShTha kEsari, saMpAti (the brother of jaTAyu) and shvEta are all marudaMsha.

1) kEsari

kEsari was the husband of aMjana dEvi. A demon called shaMkhasAdana rAxasa was troubling the R^iShi-s. kEsari killed that demon by the order of the R^iShi-s. The R^iShi-s were happy and they blessed kEsari with a son, who would be well read in shAstra-s, very strong and loved by ParamAtma. Thus aMjana dEvi gave birth to hanumAn.

2) saMpAti

He was the son of aruNa. jaTAyu is the younger brother of saMpAti.

pratibhavAtanu chEkitanu vi

pR^ithu enisuvanu soumya mAruta

vitata shaRvOttuMga gajanAmakanu prANAMsha

dvitiyapAna gavAxa gavayanu

tR^itiya vyAna udAna vR^iShapa

RvatuLa shaRva trAta gaMdhasumAdanaru samana............HKAS_21-30

pratibhavAtanu = pratibhava maruta

chEkitanu = was born as chEkita

soumya mAruta = soumya maruta

vipR^ithu enisuvanu = vipR^ithu as yAdava

vitata = vitata nAmaka vAnara

shaRvOttuMga = shaRvOttuMga vAnara

gajanAmakanu = gaja nAmaka kapi - all these 3 kapi-s were born in trEtAyugato serve Lord rAma

prANAMsha = as aMsha of vAyu

dvitiya apAna = 2nd maruta - called apAna

gavAxa = as gavAxa nAmaka kapi

tR^itiya vyAna = 3rd maruta - called vyAna

gavayanu = as gavaya nAmaka kapi

udAna = 4th maruta - called udAna

vR^iShapaRva = as vR^iShapaRva nAmaka kapi

samana = 5th maruta - called samAna

shaRva trAta = as shaRvatrAta nAmaka - born to bhImasEna & kALi

gaMdhasumAdanaru = gaMdhamAda nAmaka kapi is samAna vAyu avatAra

Again referring to the 49 marut gaNa-s in HKAS_05-30 see

http://dvaita.info/pipermail/dvaita-list_dvaita.info/2005-June/000871.html,

JagannAtha dAsa contiunues to explain the avEShavatAra-s of the marut-s.

1) pratibhava marut was born as chEkita in the yAdava clan in order to serve kR^iShNa in dvApara yuga.

2) soumya marut was born as vipR^ithu in the yAdava clan. vipR^ithu was the grAma raxaka. When aRjuna carried away subhadra, vipR^ithu tried to fight against aRjuna but lost.

3) prANa nAmaka vAyu had 3 avatAra-s as i) vitata, ii) shaRvOttuMga & iii) gaja. These three were born to serve shrI rAma. gaja was one the sEnAdhipati of sugrIva

4) apAna nAmaka vAyu was born as gavAxa nAmaka vAnara. He too was one of the sEnAdhipati of sugrIva

5) vyAna nAmaka vAyu was born as gavaya nAmaka vAnara. He too was one of the sEnAdhipati of sugrIva

6) udAna nAmaka vAyu was born as vR^iShapaRva

7) samAna nAmaka vAyu was born as shaRvavrAta - being the son of bhImasEna & kALi

gaMdhamAdava is also the avatAra of samAna vAyu. He was on of the sEnAnAyaka of sugrIva. He was the one who fought against kuMbhakaRNa.

