England

'All the cloth workers of strange lands, of whatsoever country they be, which will come to England…shall come safely and securely, and shall be in the King’s protection and safe conduct, to dwell in the same lands choosing where they will.’

~Edward III

Click this link to:

JOIN THE FRAME DNA PROJECT

If finances allow, and immediate family males have not already tested it, we suggest choosing the Big Y700 test. It is the ultimate Y-DNA test at Family Tree DNA for males with the FRAME, FREAME, FREMAUX, FREMAULT and other eligible surname variants.

The Y-DNA of the majority of Project testers from around the world has identified a very large and widely-dispersed family/clan who share a single progenitor (Frame Group A (I-L803).

Along with those members, we also have additional smaller groups. Long-term historical research into many other families surnamed Frame, Freame, Freme and Fremault etc. has revealed two main features in common:

Widespread ties to the cloth trade and other highly specialised artisan crafts.
Suffering for the right of religious freedom. This began in Flanders and France and continued in England, Scotland and Ireland.

14th - 15th CENTURY MIGRATIONS

Although the early English kings encouraged the immigration of foreigners, especially those such as the people of Flanders who could teach valuable skills to the native population, it was Edward III, who reigned from 1327 until 1377 that was responsible for a major expansion of the manufacturing industries in England. His marriage with Philippa of Hainault enhanced the relationship between England and Flanders, and after the fall of Mortimer in 1331 when Edward was able to take the government of the country into his own hands, he sent emissaries to Flanders to induce Flemish weavers to migrate to England:

The representations made by Edward's agents were effective; however, another circumstance hastened the exodus of the Flemings. This was the outbreak of war between England and France in 1336. Philip de Valois, the French king, stirred up Louis de Nevers, Count of Flanders, to strike a blow against England on his behalf. An order was issued for the arrest of all the English then in the Low Countries. The order was executed, but it was soon felt that the blow had been struck at Flanders rather than at England.

Edward at once retaliated by prohibiting the export of English wool as well as the import of Flemish cloth. The Flemings thus found themselves at the same moment deprived of their indispensable supply of raw material, and shut out from one of the principal markets for the sale of their goods. At the same time Edward took the opportunity of reiterating, which he did with increased effect, his invitation to the Flemish artisans to come over to England. He promised they would be amply supplied with wool and provided with ready markets for all the cloth they could manufacture. He granted a charter for the express purpose of protecting the foreign merchants and artisans who settled in England, guaranteeing them security in the pursuit of their industry, freedom to trade within the realm, exemption from certain duties, good and prompt justice, good weight, and good measure. In 1337, Edward III stated in his Proclamation:

These measures proved successful in a remarkable degree. Large numbers of Flemings forthwith migrated into England, bringing with them their tools, their skill, and their industry, and they continued to do so in later centuries. More extracts from Samuel Smiles, The Huguenots, their Settlements, Churches and Industries in England and Ireland, 1869, pp.5-9:

'The Flemish cloth-workers, as they came over, had special districts assigned to them, with special liberties and privileges. They were planted all over England,—in London, in Kent, in Somerset, in Norfolk, in Nottinghamshire, in Yorkshire, in Lancashire, and as far north as Kendal in Westmoreland.

Seventy Walloon families from Brabant were settled in the ward of Candlewick, London, and two meeting-places were assigned to them—one in Laurence Pountney churchyard, the other in the churchyard of St. Mary Somerset. Stow says they were weavers of drapery, tapery, and napery —in other words, of woollen and linen stuffs. Guilds were established in connection with the new branches of trade; and, with a view to their encouragement, the king himself joined them as a guild-brother...

Other Flemings planted themselves in the West of England, and in course of time their fulling-mills were busily at work along the streams of Wiltshire, Somerset, and South Gloucester, where the manufacture of cloth still continues to flourish. Bath and Bristol also shared in the prosperity which followed the introduction of this new branch of trade...

The cloth-manufactures of Kent, also, rose into importance by reason of the skill and enterprise of the Flemings. They planted their fulling-mills along the rivers Cray and Dart ;* the weavers settling principally at Cranbrook, Goudhurst, and the neighbouring villages. Many of the small freeholders of the Weald sent their sons to learn the trade, and they afterwards set up as manufacturers on their own account. At county meetings the "Grey-coats of Kent" carried all before them—grey cloth being the prevailing colour of the Kentish, as green was that of the Kendal article. The cloth-trade has, however, long since departed from Cranbrook, then the centre of the Kentish trade—its manufactures, like so many others, having migrated northwards; and the only indications remaining of the extinct branch of industry are the ancient factories, evidently of Flemish origin, which are still to be seen in the principal street of the town.

* Most of the paper-mills now situated on these streams were originally fulling-mills, as is shown by the title-deeds of the properties still extant.

Norwich and the neighbouring towns continued to derive increasing advantages from the influx of foreign artizans. To the trade of spinning worsted, that of manufacturing it into cloth was added in 1336, after which date the latter branch became the leading manufacture of the city. Norwich was appointed by royal edict one of the ten staple towns for the sale of wool, woolfells, and cloths, to which merchants resorted from all parts for purposes of business. Enjoying such privileges, Norwich became a centre of busy industry, and the adjoining towns of Worstead and "Wymondham shared in its prosperity; "every one," says an ancient chronicler, "having combers, carders, spinsters, fullers, dyers, pressers, packers, and fleece-sorters."

While the Flemish artizans prospered, the English yeomen grew rich with them. "Happy the yeoman's house," says Fuller, "into which one of these Dutchmen did enter, bringing industry and wealth along with him. Such who came in strangers within the doors soon after went out bridegrooms and returned sons-in-law. Yea, those yeomen in whose houses they harboured soon proceeded gentlemen, gaining great estates to themselves, arms and worship to their families."*

Edward continued indefatigable in his efforts to promote the establishment and extension of the new branches of industry. Some of the measures which he adopted with that object, viewed by the light of the present day, may seem to display more zeal than wisdom. Thus he ordered that none but English-made cloth should be worn throughout England, except by himself and certain privileged persons of the higher classes. He not only fixed by edict the prices of cloth, but prescribed the kind to be worn by tradesmen, mechanics, and rustics, respectively, as well as the quality of the woollen shrouds they were to be buried in!

The Flemish artizans whom Edward induced to settle in the kingdom also included a number of skilled workers in metal, to whom the king was indebted for the cannon which he was the first to bring into efficient use in the field; and to this powerful auxiliary he was in no small degree indebted for the wonderful success of his campaigns. The four cannon which he employed at the battle of Crecy are said by historians to have mainly contributed to the victory.'

[Samuel Smiles, The Huguenots, their Settlements, Churches and Industries in England and Ireland, 1869, pp.5-9]

16th - 17th CENTURY MIGRATIONS

Above: Map showing departure/arrival points; the Frontier between the Spanish Netherlands and the Kingdom of France; the language Frontier between Flemish (North) and Walloon (South); and Refugee Protestant Churches.

~ John Peters, A Family from Flanders, 1985

Apart from times of mutually beneficial trade over the centuries, there were several periods of political and religious upheaval when refugees from Flanders and France sought refuge in England during the 16th and 17th centuries - members of a Fremaux / Fremault family of Artois were among them. [William J.C. Moens, THE WALLOONS AND THEIR CHURCH AT NORWICH: THEIR HISTORY, AND REGISTERS 1565-1832, Huguenot Society of London, 1887-1888, p.341]. In his publication (from which the map above was sourced), John Peters (A Family from Flanders, 1985) defines three waves of migration during the 16th and 17th centuries prior to the flood of arrivals following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. They were :

1566-1575: A time of religious and political unrest when the Duke of Alva was Phillip II's governor and the captain-general in the Netherlands*.

1580s-1590s: During the reconquest of the southern provinces under the Duke of Parma, and in the course of Philip's intervention in the wars of religion in France.

1630s: When the war between France and Spain re-erupted.

*The Netherlands in this story, means the Seventeen Provinces, which owed allegiance to Philip II of Spain on his accession in 1555 but by the time of his death in 1598 were subdivided into the Seven (United) Provinces of the North and the Ten (Catholic) Provinces of the South. [JFF per DuPlessis: 'From west to east and south to north, the provinces were Artois, Cambrai, Hainaut, Namur, Flanders, Walloon or French Flanders, Tournai and the Tournésis, Brabant, Mechelen, Zeeland, Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijissel, Drenthe, Friesland, and Groningen and the Ommelanden.'] In the south the main languages were, and are, a dialect of French called Walcq and a dialect of Low German called Flemish [Dutch]; the speakers of Walcq were called Walloons and the speakers of Flemish [Dutch] were called Flemings.

Many French-speaking families from Walloon Flanders took refuge first in France, then in England, while some French families arrived in England by the opposite route. In attempting to research one's family history, one group might easily be confused with the other, and whether from Flanders or France - there has been a tendency by some to refer to all as 'Huguenots'. Peters explains:

‘The main thing to remember is that the Protestant refugees between 1550 and 1650 were mostly Walloons and Flemings from the Netherlands; after that they were mostly ‘Huguenots’ from France. From 1685 onwards, a French-speaking Protestant in England was more likely to be a Frenchman than a Walloon, especially after Louis XIV swallowed half of Wallonia during his long drive to push the frontier of France to the north-east. ' [JFF: The city of Lille to which the earliest family of Fremaux/Fremault owed their origins, is now in Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. See FLANDERS page.]

'The Fleming and Walloon refugees were like oil and water; although they arrived together in the boat they quickly separated ashore. Only in the largest refugee settlements in London and Norwich were there both Flemings and Walloons; elsewhere they gravitated to different centres according to language. The chief communities were the Walloons of Canterbury and the Flemings of Colchester, and all were self-contained and self-supporting…’

'Several thousand of the refugees preferred to stay in England where they were made welcome by successive governments, and when in due course they became naturalised they changed their name to an English equivalent. (4)' He commented in n.4, 'In France immigrants mostly keep their family names unaltered, apart from occasional fashions for Latinising or even anglicising, but in England there is a fairly rapid assimilation. Perhaps it is because the English refuse to twist their tongues round foreign names.' Peters comments further: 'Many of those who subsequently intermarried with the English also left the Calvinist Church to become good Anglicans. It was not unusual for a refugee to be baptised into one community, spend most of his life in another and die in a third...because of this talent for rapid assimilation the Walloon congregations were already dwindling before the main wave of Protestants refugees arrived from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.'

