3-2 History of India

British Imperialism

Motives -Raw Materials, New Markets, Nationalism - to show that they were indeed a world power. “the sun never sets on the British Empire”

· British Colonial Rule -The British always tried to divide the people of India so that they would not unite and rise up.

· The Indians learned about parliamentary democracy.

The Sepoy Rebellion (Nationalist Rebellion) began in the spring of 1857 sepoys are Indian soldier).

The reasons for the rebellion were:

• Attempts by British missionaries to convert all India to Christianity

• Insensitive recruiting policy and "Europeanization" of the sepoy regiments

• Sepoy objections to serving outside their homeland and traditional areas.

• The spark that started the rebellion was the objection by sepoys to cartridges coated with animal grease. This offended both Hindus and Muslims.

British Imperialism

Effects - Schools, hospitals, communication and transportation systems were built.

Nationalist movements seek independence from foreign control.

Nationalist Organizations

· Indian National Congress - Hindu majority

· Muslim League

Mohandas Gandhi

· Gandhi has come to represent the Indian nationalist movement.

· His methods included non-violent, civil disobedience

· Salt March

· Gandhi leads the “Salt March” as a protest on the British monopoly on the sale of salt.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah -Jinnah was the leader of the Muslim League.

· He became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan

· Creation of Pakistan 1947

· Britain created a separate Muslim state when granting independence to India.

· Pakistan had 2 parts East & West

· As 12 million people moved in either direction (into or out of either Pakistan), violence erupted between Hindus and Muslims.

· Conflict Pakistan Civil War - In 1971, Pakistan (East & West) went through a civil war which ended with the country being split up.

Bangladesh was created from East Pakistan.

· It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

· Bangladesh Today -Current Issues-Overpopulation, Floods and droughts, Poverty

Pakistan Today

· Benizar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister Pakistan - 1988

· Benazir Bhutto sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of an Islamic country

· Elements of Islamic Fundamentalism within its borders.

Freedom for India

· India achieved independence after years of struggle against Great Britain.

· India’s Constitution

· Universal suffrage -improved the status of women

· banned the caste system.

Jawaharlal Nehru -Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.

· He was active in the I.N.C.

· Led his country on a democratic path towards socialism

The Nehru “Dynasty”

· India was ruled by a member of the Nehru family for almost 40 years.

· Nehru’s goal was to transform India into modern industrialized, secular state.

Indira Gandhi - She was the daughter of Nehru. First female leader of India.

· Sikhism - Sikhism is a religion in the Punjab region of India.

· Separatist Movements – Each of the groups below have used terrorism as a means of trying to gain independence. Sikhs in the Punjab region of India

· Golden Temple of Amritsar -Indira Gandhi sent troops to this most holy Sikh Temple.

· Consequently, she was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards.

Kashmir

· Area in India near the Pakistan border.

· It has a Muslim majority who wants to break away from India.

· Human Rights violations

· Some human rights watch groups have complained that the Indian government uses torture to get information from political prisoners.

Sri Lanka -Island nation off the east coast of India formerly called Ceylon.

· experiencing political turmoil as a result of separatist movements.

· Sinhalese vs. Tamils

· Religious Conflict in Sri Lanka

· Tamil Tigers

· Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by Hindus who felt betrayed by his policy in Sri Lanka

· Rajiv was the son of Indira and grandson of Nehru.

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Sri Lanka (Tamil Tigers, a Hindu group living under a Buddhist majority in Sri Lanka)

Punjab Region

India & The mixed economy

· A combination of privately owned (free enterprise) and government controlled businesses (socialist policies).

Green Revolution - An effort to use technology to increase agricultural production aimed at meeting the needs of a growing population. While agricultural output increased the population grew at an even greater rate, therefore hunger remains a huge problem.

Winner National History Day 2012 - The Green Revolution: Against All Odds

Domestic Issues –Poverty, Spread of Aids.

· Foreign Investment -Foreign Investment during the 1980’s stimulated economic growth in India.

· Foreign companies see opportunity to earn big profits with a 1 billion person market;

· Human Rights violation

Treatment of Women In India -Abortion of female fetuses, dowry deaths

Foreign Policy

· During the “Cold War,” India was said to be the leader of the third world.

· Non Alignment - India accepted aid from both sides in the cold war and remained non committed to either side.

Nuclear Proliferation

· Both India and Pakistan have exploded nuclear weapons in recent years.

· The testing has added to tensions between the two countries.

· Neither country has agreed to sign existing nuclear test ban treaties.