Bio-process 

BIO-PROCESS

Bio-Process technology use in manufacturing of Bio-pharmaceutical /Vaccines/Food processing/Biosimilars/Gene therapies/Harmones/Probiotics/API/Therapeutic vaccines: 

• USP+DSP+BLENDING+FILLING

• Growth  by Fermentation/Bioreaction >> Harvest and followed by  Separation   (i.e., Clarification/Purification).

• Separation - Clarification >> Clarification by Centrifugation / Filtration/Flocculation  (USP part completes/Primary purification/DSP)   

• >> Treatments (depends on product)  by Precipitation/Reaction/Immobilization >>

• Purification by Chromatography / Ultra Filtration >> Purification or polishing or refining  by Chromatography/Ultrafiltration >> microbial filtration >> bulk (Drug or food or API substance) (DSP part completes) 

• >> Formulation by excipients/stabilizers/preservatives >> Homogenization >> Filling (filtration optional)>> Labelling >> Marketing.

#DSP #USP #FERMENTATION #BIOREACTOR #PURIFICATION #FILTRATION #CHROMATOGRAPHY

What is Meningitis?    Ref (click):  Meningitis (who.int)    

Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is a devastating disease and remains a major public health challenge. The disease can be caused by many different pathogens including bacteria, fungi or viruses, but the highest global burden is seen with bacterial meningitis.

Several different bacteria can cause meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis are the most frequent ones. N. meningitidis, causing meningococcal meningitis, is the one with the potential to produce large epidemics. There are 12 serogroups of N. meningitidis that have been identified, 6 of which (A, B, C, W, X and Y) can cause epidemics.

Meningococcal meningitis can affect anyone of any age, but mainly affects babies, preschool children and young people. The disease can occur in a range of situations from sporadic cases, small clusters to large epidemics throughout the world, with seasonal variations. Geographic distribution and epidemic potential differ according to serogroup. The largest burden of meningococcal meningitis occurs in the meningitis belt, an area of sub-Saharan Africa, which stretches from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east.

N. meningitidis can cause a variety of diseases. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) refers to the range of invasive diseases caused by N. meningitidis, including septicemia, arthritis and meningitis. Similarly, S. pneumoniae causes other invasive diseases including otitis and pneumonia

Which is better -Zinc Oxide or Zinc Sulphate?
Information on Minerals:  Similarly, zinc sulphate is absorbed at 20% while zinc oxide is around 10%. Among the different types of trace minerals, oxides are very well known to have lower absorption efficiencies, however, oxide-based trace minerals continue to be used likely because of their low price. 

Reference: 

https://aliveterinarywisdom.com/how-to-make-mineral-mixture-for-cows-buffaloes-goats-and-other-livestock-at-home/

https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2020/11/zinc-oxide-variation-raises-questions-of-reliability-prompts-alternatives-for-livestock#:~:text=Similarly%2C%20zinc%20sulphate%20is%20absorbed,because%20of%20their%20low%20price.