[Peters, pp.4-6]

Peters notes in his Prologue how immigration officer William Jones recorded the name of Guillaume Fremaut as 'Wam Fromowe' when he arrived in Dover from Calais on 11 Sep 1635. No doubt many early arrivals acquired a simplified surname over time, as evidenced by the names Fram, Frem, Frame etc in the registers of Kent, and also in Norwich and Yarmouth, Norfolk in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Image of a Seventeenth Century Broadside illustrating the processes of the Woollen and Worsted Industries ~ E. Lipson, The History of the Woollen and Worsted Industries (1965)

'The industry, talent, and wealth introduced into England by the French and other Refugees in the sixteenth century, very considerably revived and improved the commerce of the cities of Canterbury and Norwich, and established there and in other provincial towns, many new trades and manufacturers creating novel employments for capital. The Canterbury silks became of great estimation, the Norwich stuffs were famed all over Europe, and the Yarmouth herrings were superior to all others. While Queen Elizabeth, therefore, was affording an asylum for the poor Protestants who fled from the cruelties of the Duke of Alva and from the massacre of St. Bartholomew's, she was improving her commerce, increasing the population, and introducing into the Realm, those sources of industry, talent, and wealth, which even to the present day, constitute much of its prosperity, honour, and happiness.'

[John Southerden Burn, THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH, WALLOON, DUTCH AND OTHER FOREIGN PROTESTANT REFUGEES SETTLED IN ENGLAND FROM THE TIME OF HENRY VIII TO THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES, 1845, Preface]

DISTRIBUTION OF FRAME AND VARIANTS SURNAMES IN ENGLAND BY 1700

The map above shows the distribution of the variant surnames in England by 1700. [Clicking on the coloured pins will provide additional details]

Blue = Frame, Freme, Freame etc.
Purple = Frema, Fremaux, Fremault etc.

The sampling for the map was mainly birth/bapt records at Family Search; however some very early references and details from Wills etc were also included. Note the clustering together of French and anglicised versions and the high density in the south-west. Gloucestershire proved to be the English 'hotspot' for the surname.

The earliest appearances of Frame, Freame, Freme etc., as a hereditary surname in England seem to have been during the reign of Edward III (1327-1377).

1332: Walter and Robert Freme of Wick / Nursteed, Cannings hundred were recorded in the Wiltshire Tax List; they each paid 12d. [D.A. Crowley, Wiltshire Record Society, The Wiltshire Tax List of 1332, 1989, pp.129-30].

1359: Thomas Frame of Middleton, Hawsted, Suffolk was holding 1 messuage and 30 acres, and another messuage and 15 acres. [Rev. Sir John Cullum, THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF HAWSTED, 1784].

1361: Henry Freme of Hilborworthe [?] is mentioned in relation to 'Toneworthe' [Tanworth?], Warwickshire: 'A. 8130. General release by Henry Freme of Hilborworthe to Thomas Broun of Toneworthe. Tuesday after St. Mark, 34 Edward III. Seal. '[Deeds: A.8101 - A.8200', A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds: Volume 4 (1902), pp. 263-276.]

Temp. Richard II (Rn.1377-1399) : John Frome was knight of the shire in three parliaments. This family was also in Wiltshire. (Frome of Pucknoll)

1390-91 and later, William Frame was Rector of Tubney: 'Rector of Tubney 1390-1' THE BERKSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Vol. 8-9, 9-10, p.95; CALENDAR OF THE CLOSE ROLLS, Vol.49, p.403]. ‘Among the Berkshire Vicars we notice:- …William Frame, rector of Tubney 1390-1.’ [NOTES AND QUERIES].

FRAME AND VARIANTS BY COUNTY UP TO 1700 PLUS NUMBERS AT THE CENSUS OF 1881

BERKSHIRE

Textile prod: Cloth

Early individuals noted:

1390-91 WILLIAM FRAME, Rector of Tubney

‘Sept. 23 [1417] Westminster

To the escheator in Oxfordshire and Berkshire. Order to remove the king's hand and meddle no further with a manor called Stanlake in Oxfordshire, a meadow called Hasses and the advowson of a fourth part of Stanlake church, a manor called Tubbeney in Tubbeney, Fryleforde, Abyndoun and Offynton in Berkshire and the advowson of Tubbeney church, delivering to John Fitz Rafe knight, Roger Wolferston, William Aketon rector of Little Dunham, William Frame rector of Tubbeney and John Dalby any issues thereof taken; as it is found by inquisition, taken before the escheator, that Robert Corbet knight at his death held no lands in that bailiwick in demesne nor in service, but that Robert Corbet of Hadeleygh co. Salop knight his father was seised of the manor of Stanlake, meadow and advowson aforesaid, and by another inquisition, likewise taken, that he was seised of the manor and advowson of Tubbeney, and by charter, dated Tubbeney Tuesday the eve of St. Lawrence 14 Richard II, gave all the premises to the said John, Roger, William, William and John, their heirs and assigns, and that the manor of Stanlake, meadow and advowson are held of the duchy of Lancastre as of the earl of Aumarle, the manor etc. of Tubbeney of another than the kin.’

1700: With the exception of William Frame, rector of Tubney noted in 1390 and 1417, and a Fryme in Sutton Courtenay in 1626, the Frome, Froome etc. variants (yellow map pins) appear to have dominated in Berkshire by 1700. They were on record in Beenham, Bucklebury, Chieveley, Inkpen, North Morton, Reading, Thatcham, and Wokingham. Richard in Wokingham had two children baptised, Christian 'Frame' in 1616 and dadatus 'Froome' in 1621. In Little Shefford in 1861, James Froome was a farmer and landowner and John Froome was a miller [Edward Cassey & Co.'s History, Gazetteer and Directory of Berkshire and Oxfordshire..., 1868, p.181]. Additional details:

LITTLE, OR EAST SHEFFORD

Is in the hundred of Kintbury Eagle, and lies on the road from Newbury to Lambourn; it is 8 miles from Newbury. The manor was at an early period in the family of Fettiplace. Thomas Fettiplace, of East Shefford, married Beatrice, an illegitimate daughter of John, king of Portugal, who had been successively the widow of Thomas, earl of Arundell; Gilbert, lord Talbot; and John, earl of Huntingdon. The grandson of this Thomas Fettiplace married the heiress of Besils, and rebuilt the manor house at East Shefford. A small part of this antient manor house, near the church, is now used as a barn; the remaining ruins shew it to have been originally an extensive building, it had a garden attached, (now a small meadow) which, with the house, was, it is said, entirely surrounded by a moat, and approached over a draw-bridge.

Sir Richard Elyot, one of the Justices of the King's Bench, in 1515, had a temporary interest in this manor, by marrying the relict of one of the Fettiplaces. Edmund Fettiplace, grandson of Thomas, above-mentioned, quitted Shefford for Besils Legh." The manor of Shefford having been afterwards purchased by the Winchcombes, descended with their other estates to Winchcombe Henry Howard Hartley, esq.; it is now the property of Mr. Froome.[Edward William Gray, The History and Antiquities of Newbury and Its Environs..., 1839, p.274].

1881: At the 1881 Census, there were 7 individuals surnamed Froom, 1 Froome and 1 Frome.

BUCKINGHAM

Early individuals noted:

1190: WILLELMO DE FREME

He is mentioned in the Cartulary of Missenden Abbey in 1190: 'Carta Hamonis filii Hamonis de donatione tocius terre quam Willelmus Brito eis dedit in Eselberga. ... Testibus Alano filio Meinfelin Ricardo de Bechhamptona Radulfo de Bello Campo et Ricardo fratre eius Willelmo de Freme ...' [The Cartulary of Missenden Abbey: Vol. 12 p.44].

1240: MGR. RICHARD DE FREMES

From: Roger de la Lee, prior of Canterbury Cathedral Priory; the chapter of Canterbury Cathedral Priory

To: the prior of Missenden ('Messinden'') [Buckinghamshire] Robert, rector of Barcheston ('Bercheston'') [Warwickshire], brought a case against Richard, vicar of Barcheston, concerning a pension payable by Richard to him for life before Mgr Simon de Waltona and Mgr Richard de Fremes, who had been appointed by the mandate of the bishop of Worcester ('Dominus Wigorn''). He felt himself to be oppressed, especially when, under the pretext of an exception by Richard that the pension had not been obtained canonically, they refused to restore it to him, and he therefore appealed. The prior of Missenden is to hear the appeal. Given at Canterbury. The letter 'a' in left margin.

[Commission (copy) CCA-DCc-ChAnt/M/364/13 13 Nov 1240 These documents are held at Canterbury Cathedral Archives . Former reference: CCA-DCc-ChAnt/M/364/13]

1700: The 'Framea' surname variants were rare in Buckingham by 1700, with Richard Freema having children baptised in Soulbury in 1620 and 1626, and Robert Frome with one in 1646, also in Soulbury.

1881: There were no Frame or variant surnames enumerated in Buckingham at the 1881 census.

CHESHIRE

Early individuals noted:

ROBERT DE FREMOUZ (FRESMES ?)

Cheshire charter of Robert de Fremouz granting Fiddleston to the Abbey of St. Werburge.