aivaroLagI kuMtibhOjanu

AvinAmaka nAgakR^ikalanu

dEvadattadhanaMjayaru avatAravaRjitaru

AvahOdvaha vivaha saMvaha

prAvahIpati maruta pravahani

gAvakAlaku kiMchidadhamaru marudgaNagalella....................HKAS_21-31

nAga = nAga nAmaka vAyu

kR^ikalanu = kR^ikala nAmaka vAyu

dEvadatta =dEvadatta nAmaka vayu

AvinAmaka = kURma nAmaka vAyu

dhanaMjaya = dhanaMjaya nAmaka vAyu

aivaroLage = among the above 5 marut-s

AvinAmaka = kURma nAmaka vAyu

kuMtibhOjanu = was born as kuMtibhOja

avatAra vaRjitaru = the other four of them have no avatAra-s

Avaha = avaha nAmaka vAyu

udvaha = udvaha nAmaka vAyu

vivaha = vivaha nAmaka vAyu

saMvaha = saMvaha nAmaka vAyu

prAvahIpati maruta pravahanige = prAvahI pati pravaha vAyu

AvakAlaku = always

kiMchidadhamaru = slightly lower

marudgaNagalella = all marut-s

Just a recap here - in HKAS_06-13, JagannAtha dAsa had elaborated about 'aidavidye'i.e. the 5 avidya-s i.e. tamassu, mOha, mahAmOha, tAmisra & aMdhatAmisra, where JagannAtha dAsa has said that upa-vAyu-s - nAga, kR^ikala, kURma, dEvadatta, dhanaMjaya are present in tamassu, mOha, mahAmOha, tAmisra & aMdhatAmisra respectively and they are related to paMchatanmAtra-s i.e. shabda, spaRsha, rUpa, rasa and gaMdha respectively and these are the adhisThAna-s for the paMcha avidya-s.

Now, the further understanding is that kURma nAmaka vAyu (i.e. Avi nAmaka vAyu) was born as kuMtibhOja.

kuMtIbhOja - he was the king of kuMtI kingdom. He was the cousin brother shUrasEna. Since kuMtIbhOja did not have children, he obtained pR^ithu (later known as kuMtI) as his adopted daughter.

The other 4 marut-s i.e. dEvadatta, nAga, kR^ikaLa & dhanaMjaya do not have any avatAra.

avaha, udvaha, vivaha & saMvaha and all other marut-s are lower than pravaha vAyu (prAvahi pati) from time immemorial.

prANOpAna vyAnOdAna sa

mAna daivaranuLidu marutaru

Unareniparu hattu vishvEdEvarivariMda

sUnugaLu enisuvaru aivaru

mAninI droupatige kelavaru

xONiyoLu kaikEyareniparu ella kAladali.......................HKAS_21-32

prANa = prANa vAyu

apAna = apAna vAyu

vyAna = vyAna vAyu

udAna = udAna vAyu

samAna = samAna vAyu

aivaranuLidu = except the above 5 marut-s

marutaru = the remaining 42 marut-s

Unareniparu = are lower than the above first 5 marut-s (paMcha prANa-s)

hattu vishvEdEvaru = 10 vishvedEvata-s

ivariMda sUnugaLu enisuvaru = are lower than the marut-s

aivaru = the first 5 vishvEdEvata-s

mAninI droupatige = droupadi - wife of the paMDava-s

kelavaru = the remaining 5 vishvEdEvata-s

xONiyoLu = on earth

ella kAladali = at all times

kaikEyareniparu = are the kings of kaikEya kingdom

As we all know by now that there are 49 marut-s.

Among these 49 marut-s, pravaha vAyu and ahaMkArika prANa belong to uttama kaxa. The rest of them belong to kaxa-18. Although they are equal among themselves being in the same kaxa, we must note that the paMcha praNa-s i.e. prANa, apAna, vyAna, udAna, samAna are slightly at a higher level than the other 42 marut-s, who are equal among themselves.

There are 10 vishvEdEvata-s. They are 1) purUrava, 2) aRdrava, 3) kAla, 4) kAma, 5) dhuri, 6) lOchana, 7) satya, 8) vasu, 9) daxa & 10) kratu

a) These 10 vishvEdEvata-s were born to dhaRma muni and vishvA daughter of daxa). They are worshipped during hOma-havana.

b) The first 5 among the above vishvEdEvata-s were born as the 5 sons of droupadi. These 5 sons of droupadi were killed by ashvatthAma to fulfill the wish of dying duRyOdhana who was lying with his broken thighs at the banks of vaishaMpayana sarOvara, after he was beaten by bhIma.