'The charter of foundation to the abbey of St. Werburge, at Chester shows that several eminent persons held the rank of baron under Hugh d'Avranches which Barones and Homines mention the following: 1. William Melbanc; 2. Robert, son of Hugo; 3. Hugo, son of Norman; 4. Richard de Vernon; 5. Richard de Rullos; 6. Ranulph Venator; 7. Hugh de Mara; 8. Ranulph, son of Ermiwin; 9. Robert de Fremouz; 10. Walkelinus, nephew of Walter de Vernon; 11. Seward; 12. Giselbert de Venables; 13. Gaufridus de Sartes; 14. Richard de Mesnilwarin; 15. Walter de Vernun. The charter concludes: "Et ut hÃ¦c omnia essent rata et stabilia in perpetuum, ego Come Hugo et mei Barones confirmavimus (&c.), ita quod singuli nostrum propria manu, in testimonium posteris signum in modum Crucis facerunt:"-and is signed by the earl; Richard his son; Hervey, bishop of Bangor; Ranulph de Meschines, his nephew, who eventually inherited the earldom; Roger Bigod; Alan de Perci; William Constabular; Ranulph Dapifer; William Malbanc; Robert FitzHugh; Hugh FitzNorman; Hamo de Masci; and Bigod de Loges. Those barons, be it remembered, were each and all of them men of great individual power and large territorial possessions. Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, was s. by his only son (seven years of age), Richard de Abrincis, as 2nd earl.'

[Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, 1883, pp. 1-2, Abrincis, Earls of Chester - see more in Burke's 1831 edition of A GENERAL AND HERALDIC DICTIONARY OF THE PEERAGES OF ENGLAND, IRELAND, AND SCOTLAND, EXTINCT, DORMANT, AND ABEYANCE, ENGLAND here.

1700: Several surname variations had been recorded in Cheshire by 1700, e.g.:

1612: Thomas Fromway m. Eliza Benet in St Oswald, Chester on 23 Jan 1612.

1612: Jane Frame, dau. of John Frame of Tarvin, Cheshire was bur. at Tarvin 21 Jul 1612

1622: Anne Framme of Tarvin m. Roberte Walker 24 Aug 1622

1636: Johanis Fram of Gawsworth was bapt. 18 Sep 1636

1670: Jane Frimes of Tattenhall m. Edward 27 Mar 1670

1692: Elizabeth Fraume of Middlewich m. Mathew Egerton 27 Sep 1692

1881: Only the FRAME surname was present in Cheshire at the census of 1881. 13 individuals were enumerated.

CORNWALL

1700: By 1700, one Freema was found in Phillack (1596) and a Frome in Jacobstow (1693). In Cornwall after 1700, apart from Froom, Frome etc., there were entries for Freimes (St Ives, 1783); Freymas (St Agnes nr. Truro, 1829); Frame (Trewin, 1791) and Frame (St Breock, 1848).

1881: Project Surnames: Nil.

CUMBERLAND

No early individuals of the Frame or variant surnames have been found in Cumberland.

1881: 3 individuals surnamed Frame were enumerated at the 1881 census.

DERBYSHIRE

1700: By 1700, a Freema was found in Eckington (1599) and a Frame in Chapel-en-le-Frith in 1640.

1881: Project Surnames: Nil.

DEVONSHIRE

Textile prod: Kersies

Early individuals noted:

SIR JOHN FREME, RICHARD FREME

Fl. 1360-69: Tamerton Foliot, Sir John Freme, chaplain, was installed at Chudleigh, 25 Aug; Patrons, the Prior and Convent of Plympton. In 1418, Richard Freme, was noted in Tamerton Foliot. [ G Bell and Sons, the Register of John de Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, (AD 1327-1369): 1360-1369, together with the Register of Institutions, 1899, p.1418, 1636]

1700: By 1700, Frome is on record in Colyton (from 1550); Walter Fryme m. Elizabeth Fowell in 1580; and in Bishops Tawton between 1610-1678 the names Freime, Fream, Freame, Frame appeared.

1881: The following surname variants were enumerated in Devonshire at the 1881 census: Froom (97); Froome (8); Fremier (6); Freme (2) and Frame (1).

DORSET

Early individuals noted:

JOHN FROME

Temp. Richard III (Rn. 1377-1399), John Frome was knight of the shire in three parliaments. See Frome of Pucknoll.

1700: By 1700, the surnames Frome and Froome were found in Bere-Regis.

1881: At the census of 1881, the following surnames were present: Froom (14); Froome (12); Freame (4); Frome (2); Fraim (1); Fremaux (1).

DURHAM

1700: By 1700, the Frame/Fram surname families were well-established in Durham. The earliest found was in St Oswalds, Durham (1573), but also at Auckland St Andrew in 1575 and 1578. The most numbers were found in Whickham (a Project family) but the Frame surname was also found in Gateshead, Jarrow and Ryton.

A tradition passed down through the Frame family of Whickham, Durham is that their Frame ancestors came down from Berwick. Some deviations in spelling such as Fraime, Fraim, Fram, Freme and Framm are noticed among the baptism records for this Frame family.

1881: At the census of 1881 the following were enumerated: Frame (45); Fram (3); Frames (1); Fraims (1).

ESSEX

Textile prod: Sayes & Surges

1700: The pre-1700 map shows the surname Frams in Heddingham-Sible, Essex in 1562. In 1628, Frame is on record at Great Burstead and in 1658, Freem is found at Ashdown.

1881: At the census of 1881 the following were enumerated: Frooms (7); Frim (5); Frame (3).

GLOUCESTER

Textile prod: Cloth, incl. broadcloth, kerseys and worsteds.

The large concentration of Freame, Freme and variant surnames in Gloucestershire in the early years justifies having a separate map for illustration purposes. By 1700, Gloucestershire had the highest number of records for our Project surnames in England. Clearly, when coupled with those in neighbouring counties – the south-west of England was the ‘hotspot’ for our surname variants. Gloucestershire also produced some prominent individuals and families who will be mentioned below. Of the different variants in Gloucestershire, Freame was the most common.

See map following:

Blue pins: Freame, Freem, Freeme, Fream, Freme, Frem, Frame, Freames, Freeham, Frieme
Yellow pins: Frome
Purple pin: Freema

FREAME AND VARIANT SURNAMES IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE UP TO 1700

Early individuals noted:

One of the prominent families in the Gloucestershire nexus was Freame of Nether Lypiatt and there are differing views as to what may have been their origins. Among them are:

1. Mary A. Rudd [HISTORICAL RECORDS OF BISLEY, 1937] includes a chart showing the family descending from a William ‘de Reom’ (aka Reame etc) of Nether Lypiatt who appeared at an Inquisition Post Mortem in 1304. In 'Stroud: Manors and other estates', A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11: Bisley and Longtree Hundreds (1976), pp. 111-119 it states:

'An estate at Lypiatt owned by one Richard in 1220 probably comprised Nether Lypiatt tithing. (fn. 51) Richard may have been Richard de Veim who in 1225 was impleaded over property in Bisley and Stroud by Hugh Mortimer, Bartholomew Laban, and Bartholomew's wife Muriel. (fn. 52) An earlier Richard de Veim was one of the vavasours on Bisley manor c. 1135. (fn. 53) In 1346 ½ knight's fee at Nether Lypiatt was held jointly by John de Reom, who had succeeded William de Reom, and the prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. (fn. 54) John de Reom's estate, later known as the manor of NETHER LYPIATT, was held in 1374 and 1384 by Roger Reom, (fn. 55) who may have been succeeded by Thomas atte Reom who in 1387 did fealty to Bisley manor for land formerly held by Roger. (fn. 56) In 1479 William Freame, whose name was evidently a variation of Reom, held Nether Lypiatt manor. (fn. 57) In 1517 the manor was held by the same or a later William Freame, and it was retained by his widow Catherine who married Richard Walsh; on Catherine's death in 1539 it passed to her son Thomas Freame, (fn. 58) probably the same man who made his will in 1572 and was succeeded by his son William. (fn. 59) William was succeeded by his son Robert, who died in 1599 holding the manor and over 400 a. of land in Nether Lypiatt and Thrupp, and the manor passed to Robert's son Thomas (fn. 60) (d. 1659) and Thomas's son Thomas (d. 1664). (fn. 61) The younger Thomas's heirs were his three daughters...'

2. This researcher instead has a curious eye on Raismes (pronounced Raim), Nord-Pas-de-Calais since it is near Lille and the heart of the textile trade. Additionally, it is associated with the 'de Fresnes' of Fresnes-sur-Escaut noted on the FLANDERS page. On that page we pondered whether or not Jehan Fremaux of Lille, the ancestor of the family Fremault, might have been one and the same as Jean 1st de Fresnes, chatelaine of Lille. His son, Guillaume de Fresnes fl. 1222, 1235 - shown on p.3 of the chart Chatelains de Lille, Fresnes-sur-Escaut - was also known as ‘dit Le Plouich’. Raismes and the Château du Plouich held by the châtelains de Lille-Plouich, are virtually the same place. Might he have been one of those individuals named William 'de Fresnes' associated with the ''land of Fresne' in Sussex mentioned above? '...William de Fresne, however, returned to England, recovered his lands in Drayton and Grove, and obtained leave to alienate them to John de Gatesden. (fn. 51) He in turn conveyed the land to Boxgrove Priory. (fn. 52) ' The surname 'Fraimes' is found at Boxgrove in 1594 - see Sussex section below.

3. The Freme pedigree chart (pp.62-3) in Camden, Philipot, Chitting and Hearne, THE VISITATION OF THE COUNTY GLOUCESTERSHIRE (1623) citing Harl. MSS 1041, ffo 109, 111; 1543, fo. 157b only begins with 'Thomas Freme of Lypiate' who married the daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Morgan of Pencoyd who d.1542.

4. On p.30 of THE WELSH BOOK-PLATES IN THE COLLECTION OF SIR EVAN DAVIES JONES, Bart. M.P. of Pentower, Fishguard, A Catalogue, with Biographical and Descriptive Notes by Herbert M. Vaughan, F.S.A., 1920, is this entry relating to the Fremes who purchased Wepre Hall, Flintshire in 1865 (this family will appear in the Worcestershire section):

FREME.

John Rowden Freme. XlXth Cent. Arm.

Eldest s. of William Purser Freme, of Wepre Hall, co.

Flint; b. 1821 ; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge.

" The Freme family was settled at Lypiate, Glos., temp.

Edward III."

~~~~~

Whatever the case may be, we do know with certainty that the Freame/Freme surname did not appear in Gloucestershire until towards the end of the 14th century. We also know that the Freames of Nether Lypiatt, - some of whom were described as ‘gentleman’, ‘esquire’ etc. were involved in the cloth trade, like most of the other Freame / Freme / Frame families in Gloucestershire and elsewhere. They were wool producers, clothiers, tailors, weavers, dyers etc. This strongly suggests that the family had origins in Flanders. If they did not immigrate during the reign of an earlier monarch, then they almost certainly arrived temp. Edward III when he was encouraging cloth workers and other artisans from Flanders to settle in England.

‘During the later Medieval period changes to the industrial and commercial geography of England also had a significant effect upon the development of towns in the country. One of the main English exports up to the fourteenth century had been raw wool, which was shipped to the continent where it was made into finished cloth to be sold back to England. The wars with France in the early fourteenth century forced an end to this trade, providing the opportunity for the production of cloth to spread rapidly through the rural areas of England. Within a few years finished cloth had replaced raw wool as one of the country’s main exports. Numerous small settlements began to develop in rural areas to service this trade, away from the constraints of the town guilds, which enabled cloth to be produced more cheaply, thereby competing with the Flemish weavers who had dominated the trade up to this time. These settlements were strikingly different from those of earlier towns; they were not confined within town walls and were often not connected to earlier settlements, but took the form of straggling developments along the sides of valleys. The new cloth industry thus allowed small rural settlements in favourable locations to develop into prosperous towns.

The effect of these economic changes was felt very strongly in Gloucestershire where the towns of the Cotswolds had specialised in the marketing of locally produced wool. Many of these towns, such as Northleach and Winchcombe, fell into decline during this time as they were not located in areas suitable for the manufacturing of woollen cloth. Prosperity spread instead to the valleys around Stroud where easy access to high quality Cotswold wool, to abundant supplies of fuller’s earth, to water of a quantity sufficient to drive a number of mills and to Bristol as an outlet for the finished product allowed numerous small valley hamlets to develop into towns serving the cloth industry [see Map above]. Three kinds of English cloth were produced, the finest of which was broadcloth; kerseys were a lighter, cheaper and often coarser cloth and worsteds were the cheapest and did not require fulling. Gloucestershire held foremost place in the production of broadcloth, mainly due to the steep-sided valleys in the Stroud area which were well suited to the creation of reservoirs for the large fulling mills, and later for the dyehouses for the coloured cloth which supplanted the finished broadcloth. This is how settlements such as Chalford, Nailsworth and Stroud developed from the later fourteenth century, spread out along the sides of the river valleys and clustered around the mills. Within these towns evidence for the cloth trade is well preserved, not only in the form of large mill buildings, but in the architecture of the houses of the weavers, who produced the cloth, and the large, commodious dwellings of the clothiers who owned the mills, and distributed the wool to be woven.’ [Antonia Douthwaite, Vince Devine, Gloucestershire County Council Archaeology Service: Gloucestershire Historic Towns Survey: STROUD DISTRICT ARCHAELOGICAL ASSESSMENTS – Bisley, 1998, p.15]

Wool from the Cotswolds was very much in demand by merchants in Flanders. Fulling-Mills operating on the streams of the Cotswolds turned greasy wool into soft, highly-prized fibre. Thomas Freame, a clothworker, had a fulling-mill at Nailsworth:

‘At the north end of the parish [Nailsworth] were two mills on the lower part of the Inch brook. The higher one, Freame's Mill, (fn. 98) was evidently that held by Thomas Freame, a clothworker, in 1656, (fn. 99) and it was probably the fulling-mill that John Freame sold to Thomas Yeats in 1709. (fn. 1) Freame's Mill was rebuilt c. 1770 with 2 stocks and a gig, (fn. 2) and a newly erected grist-mill at the site was advertised for letting in 1786. It then belonged to William Biggs (fn. 3) who devised it to his niece Elizabeth, wife of James Norton, (fn. 4) and Norton and a partner made cloth there up to 1810 when they offered their stock for sale. (fn. 5) In 1820 Norton granted a 21-year lease to N. S. Marling, (fn. 6) who remained the tenant in 1838. (fn. 7) By 1856 Perkins, Critchley, and Marmont were making pins at the mill, (fn. 8) and before 1870 it became the Inchbrook works, where chemicals were made until shortly before the First World War. (fn. 9) The site was being redeveloped as the premises of a firm of structural engineers in 1973.

Pitt's Mill, a short way below, (fn. 10) was in the same ownership as Freame's Mill in the 19th century, and was included in the lease to Marling in 1820 (fn. 11) and afterwards used by the pin-makers (fn. 12) and chemical manufacturers. (fn. 13) It was being used as a flock and shoddy factory in the late 1950s, (fn. 14) but the small stone mill, which has a substantial house of c. 1800 adjoining, was unoccupied in 1973. ‘ ['Nailsworth: Economic history', A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11: Bisley and Longtree Hundreds (1976), pp. 211-215]

In 1659, several Stroud parishioners were involved in Massey's preparations for a royalist rising at Gloucester; they included William Warner of Paganhill, who borrowed £300 to advance the project, and Thomas Freame of Nether Lypiatt.

Another interesting family were the Freames from Cirencester. Robert Freame, a clothier, was one of the first purchasers of Pennsylvania in 1681. This family were Quakers and Robert had at least two sons among his children: Robert Jr. whose son Thomas married Margaret Penn, the daughter of William Penn, and another son, John Freame, a goldsmith who was later to establish the bank Freame and Gould that later became Barclays. The Freames, Goulds and Barclays frequently intermarried:

'Freame, John (1665–1745), banker and lobbyist, was probably the second son in the family of at least three children of Robert Freame, a Gloucestershire clothier. In 1681 his father was one of the ‘first purchasers’ of Pennsylvania and some members of the Quaker Freame family emigrated there to escape religious persecution by the Gloucestershire magistrates.

The young John Freame sought refuge in London: he was apprenticed in 1683 to Job Boulton, a leading Lombard Street goldsmith. Boulton was also an influential member of the Friends' Committee on Sufferings, one of the first lobby groups in British politics. Freame completed his apprenticeship in 1690 and set up as a banker in partnership with another young Quaker, Thomas Gould. He married Gould's sister Priscilla (1673/4–1727) in 1697 and they had seven children. The Freame–Gould business partnership (cemented also by Gould's marriage to Freame's sister, Hannah) lasted until Thomas Gould's death in 1728;Gould's own son set up an independent bank which went bankrupt in 1730.

The Freame bank was one of the few seventeenth-century banks to survive well into the next century. Others among this select few (like Hoares or Coutts) evolved into West End banks for gentlemen, while Freame and Gould's business seems to have focused on the City's merchant community. They financed links not only with the English provinces but with Quaker traders in the American and Caribbean colonies and the Baltic. Among the enterprises in which they participated financially were the Enfield turnpike, Atlantic trading ventures,the Pennsylvania Land Company, the London Lead Company, and the Welsh Copper Company. The latter two Quaker-dominated companies developed the reverberatory furnace for lead smelting, which was financed by a £500 loan at 6 per cent interest from Freame and Gould; the bank also owned shares in the company and dealt in its by-product, silver, for the Royal Mint.

Freame's career was clearly built on the religious connections forged during his apprenticeship. The Friends deposited their ‘national stock’ (that is,their central funds, amounting to £1100 in 1695) in his bank from an early stage, and he knew the Quaker luminaries of the day intimately. He was frequently called upon to arbitrate in Quaker business (as well as religious)matters and served as clerk to the Friends' supreme body, the yearly meeting,in 1711. The year after that he published Scripture Instruction, a textbook of morals much reprinted for over a century and used in the schools of the Quaker educational pioneer Joseph Lancaster. Freame was one of those Quakers who helped to entrench toleration after 1689 by diplomatically, but relentlessly,wringing from a reluctant Anglican establishment small cumulative concessions on matters such as affirmation (in place of the oaths of which they disapproved) or summary prosecution before magistrates (rather than the more vexatious church courts), thus reconciling his faith's many tender consciences to the requirements of civil society.