c) The remaining 5 vishvEdEvata-s were born on earth as kaikEya-s. The mother of these kaikEya-s and kuMti were sisters. Thus the pAMDava-s were related to kaikEya-s

prANOpAna vyAnOdAna sa

mAna daivaranuLidu marutaru

Unareniparu hattu vishvEdEvarivariMda

sUnugaLu enisuvaru aivaru

mAninI droupatige kelavaru

xONiyoLu kaikEyareniparu ella kAladali.......................HKAS_21-32

prANa = prANa vAyu

apAna = apAna vAyu

vyAna = vyAna vAyu

udAna = udAna vAyu

samAna = samAna vAyu

aivaranuLidu = except the above 5 marut-s

marutaru = the remaining 42 marut-s

Unareniparu = are lower than the above first 5 marut-s (paMcha prANa-s)

hattu vishvEdEvaru = 10 vishvedEvata-s

ivariMda sUnugaLu enisuvaru = are lower than the marut-s

aivaru = the first 5 vishvEdEvata-s

mAninI droupatige = droupadi - wife of the paMDava-s

kelavaru = the remaining 5 vishvEdEvata-s

xONiyoLu = on earth

ella kAladali = at all times

kaikEyareniparu = are the kings of kaikEya kingdom

As we all know by now that there are 49 marut-s.

Among these 49 marut-s, pravaha vAyu and ahaMkArika prANa belong to uttama kaxa. The rest of them belong to kaxa-18. Although they are equal among themselves being in the same kaxa, we must note that the paMcha praNa-s i.e. prANa, apAna, vyAna, udAna, samAna are slightly at a higher level than the other 42 marut-s, who are equal among themselves.

There are 10 vishvEdEvata-s. They are 1) purUrava, 2) aRdrava, 3) kAla, 4) kAma, 5) dhuri, 6) lOchana, 7) satya, 8) vasu, 9) daxa, 10) kratu

a) These 10 vishvEdEvata-s were born to dhaRma muni and vishvA (daughter of daxa). They are worshipped during hOma-havana.

b) The first 5 among the above vishvEdEvata-s were born as the 5 sons of droupadi. These 5 sons of droupadi were killed by ashvatthAma to fulfill the wish of dying duRyOdhana who was lying with his broken thighs at the banks of vaishaMpayana sarOvara, after he was beaten by bhIma.

c) The remaining 5 vishvEdEvata-s were born on earth as kaikEya-s. The mother of these kaikEya-s and kuMti were sisters. Thus the pAMDava-s were related to kaikEya-s

prativiMdya shrutasOma shrutakI

ruti shatAnika shrutakaRma drou

pati kuvararivarOLage abhitAmra pramukha chitra

rathanu gOpakishOra balareM

batularai gaMdhaRvariMdali

yutaru dhaRma vR^ikOdarAdijareMdu karesuvaru...............HKAS_21-33

prativiMdya = purURva vishvedEvata was born as prativiMdya

shrutasOma = aRdava vishvEdEva was born as shrutasOma

shrutakIruti = kAla vishvEdEvata was born as shrutakIrti

shatAnika = kAma vishvedEvata was born as shatAnika

shrutakaRma = dhuri vishvEdEvata was born as shrutakaRma

droupati kuvararu = the above are the 5 sons of droupadi

avarOLage = among these 5 sons

abhitAmra = prativiMdya had AvEsha of abhitamra gaMdhaRva

pramukha chitrarathanu = shrutasOma had AvEsha of chitraratha

gOpa = shrutakIrti had AvEsha of gOpa gaMdhaRva

kishOra = shatAnika had AvEsha of kishOra gaMdhaRva

bala = shrutakaRma had AvEsha of bala gaMdhaRva

atularu = they were very brave

aigaMdhaRvariMdaliyutaru = the respective gaMdhaRva-s in the sons of droupadi as said above

dhaRma = prativiMdya was son of dhaRma rAja

vR^ikOdara = shrutasOma was son of bhIma

AdijareMdu = and the remaining i.e. shrutakIRti, shatAnika & shrutakaRma - were the sons of aRjuna, nakula & sahadEva respectively

karesuvaru = are called so

The above stanza summarizes the names of the sons of droupadi which can be understood by the connections in the following table:-