Freame's daughter Priscilla married in 1723 the Quaker merchant David Barclay (1682–1769) whose son joined Freame's son, Joseph, in 1733 as a partner with a quarter share in the Lombard Street bank. The bank was a pioneer of the rediscounting of provincial bankers' bills in London and held large reserves at the Bank of England to support this position. John Freame spent more time on Quaker affairs after his son entered the bank. He also reconstructed the London Lead Company (of which he became governor), following revelations in the later 1720s of misuse of its funds by Quaker fraudsters in the South Sea Bubble affair. He died in 1745, his wife having predeceased him in 1727; his funeral at Winchmore Hill, in the burial-ground of the Quaker meeting-house near his country home, Bush Hill, north of London, was the Friends' equivalent of a Westminster Abbey interment. Apparently a man of self-effacing modesty, his quiet effectiveness had enabled him to become one of the more successful bankers, political lobbyists, and religious leaders of his generation. '

[Leslie Hannah, ‘Freame, John (1665–1745)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004]

More on: JOHN, ROBERT, AND THOMAS FREAME

‘Let us look a little into some of these Quaker ancestors of Francis Galton. The Freames spring from Robert Freame *of Cirencester. The pedigree illustrates the three stages, yeomanry, town traders, and ultimately mercantile houses. Thus the brothers Robert and John of Aldgate were grocers, but John was a goldsmith as well. ** John Freame of Bushhill, Edmonton, married Priscilla Gould, and his sister Hannah married Thomas Gould, probably her brother. Of Robert Freame’s children by his first wife the most interesting is Thomas, who went to Philadelphia. He married in 1725 Margaret Penn – daughter of William Penn by his second wife Hannah Callohill of Bristol – and their daughter, Philadelphia Hannah Freame, became Vicountess Cremorne. It was into the business of the Freames, and indeed into their very household, that David Barclay of Ury came, when he walked up to London. Like the apprentice of romance, but at a much later age, he married his master’s daughter Priscilla. In conjunction with his brother-in-law, Joseph Freame, the business was developed into a large banking and mercantile firm. Lucy Barclay, the great-grandmother of Sir Francis Galton, was a child of this marriage.

But the Freame and Barclay intermarriages are by no means thus exhausted. Sarah Freame, Priscilla’s sister, married David Barclay’s son James, by his first wife, Ann Taylor. James Barclay and Sarah Freame had three children, two sons who left no issue and a daughter Anne, who married James Alladyce. Their daughter, Sarah Anne Alladyce, was the second wife of Robert Barclay (1731-1797) and mother of Captain Robert Barclay Alladyce (the pedestrian, and last Robert Barclay of Ury) and of Margaret Barclay, Mrs Hudson Gurney, the great-aunt, and kind hostess to Francis Galton’s sisters and himself. Robert, Margaret and Lucy Barclay, who married Samuel Galton, were thus directly half brothers and sisters, but in addition their mothers were granddaughter and great-granddaughter of John Freame of Lombard Street! Captain Barclay, the pedestrian, and Mrs Hudson Gurney were much closer in blood than great-uncle and great-aunt to Francis Galton. Lastly another sister of Priscilla Freame, Mary, married Thomas Plumstead of London, and their daughter Priscilla married James Farmer of Bingley, the partner in Birmingham of Samuel Glaton, the first. Their daughter in turn became the wife of Charles Lloyd, who was the managing partner of a large Birmingham bank. Thus Priscilla Farmer and Lucy Barclay were cousins, and this no doubt brought Lucy Barclay the second into touch with Samuel Galton, and led to their marriage. According to a memorandum of Samuel Galton, he met Lucy Barclay at Hertford in 1776 for the first time, and married her in Oct. 1777, shortly after his mother, Mary Farmer’s death. The pedigree (Plate C at the end of this volume), in which a very large number of collaterals are omitted, will serve to elucidate the complex relations of Freames, Barclays, Farmers and Galtons. Thus Samuel Tertius Galton was second cousin to Hudson Gurney, and Sir Francis himself great-nephew to Mrs Hudson Gurney, Margaret Barclay, the sister of the pedestrian! ***It will be seen how the Freames, if not among the persecuted Quakers, were associated with some of the most industrious, zealous and noteworthy of the Quaker stocks.’

* I think this Robert may be the son of Richard Freme (?Freame), mayor of Gloucester, whose pedigree can be further followed in Harleian Publications, Vol. XXI.

** It should be noted that the goldsmiths were largely bankers in the 17th century. The firm was Freame and Gould in 1698, and Freame and Barclay in 1736; the business seems to have been a continuation of that of Pepy’s goldsmith Stokes: see Hilton Price, Handbook of London Bankers, pp. 10-12.

*** Another daughter of David Barclay married a Gurney, and his famous daughter, Elizabeth Frey, a worthy niece to David Barclay of Youngsbury, was second cousin of Tertius Galton and also a feature of Francis Galton’s boyhood.

[Karl Pearson, THE LIFE, LETTERS, AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALTON, Published by CUP Archive, 1930, pp.32-34]

THOMAS FREAME m. MARGARET PENN

‘Thomas Freame, the husband of Margaret Penn, was thus the cousin of Priscilla Barclay. The date of his marriage to Margaret Penn is definitely given in the Friends' records at London. It is thus, in brief:

"Thomas Freame, citizen and grocer, of London, son of Robert, to Margaret Penn, dau. of William and Hannah, late of Ruscombe, county of Berks, at Hammersmith, 6th of 5th month [July], 1727."

“4. Margaret, born at Bristol, England, November 7, 1704; married, 1727, Thomas Freame, and had issue: (i) Thomas, buried at Jordans, 1746; (2) Philadelphia Hannah (said to have been born at Philadelphia, 1740, and to have died 1826), who married Thomas Dawson, created Viscount Cremorne ; and perhaps others. Margaret Freame died in Jary, 1750-51, and was buried at Jordans on the i2th of that month. “

[From: Howard M. Jenkins, THE FAMILY OF WILLIAM PENN: FOUNDER OF PENNSYLVANIA, ANCESTRY AND DESCENDANTS, 1899]

GUERNSEY

1881: Enumerated at the 1881 census: Froome (9); Frome (1)

HAMPSHIRE

1700: By 1700, Family Search only showed birth/bapt records for Frome of Kingsclere (1546 - 1553). By the 1881 census, several individuals with variant surnames were present in Hampshire.

1881: Enumerated at the 1881 census: Froome (70); Froom (15); Frome (4); Froomes (4); Frame (1); Frames (1); Fream (1); Frim (1).

HEREFORDSHIRE

Early individuals noted:

1259: MGR. RICHARD DE FREMES

‘Occ. prob. but not necessarily, as canon 1236 (cart. St. Guthlac fo. 73r, no. 306). Commem., as can., 22 Aug. (app. 1 fo. 32v).’ [From: 'CANONS WHOSE PREBENDS CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED', FASTI ECCLESIAE ANGLICANAE 1066-1300: VOLUME 8: Hereford (2002), pp. 61-98.]

1357: WILLIAM DE FROME

Canonicorum, chaplain.

18 Sep. Chapel of la Parke. Patron: John de Schille. [The Register of John de Trillek, Bishop of Hereford (AD 1344-1361)

1700: By 1700, several records were found including:

1584: On 30 Sep 1584, Elizabeth Frame m. John Amorgan at Much Dewchurch.

1617: Willmi Freame had son Henricus bapt. at Bosbury

1660: Walter Freeme was a deponent sworn on 5 June -12 July in the case against the Puritan minister of Staunton-upon-Wye, Mr. Edmund Quarrell. Snippets:

2. "Walter Freeme of the parish of Staunton . . . . sworne . . . . This deponent sayth that aboute eight or nyne yeares now past, or there aboutes, he beinge in the house of Mr. Quarrell . . . . . when John Dickes was then a servant to the said Mr. Quarrell, and upon some discourse then which this deponent had with Mary the then and now wife of the said Mr. Quarrell, concerninge the cominge in of the Kinge, she, the said Mary, replyed that if he (meaninge the Kinge that now is) did come in he should be served as his father was (meaninge as the late Kinge was served). And this deponent beinge demanded wherefore he did not discover the words and person that spoke them as aforesaid, he sayth that he durst not by any meanes devulge the same in respect of the then tyme of governement, for feare of his the deponent's life and fortunes.
['The corporation of Hereford: Miscellaneous papers, 1601-1760', The Manuscripts of Rye and Hereford Corporations, etc.: Thirteenth report, Appendix Part IV (1892), pp. 338-353]

1682: Barnaby Froome had Urs[ula] bapt. at Yarkill.

1881: Enumerated in Herefordshire in 1881 were Frem (3); Froome (2).

HERTFORDSHIRE

Early individuals noted:

HENRY DE FREME

A. 993. Grant by Sir John de Walthon, knt., to Robert le Sollere, of land in Titeburste, in the parish of Aldenham, formerly Alan le Lanediman's, at a yearly rent of 8s. Witnesses:—Roger de Heydene, Henry de Freme, John Tailleboys, and others (named). [From British History Online: 'Deeds: A.901 - A.1000', A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT DEEDS: VOLUME 1 (1890), pp. 106-116.]

This family also known as De Fraxino (De Frene):

‘ In 1291–2 John Tailboys (fn. 128) of Titburst released to Walter abbot of Westminster all his right of common pasture in the woods of the abbot at Aldenham Frith and elsewhere; (fn. 129) thus the obligation to Westminster, incurred to Abbot Laurence, must have ceased. In 1303 John held a quarter and a fortieth part of a knight's fee in Titburst of Emericus de St. Edmund, who held of John Wake, who was a tenant of the abbot of St. Albans. (fn. 130) This family had therefore lost its original importance in Aldenham. Much of its property was probably included in the manor of Titburst and Kendals, with which Henry de Flaxtino [Fraxino] enfeoffed Jordan de Kendale and his wife Cicely and their heirs.(fn. 131).’ [From: 'Parishes: Aldenham', A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2 (1908), pp. 149-161.]

1700: By 1700 - the surname Frome was found in Weston (1570); Frame was found in Great Berkhampstead between 1580-1591; Freema in Westmill (1626), Thundridge (1641) and Great Gaddesden (1676).

1881 Enumerated at the 1881 census: Fram (1).

KENT

Textile prod: Kentish broadcloths

1700: By 1700, there were many variants on record in Kent. Frome (Biddenden; Fromos and Frems (Canterbury); Fram (Chilham); Frem (Linstead and Maidstone); Frame (Stockbury) and Frim and Frims (Womenswould). The families on record in the Walloon Church in Canterbury had many spelling variations: Fremau; Fromy; Freumaux; Fremaux; Freumaux; Fremau; Frumaux and Froumy.

1732: SAMUEL FREMOULT - a woolcomber, purchased Canterbury Castle in 1732:

‘…The property of the castle, with its yard and appurtenances, seem to have continued in the crown till about the latter end of king James I.'s reign, when the king granted it in fee, to hold of the manor of East Greenwich in common socage, to Mr. Watson, in whose descendants of the same name it continued for more than one hundred years, and till at length it was sold by one of them in 1732 to Mr. Fremoult, of Canterbury, whose son the Rev. Samuel Fremoult died possessed of it in 1779, upon which it came by his will to his nephew Mr. Samuel Balderston, gent. of this city, who a few years ago alienated a considerable part of the precincts of the castle, which included the eastern wall and ditch, to Messrs. Fenner and Flint, of Canterbury; and then in 1797, conveyed the castle, and the remaining part of the precincts of it, by sale to Mr. Thomas Cooper, who has built a good house within them, on the scite of one before inhabited by the Delastangs. The whole of the precinct of the castle is within the jurisdiction of the county of Kent.’

['Canterbury: The castle', The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 11 (1800), pp. 59-66.]

‘Rev. Samuel Fremoult of St Mildred's parish possessed oast houses and accepted hops for contract-drying. He was also a brewer and for a while was in partnership with a Mr Hubbard. Messrs Fremoult and Hubbard possessed a brewery, two malthouses, and several public houses including The Mitre in the High Street and The Half Moon in the Butter Market. Rev. Samuel Fremoult appears to have been active in Canterbury as a hop-dryer, maltster, and brewer from the 1730’s until 1760. The provision of such bodily comfort might seem an unusual by-employment for one concerned in spiritual welfare [3]. Frequently, malting was combined with hop-drying. Sometimes, of course, a brewer would undertake both these activities alongside his main enterprise in order to gain greater control over his raw materials and enjoy the economies of scale. Samuel Fremoult's business was in this category and it was true of other Common Brewers in Canterbury and Faversham. Nevertheless there were hop-growers like Joseph Greenland who were maltsters but not brewers. Greenland described himself as a "maltster and hop-planter." [Dennis Baker, The Marketing of Corn in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century: North-East Kent, THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW, p.146]

1791: SAMUEL FREEMOULT was a tailor in Bulwark St., Dover, Kent. [Records of Sun Fire Office]

1881: Enumerated at the 1881 census: Freame (14); Frame (12); Froome (10); Frooms (7); Freem (3); Fream (2); Frome (2); Froom (1).

LANCASHIRE

Textile prod: Manchester cotton

1700: There were scant records for our surnames of interest in Lancashire by 1700. Only two were found at Family Search - a Frame and a Frames at Cartmell in 1607 and 1610. However, after about 1750, others began to appear: Frame (Liverpool, Wigan, West Houghton, Manchester and Oldham; Frames (Liverpool, Bolton); Frumes (Liverpool); Freme (Liverpool); Frome (Manchester); and Froome (Paddington). No doubt, some will have been drawn to this area by the textile industry.

1881: Many variants were enumerated in Lancashire at the census of 1881: Frame (80); Fraime (10); Frames (8); Frome (6) Froom (6); Frooms (5); Frim (5); Frema (2); Frimma (2); Frume (2); Froome (1); Fram (1); Fraham (1).

LEICESTERSHIRE

1700: In Leicestershire, there were few records for our surnames of interest by 1700. From 1563 - 1583, Freema was found at St Mary, Hinckley; in 1593 at Burbage and in 1628 at Leicester. In 1583, Frome was found at Dunton Bassett and in 1659 at Claybrook.

1881: Enumerated in Leicestershire at the 1881 census: Freem (3); Frame (2).

LINCOLNSHIRE

1700: Lincolshire had an interesting mix of variants by 1700:

Frome, Froume, Frewme, Frowme: Barton upon Humber (1561-1621)

Frowme, Fromne: Barrow upon Humber (1574-1577)

Freema: (1585 - Aby with Greenfield; 1596 - Aylesby; and Bardney

Frame: Rippingale (1588); Harborough (1617)

Froiam: Ingoldsby (1595-1610); Rowston (1633-1639)

These surnames had almost disappeared from Lincolnshire by 1881.

1881: Enumerated at the 1881 census: Frame (2).

LONDON - CITY OF

Textile prod. Cloth Finishing

1700: As would be expected, parish boundaries and enumeration districts have changed around London over the years. However, by 1700, there were many of our surnames of interest on record in London. Some noted are:

St Mary Whitechapel, Stepney (1572-1654): Freema, Frame, Froome

St Mary Magdalene, Old Fish St (1579-1633): Frome, Frowme

St Giles, Cripplegate (1587-1628): Frame, Frem

St Bartholemew the Great (1594-1618): Frame

Ludgate (1609): Freame

St Margaret, Westminster (1614-1650): Froome, Freame, Frame, Fream

Holborn (1505-1695): Freme, Frame, Freame

Note: In 1505, JAMES FREME of High Holborn was a 'Licensed Tippler'

St James, Clerkenwell (1644-1699): Frame, Frames

Spitalfields (1663): Fremauz

St Dunstan, Stepney (1681-1706): Freem, Freame, Frame, Freemow

St Luke, Chelsea (1682-1696): Froom, Froome

St Martin in the Fields, Westminster (1685) Frumm

Threadneedle St French Huguenot (1694): Froumy

St Botolphe without Aldersgate (1696): Frame

St Botolphe Aldgate (1698): Frame

La Patente French Huguenot, Spitalfields (1699): Froumy

Some of the Freames of Cirencester, Gloucestershire who came to London have been mentioned in the Gloucester section. Another individual noted before 1700 was:

THOMAS FREME - Master of the 'Sea-flower'

Jan. 8 [1648]

1. Order of the Committee of the Navy. We are informed that Thos. Freme, Master of the 'Sea-flower,' of Milton, having come into the river Thames laden with divers goods and merchandise, has broken bulk without first making an entry of the same in the Custom House at London. Ordered, That the Commissioners of the Customs do cause the goods and merchandise to be landed and put into the King's warehouse, and there detained until they shall have examined the whole matter and received further order from this Committee.

[Charles I - volume 516: January 1648', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1648-9 (1893), pp. 1-12.]

1881: Enumerated at the census of 1881: Frame (1); Frome (1).

MIDDLESEX

1700: Frame was found at Edmonton (1679-1700); Freame at Peel, and Fframe, Frim and Froome in the records of St Clement Danes (1604-1640).

1881: Enumerated in Middlesex at the 1881 census: Froom (67); Froom (59); Frame (38); Frames (22); Frooms (16); Frome (15); Fram (11); Freame (10); Fremaux (9); Framey (7); Fream (6); Fraim (3); Frumey (2); Friems (1); Froomes (1); From (1).

NORFOLK

Textile prod: Fustians

Early individuals noted:

1562: RICHARD FRAME, son of Robert, bapt. 31 Jan 1562, St Peter Parmentergate

1587 - 1594: ROBERT, FRANCIS and JOHN FRAME had children bapt. at Yarmouth (Great Yarmouth).

1597: JOHN FREMOULT (arms: a chevron betw. three millrinds) m. Philipot le Mathieu in Norwich.

1606-1618: JEAN FREUMAUS/FREUMAUX/FREMAUZ/FREMAUX (possibly the above who had children bapt. in the Walloon Church at Norwich

1700: By 1700, several variants were found in Norfolk. The Frame surname was found in Norwich (1562), Yarmouth (1587-1594) and Little Plumstead (1660). In 1632, Frames was found in Hingham. In 1651, Frem was found in Norwich and in 1661, Freham was found in Lynn. Between 1597 and 1698 there were many variations in the records of the Walloon Church at Norwich including: Freumaus, Freumaux, Fremauz, Fremaux, Freumau, ffremue, Fremau, Freumau, Framau, Frema, Fromon etc. Fremow/Fromow and Deframe were also found in Norwich.

1708: JOEL FREEMOULT: d. Norwich, 1708.

St. Saviour's Hospital in Coselany by the font: 'Joel Freemoult, born in this Parish, and Judith, dr. of John Shoulder, his Wife, born at Canterbury, where they had Issue, 5 sons and 4 Daughters, 7 whereof do still Survive them, and are living monuments of their paternal Care and Industry,he died 1708, 66, She 1706, 56. Eliz. wife of Sam. son of Sam. Fremoult, Brewer, 1743, 25.'

1711: JOHN FREMOULT - M.D. d.1711, Norwich aged 28.

St. Saviour's Hospital in Coselany in the nave: 'John Fremoult, M.D. 1711, 28.

1715: SAM. FREEMOULT - Sheriff of Norwich

1727: SAMUEL FREMOULT - Brewer, d.1727, Norwich aged 48.

St. Saviour's Hospital in Coselany in the nave: 'Samuel Fremoult, Brewer, 1727, 48.'

1728: JOEL FREMOULT - Attorney at Law, d.1728, Norwich aged 56.

St. Saviour's Hospital in Coselany in the nave: ' Joel Fremoult Attorney at Law, 1728, 56. RESURGEMUS.'

1733: JOHN FREMOW - Sheriff of Norwich - also a worsted weaver. He was constable for the Fyebridge parish in 1711, woolcomber 'senior' in 1724/5, poor-guardian for Mancroft in 1722 – 27 and Sheriff of Norwich in 1733.

1753: JOHN FREMOW (son of the above) - Sheriff of Norwich when he died in 1753 - was also a worsted weaver.

1753: PETER FREMOW (son of the above) - a woolcomber - took over as Sheriff of Norwich in 1753.

1783: SAMUEL FREMOULT - Listed as a Brewer in St. George's Bridge Street in 1783, at Fremoult's Yard.

1881: Nil.

NORTHUMBERLAND

Early individuals noted:

Fl. 1568-9: GEORGE FRAM - Yeoman - Edlingham Parish (poss. born c.1530)

Newtowne Muster Roll, 1538.

‘John Allenson, Willme Fackus, able with horse and harness. George Denet, John Dave, Ed. Dave, Robt. Forde, George Wylson, hable wantin bothe horse and harnes.

The Manners family retained their lands here until after the middle of the sixteenth century, when by a deed dated January 4th, 1568/9, ' Edward Mayners, late of Newton,' gave his tower, capital messuage, gardens, lands, etc., at Newton, and his lands at Edlingham, of the yearly value of 46s. 8d., to Thomas Swinburne in exchange for lands in Milburn of the yearly value of 53s. 4d. Possession was given in the presence of Sir George Kinge, clerk, vicar of Edlingham, John Bellingham of Abberwick, gent., John Wilkinson, John Pigden and George Fram, all of Edlingham, yeomen.'' As has been already mentioned, Edward Manners, a man of the age of 70, and residing at Jesmond, gave evidence in 1611 respecting the bonnder of Edlingham moor.

The farm at Newtown seems to have been in hand about 1615, for in an inventory of William Swinburne of Capheaton, taken December 8th, 1615, there are enumerated vij kyn, iij mart kyn—whereof iij of them is slane and the fourth is to slea—iij oxen, one quie and one cowe, also xiiij marts more—whereof two of them was slayn and one sould—all come from Newtown.' The Scottish army under Leslie rested here for the night, Monday, August 24th, 1640, having marched that day from Branton field.'

[ Edward Bateson, Allen Banks Hinds, A HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, 1904, p.142]

1681: ROBERT FRAME - Transported Convict

July 4, 1681 - Robert Fram, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, among Northern Circuit prisoners reprieved to be transported to Barbados.

1683-4: A later GEORGE FRAM - mentioned in a letter:

'Humphrey Hughes To Sir Francis Radclyffe."

[The letter is imperfectly given by Mr. Howitt]

Spindleston, 11th of January, 1683-4.

May it please your honour, I humbly take the boldness to present these few lines unto you, which are to lett your honour know how all things are heer this longe and sad storme, which hath continued for these 40 dayes, that we have not seen the ground, and the greatest part of the tyme a very deep snow, that wee were forct to feed all your sheep with hay, bothe old and yonge. Blessed be the Lord, they are very well yet, and the beass alsoe. This day it doth make an offer as if it would be fresh wether. Sir, I doe humbly desyre to know your pleasure concerninge the servants, your sheepherds and others, whether your honor intends to change any of them, or wether it be your pleasure they should continue. Candlemass drawes nye, at which tyme they will expect to know what they must trust too. Soe I humbly desyre to receive your honor's comands before that tyme concerninge them. As to their honesty, I must declare my consciens I canot tax any of them, and most of them lived upon the ground when George Fram lived heer, and are his friends and relations. Honored Sir, I make bold to acquaint you with a litle Scotts newes, which is this. My Lord Hume hath been at London for some season. In his absence this Chrismas, his lady sent for some gentlemen that were her freinds and neigbours to bear her company these Chrismass hollydayes, amongst the rest the Leard of Nynehole, and the Leard of Hilton. On Saint Steephen's day at night, the fell to cardes with the Lord Hume's brother, who is Sherrife of the Merce. One of the Leards won all the Sherrife's monie, which made him angry. Some reflecting words did pass amongst them at that tyme. At last they all went to their three severall chambers. Hilton being in his bed, the Sherreife came up a pair of backstayrs, with a candle in one hand, and his sword drawn in the other, and came into Hilton's chamber, and bid him rise, and give him sattisfaction. Hilton ariseinge to gett up, Hume runn him throw the body in his bed, and gave him seven wounds more. Nynehole's chamber beinge by, [he], hearinge the scufle and Hilton cryinge " Murder," came to see what was the matter. Hume meets him at the door, runn him throw alsoe, and gave him eleven wounds. He dyed presently; the other is yett alive. Hume came downe stayres, and meets one of their servants and gave him four wounds, and then fled, his man holdinge his horse all this tyme at the gate. He was at Eglinggam three dayes after. Be pleased to excuse my boldness and tediousness. With my humble service to your honor, I humbly subscribe myselfe, honored Sir, your humble servant, Hump. Hughes.' [ Society of Antiquaries of Newcastsle upon Tyne, ARCHAEOLOGICA AELIANA, OR, MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS RELATING TO ANTIQUITY, VOLUME 26, 1857, pp.118-119]

1700: By 1700, only the Fram and Frame variants appeared in Northumberland. The 'George' first name continued to pass down through the family of Frame in Bamburgh from 1654 to 1695. Frame/Fram was recorded at Eglingham 1692, 1696 and Fram was found at Elsdon in 1695.

1881: At the 1881 census: Frame (64); Fram (26); Frim (6); Frome (1).

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

1693: Frame and variant records were scarce in Nottinghamshire by 1700; only the surname Frams was was found (at Lenton, 1663).

1881: Enumerated in 1881 census: Frame (3); Freeham (1).

OXFORDSHIRE

1700: Beginning in 1561 and continuing through to c.1700, the variants Frime and Fryme were consistently found in Bampton, Oxfordshire; however, they had disappeared by 1881. In 1595, one record was found in the name of Freema.

1881: Enumerated at the census: Froomes (7)

SHROPSHIRE

Early individuals noted:

1356: JOHN DE FREME - Vicar of Burley

5 Sep 1356

‘Pardon of special grace to Nicholas son of James Daudeleye of Heleye, ‘chivaler,’ of the king’s suit for the death of John Reman, servant of Thomas de la Barre, sheriff of Hereford, killed in the service of the said sheriff as well as for the rescue of cattle of John Fitz Hugh de Eylesford, ‘chivaler,’ John de Monmouth and John de Freme, vicar of the church of Burleye, which the said sheriff would have replevied, prevented the sheriff and his ministers from doing their office and assaulted the men and servants of the sheriff, whereof he is indicted or appealed, and of any consequent outlawry. By p.s.

The like to the following for the said death and other felonies and trespasses; -

Henry de Bienham, William Podmor.

Thomas Geust. By the same writ,’

[Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Volume 25, 30 Edward III. – Part II. P.435]

1700: Frame and Fram were found in Shrewsbury, Shropshire in 1663 and 1667.

1881: Project Surnames: Nil.

SOMERSET

Textile prod: Tawnton serges

1700: No records for Project surnames were found pre-1700

1881: In the 1881 census: Froom (29); Froome (8); Frome (7); Freem (1).

STAFFORDSHIRE

1700: B y 1700, only the one record was found that may have had a connection to Project surnames - 'Freewoma' - 1594, Hanbury, Stafford.

1881: Variants enumerated at the 1881 census: Froom (6); Frame (6); Frome (5).

SUFFOLK

Textile prod: Bayes

Early individuals noted:

1196: GEOFFREY FRAME

In 1196, Geoffrey Frame of Bosmere hundred, Suffolk appeared in the Pipe Rolls: ‘Et de dim. M. de Galfrido Frame pro defalta’ - ‘And of half a mark of Geoffrey Frame for default.’ It seems highly unlikely that Geoffrey Frame had a hereditary surname at this early date.

1359: THOMAS FRAME

Hawsted, 1359:

'Thomas Frame holds a messuage, which was formerly Rayson's, with those thirty acres of land and pasture that belonged to him, excepting a piece of land called Peselond medwe, and an acre and one rood of land abutting on Langthegmedwe, paying yearly at the feast of Easter and St. Michael, by equal portions, xx s. and at the Nativity of the Lord, iiijd. called Offryng Silver, also at the same time one cock and two hens. And he shall mow the meadow of the lord four whole days; and all the customary tenants when they mow the lord's meadow, shall have alike one bushell of wheat for making their bread, and vjd for drink, and the whole produce of the dairy of the manor for one day for cheese. And he reaps in autumn for eight whole days; and he shall have each day a loaf of bread, fifteen of which are made of one bushell of wheat, and two herrings for his meal at noon.3 And he shall give merchet and heriot. And he shall be head reaper, and shall be acquitted of half the rent and service in that year in which he shall be in office; and he shall have meat and drink at the board of the lord, if the lord keeps house; and if he does not, he shall have corn by livery, as of one of the household ploughmen. And he shall have one horse standing at the manor at the expense of the lord, to serve for his business. His son may marry without the lord's leave, but his widow may not; and she shall have for her life the aforesaid tenements, doing the accustomed service.

In the following year Sir William Middleton sold the estate in Hawsted to Sir William Clopton for six hundred pounds, for which the following receipt' was given.' [John Gage, John Gage Rokewode, The History and Antiquities of Suffolk: Thingoe hundred, 1838, p.418]

Edgar Powell mentions this Thomas Frame in his publication:

'On comparing the names in the two documents [1358 and 1381 Poll Tax], one is struck at once by the great change which had taken place in them, for of the thirty ‘libre tenentes’ in 1358 only four, viz.: John Ward, John Boydyn, John Kertlyng, and William Walklynge appear in the poll tax, and of the eleven nativi only one, Thomas Frame, remains. Such a change, I think, can only be accounted for on the supposition that this parish was subjected to a very severe visitation of the plague in 1361 or 1369.’

[Edgar Powell, THE RISING IN EAST ANGLIA IN 1381, 1896, p.74]

Since he was described as a nativi, it would appear that this Thomas Frame was not a free man and his origins are not known. The largest class of the population were villani. (Those born to servile status were also called nativi.) About four in ten people were villani tied to the land. They did not own the land but farmed their own holdings (about 45 per cent of all English land,) which they were allowed to occupy in exchange for labor services on the landowner's demesne [Medieval English Society].

1700: The Frame surname was rare in Suffolk and apart from the burial of Margery Frame of Huntingfield, Suffolk, and her mention in the Subsidy Returns of 1524: 'Burials, Summary, Huntyngfeld. Margery Frame in goodes £2 1 0’ the Frame variant is elusive in this county. However, a John 'Fryme' and Margaret Warwick married in Hadleigh in 1580.

1881: Nil.

SURREY

1700: By 1700, only Frame and Frem were found in Surrey. Frame in Lingfield (1577) and Frem in St Mary, Newington (1666/7). The burial of John Frem was recorded at St Saviour, Denmark Park, Southwark on 11 Sep 1670.

1881: Variants in Surrey at the census of 1881: Froom (34); Frame (18); Frome (14); Freame (7); Frooms (6); Froome (4); Frumie (4); From (3); Freem (1).

SUSSEX

Textile prod: Cloth

1700: Several surnames of interest were found by 1700. Frem...was found in Heathfield (1591); Fraimes in Boxgrove (1594); Frymhe in Rye (1598); Freema in Shipley (1601); Fryam in Steyning (1641) and Frome in North Stoke (1687).

1881: Enumerated at the census of 1881 were Frim (4); Froom (1).

WARWICKSHIRE

Early individuals noted:

1361: HENRY FREME of 'Hilborworthe' [Hilborough?]

A. 8130. General release by Henry Freme of Hilborworthe to Thomas Broun of Toneworthe [Tanworth?]. Tuesday after St. Mark, 34 Edward III. Seal.

'[Deeds: A.8101 - A.8200', A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds: Volume 4 (1902), pp. 263-276.]

1700: By 1700, several surname variations were found:

Frema, Freema: Lightthorne (1554); St Nicholas Warwick (1556); Southam (1574-1582); Coleshill (1594 - 1618); Birmingham (1638); Barston (1653-1660)

Frame: Leek-Wootton (1582)

Frome: Allesley (1611)

Fryme: Lea Marston (1615)

Fram: St Nicholas Warwick (1639); Coleshill (1663)

ffrom: Lightthorne (1680)

1881: Variants recorded in Warwickshire at the census of 1881: Frame (15); Frome (6); Fream (1); Freem (1).

WILTSHIRE

Textile prod: Cloth finishing

Early individuals noted:

1332: WALTER FREME, ROBERT FREME

Wiltshire Tax List of 1332 - Wick and Nursteed. Each paid 12d.

1643: WILLIAM FREAME, Servant to Sir Lawrence Washington of Garsden

From the Will: 'Sir Laurence Washington of Garsden, in the Co. of Wilts, knight, 11 May 1643, proved 23 May 1643. To be buried in the church of Garsden. My daughter the Lady Tirrell. My nephew Simon Horsepoole. My servants Francis Cliffe, Allen Moore, Thomas Benson and William Freame.My son Lawrence Washington to be executor. To the poor of Garsden twelve pence a week for ever, to be bestowed in bread every Sunday morning, chargeable on my manor of Garsden.'

[Henry Fitz-Gilbert Waters, AN EXAMINATION OF THE ENGLISH ANCESTRY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON etc.,1889, p.40]

1646-1669: JOHN FREME of Devizes

Protestant Nonconformity.

'Devizes was early a place where unconventional religious opinions were professed. William Prior, a native, was executed for Lollardy in 1507 and there is other evidence of heresy in the neighbourhood before the Reformation. (fn. 304) During the Civil War a conventicle of doubtful legality was being held in the town (fn. 305) and Quakerism and Anabaptism began to flourish. (fn. 306) Bishop Henchman of Salisbury, after conducting a visitation of his diocese in 1661, found the people of Devizes 'not good', though owing to the excellence of the rector they were giving 'very little trouble'. (fn. 307) In 1662 41 parishioners of St. Mary's and 73 of St. John's were presented for not attending church, but the rector asked that no citation be issued against some of the latter who had repented and begun to conform. (fn. 308) After 1662, however, ejected ministers settled in the town and taught there, (fn. 309) and in 1670 Devizes enjoyed the reputation, perhaps not fully deserved, of being one of the two most notable seats in the diocese of 'great and outrageous meetings'. (fn. 310) By the end of the 17th century several leading Devizes families were nonconformist. (fn. 311)

Towards the end of that century the unorthodox began to group themselves into sects. The most ancient, perhaps, were the Baptists. As early as 1646 a community of Baptists was congregating in the house of John Freme, and in 1654 what appears to have been a baptismal service in progress beside the Crammer was broken up by a mob. (fn. 312) By 1669 the meeting in Freme's house had become Independent, (fn. 313) though it is thought eventually to have rejoined the Baptists. (fn. 314)

['The borough of Devizes: Religious and cultural history', A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 10 (1975), pp. 285-314.

1672: JOHN FREME (Same John Freme as above?)

‘May 6. Request by John Hickes for licences for the house of William Venner, Chittle Hampton parish, Devon, for a Presbyterian congregation, and for Obadiah Wills at the Devizes, Wilts, and for the house of John Freeme in the same county; for Mr. Frayling at the house of Edward Hope, jun., in the same town, and for Stephen Coven, Grub Street, Cripplegate parish, all Independents; and also request for licences for the houses of Anthony Budd, at the east end of Great Torrington, Devon, for Presbyterians and Independents, Andrew Lake, at Foord in Chevelstone (Chivelstone) parish, Devon, James Moyl of Stratton, Cornwall, John Shepheard of Bridgrule, Cornwall, Mark Facy of Bridgrule, Devon, all for Presbyterians, and for Samuel Mayne, Presbyterian, of Holsworthy, Devon. [Ibid. No. 11.] [From: 'Charles II: May 6-10, 1672', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1671-2 (1897), pp. 472-529]

1700: By 1700, there were several surname variations present in Wiltshire:

Frome / Fromh: Calne (1547); Maiden-Bradley (1674)

Frame: Devizes (1570); Salisbury (1571-1578); Charlton nr. Malmesbury (1609); Dauntsey (1663, 1665); Garsden (1652); Swindon (1686)

Freme / Freame: Yatton-Keynell (1666-1700); Kingswood (1578, 1602); Catton (1690); Dauntsey (1672); Gritttleton (1691-1698)

Froom/Froome/Froomes: Baydon (1677-1696); Salisbury (1685)

1881: Enumerated in Wiltshire at the census of 1881: Frame (17); Froome (5); Freame (2) Frome (1).

Wepre Hall ~ Worcestershire

WORCESTERSHIRE

Textile prod: Cloth

1700: By 1700 there were several surname variants in Worcestershire:

- Feckenham: Freme / Frema/ Freman: (1580-1588)
- Bredon: Freema (1589)
- Pershore: Freme (1580-1595); Freames (1673)
- Upton on Severn: Freema (1592)
- Norton: Freame (1604)
- Bengeworth: Freame (1629, 1670); Freames (1640, 1668); Freems (1664)
- Cropthorne: Freema (1625, 1642)
- St Michael Bedwardine, Worcester: Frames (1680-1684)
- St Alban Worcester: Frames (1700)

c.1797: WILLIAM PURSER FREME b. Maddresfield, Worcestershire and d.10 Sep 1878 in Wepre Hall, Flintshire, Wales. See image above.

His son, John Rowden Freme purchased Wepre Hall from Edward Jones in 1865. See more Here .

Extract from the booklet: '...The Hall was then rented to various families until 1865 when John Rowden Freme bought the Hall from the family of Edward Jones. John Freme came from Worcestershire and had made his money from trading in Liverpool. The Freme family lived at Wepre Hall for 55 years. Many older local people still have childhood memories of the family, of their everyday lives, and of the dances and parties that they used to hold here. Many photographs also remain of these last great days of the estate before the onset of the First World War, some of which are reproduced below. The Old Hall Gardens are the only remaining evidence that you can see in the Park of what was a glorious Georgian home. Wepre Hall estate changed hands again in 1920. It was bought by Mr Roberts of Wallasey. Much of the estate was then sold off as building land.'

1881: Enumerated in Worcstershire in 1881: Freame (2); Froome (2); Fream (1).

YORKSHIRE

Textile prod: Cloth finishing, Halifax clothes

The Shipyard at Hessle Cliff 1820

Painting by John Wilson Carmichael

‘The growth of Hull as a port stimulated the development of industry. Apart from those which might be expected to develop to meet the needs of any populous town, the principal industries of the 18th and early 19th centuries were those associated with shipping and the processing of some of the raw materials which came into the port.

Shipbuilding was the most important industry in the 18th century. Shipbuilders in and around Hull provided vessels not only for Hull and other Yorkshire shipowners but also for the Admiralty. One of the leading Admiralty shipbuilders of the early 18th century was probably John Frame, who in 1693 launched from his yard at Hessle Cliff the 80-gun Humber.’

[From: 'Hull, 1700-1835', A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull (1969), pp. 174-214.]

Also

'Hessle Cliff:

John Frame 1691-1697. Four vessels are recorded – the fireship Etna; the 60-gun Kingston; and two un-named 80-gun ships. Another vessel, the Humber, was launched in 1693 and a silver tankard made to commemorate the occasion. It bears the inscription: ‘At the launching of their majesties ship March 30th 1693. Built at Hasel Clifts, by John Frame. Burthen 1209 tons, men 490, guns 80.’ See more at Hessle Local History Society.

1700: There were several variants found in Yorkshire by 1700:

Frome: Craike (1624)

Freema: Elland (1635)

Frame: Penistone (1644)

ffram: Ottringham (1660) - John, son of John ffram b.5 Jan 1660.

1881: Enumerated at the 1881 census:

York: Fram (8)
East Riiding: Frome (2); Fram (1)
North Riding: Frams (5); Froom (3); Froome (2); Fraim (1)
West Riding: Fromes (6); Frame (4); Fraim (1)

EMIGRATION FROM ENGLAND

There was no systematic, official method of emigrating from England. The following types of emigrants account for most persons who left England:

Free emigrants. Beginning in 1606 emigrants left England to promote trade or set up military outposts and way stations for merchant ships. Later free emigrants sought opportunities in a new land or fled poverty or oppression in England.

Transported prisoners. From 1611 to 1870, more than 200,000 criminals were conditionally pardoned, exiled, and transported to penal colonies. Before 1775, more than 50,000 prisoners were sent to America—primarily to Virginia and Maryland. From 1788 to 1869, more than 160,000 prisoners were sent to Australia.

Military personnel. Upon discharge, soldiers serving overseas were offered land or other inducements to settle in the colony where they were serving. This was common practice in Australia from 1791, Canada from 1815, and New Zealand from 1844.

Assisted emigrants. From 1815 to 1900, qualified emigrants received passage money or land grants in the destination country as an alternative to receiving poor relief.

Latter-day Saints. About 1840, converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints emigrated to the United States. Most settled in Utah.