Initially at NTU, this program was offered as an optional major in Healthcare Policy and Hospital Management (HPHM) within the Public Administration program.
HCHEM can be developed as a professional MBA program, to be jointly offered by the Faculties of Engineering and Business Administration; it can be a heavily subscribed program in its own right. Additionally, we can offer MD-MBA (HCHEM) degrees to those students admitted to the MD program who are interested in hospital and healthcare administration.
This Program in Hospital administration combines cost-effective hospital operations with high-quality healthcare delivery to patients, involving:
Health Care Organization, Policy, and Administration
Healthcare Economics
Principles of Biostatistics
Healthcare and Hospital Operations and Logistics Management
Principles of Cost-effective Management of Hospitals and Healthcare Delivery System
Healthcare Informatics Technology for Better Patient Care
Billing Codes for Biomedical Engineering Operations in a Tertiary-care Hospital
Maximizing Hospital’s Bed-occupancy and Patient Flow
Integrated Cost-Performance Indices of Hospital Departments
Hospital Budget Management: to determine the Resource index for all the hospital departments to obtain acceptable values of their Cost-Performance indices.
4. STEM Education Program (Curriculum and Courses)
Based on my STEM^2 concept (of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, medicine), the following courses have been developed for teaching in schools and colleges.
Physics with Applications in Biology, Sports, Physiology and Medicine: Mechanics with applications to analysis of limbs to determine muscle and joint Forces, running, pole vault, ball kicking, tennis serves, figure skating, stresses in bones and ventricles; Heat with applications to metabolism and body temperature; Fluids, with applications to heart wall stress and cardiovascular flow; Electricity with applications to electric fields in body cells and nerve axons; Sound and Light, with applications to hearing and vision; Atomic and Nuclear Physics, with applications to imaging modalities.
Mathematics in Natural Sciences, Sports, Engineering and Medicine: Mathematical modeling and analysis of: Treadmill test for fitness assessment, structural beam loading and vibration, wall stress in pressure vessels and heart chamber, RLC circuits, lung ventilation, glucose tolerance test for diabetes detection, blood flow in arteries.
Physiology and Medicine:
Musculo-skeletal, Cardiac, Lung, Renal, Endocrine and Neuro-Physiology, with medical applications.
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering:
Statics and Dynamics, Solid and Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Applications in Physiology and Medicine.
Introduction to Electrical Engineering:
Electrical forces, fields and potentials; Electrical currents and circuits; Applications in Physiology and Medicine.
Sports Science and Engineering:
Sports Science: in Athletics, Tennis, Soccer, Basketball, Baseball and Football. Sports Engineering: Design of Baseball bats, Football helmets and Tennis racquets.
5. Sports Science and Engineering Program:
Sports Science deals with the analyses and mechanisms of sports plays and maneuvers, such as soccer corner curving kicks, baseball pitching, quarterback touchdown passes, tennis serves, sprint and distance running, high jump and pole vault. Sports Engineering deals with the design of sports equipment, such as design of sport shoes, baseball bats, hockey sticks, tennis racquets, and sports protective gear for football and ice hockey.
This Program is structured (i) to address the needs and interests of sports coaches and managers, (ii) for designing of sports equipment and to even enable us to incubate a sports equipment company.
The Sports Science and Engineering Program covers the following domains:
Analyses and Mechanisms of Sports plays and Maneuvers, such as soccer corner curving kicks, baseball batting and pitching, cricket batting and bowling, tennis serves, sprint and distance running, high jump and pole vault;
Biomechanics of musculo-skeletal and spinal systems, to determine the forces in the limb musculo-skeletal system and spinal structure, resulting from the sports maneuvers;
Assessment of Sports Fitness Index and Conditioning by means of Treadmill Test;
Biomechanics of Optimal (least tiring) Walking and Jogging Modes;
Analysis of Spinning Ball Trajectories of Soccer Kicks, Football Quarterback passes and Basketball Throws.
Design of Sports equipment: shoes, bats and protection gear, to enhance sports performances and prevent injuries.
6. Community–development Engineering (CDE) for developing Functionally-sustainable Communities
This program is suitable for under-served communities, isolated communities and communities with high unemployment.
A CDE Graduate program curriculum would comprise of courses in (i) Functional sectors of a community and their inter-relationships; (ii) Cooperatively-structured medium and large scaled enterprises and privately-owned small-scale businesses; (iii) Technopreneurship for sustainable indigenous agro-industrial development, (iv) Community services: water supply, electrical power, finance and banking for indigenous enterprises, preventive and curative primary-to-tertiary healthcare delivery system, transportation system for people and freight, and primary-to-tertiary education; (v) Trade and commerce; (vi) Financial and fiscal policy; (vii) Operations research, with applications to budget development and management to make communities functionally sustainable; (viii) Formation of self-reliant economic blocs (SREB): inter and intra SREB trade and commerce and sharing of knowledge to develop a uniform standard of living; (ix) Role of universities as partners in community and regional development; (x) People-centered governance and electoral system, to efficiently administer FSCs and SEBs.
7. Socio-Economic-Political System and Governance
This pioneering Course serves to integrate neo-humanistic social outlook and cooperative economic system, with people’s participatory political system, and governance, towards a sustainable community development. It comprises of the following topics:
I . From Under-Development to Self-Reliance:
Introduction: A Kaleidoscopic Survey of Under-Development and Its Solution;
Third World Under-Development and Need for Self-Reliance;
Functionally-Sustainable Communities: Socio-Economic-Political Framework;
Neo-GlobalPolitical Governance Structure; Functionally-Sustainable Community (FSC) Design;
II. From Corporatism to Cooperatism, and Power-Politics to Peace-Politics:
For an Enlightened Human Society;
Corporate Capitalism to Cooperative Capitalism and Social Democracy;
State and Group Terrorism,Justic and Reparation;
Ethics of Politics: Politician versus People Sovereignty;
From United Nations to World Government;
III. Real Democracy and Neo-Humanistic Global Order:
Socio-Economic Democracy: Governance, Economic and Financial Policy;
Truly Democractic Electoral GovernanceSystem and Global Political Structure;
Human Rights and Constitutional Guarantees; Civilian-Centered Neo-Humanistic Global Order;
IV. Towards Universal Renaissance:
Neo-HumanisticUniversity System;
Replacing Hypocrisy by Straightforwardness;
Sustainable Global Peace with EquitableGlobalization;
Strategizing the Role of the University in Society;
Epilogue: Towards a Neo-Era of Peace, Security and Enlightened Living.
Appendix A (for program No 3: as a Major Elective in “Healthcare Policy & Hospital Management” in the MPA Program)
Master of Public Administration (MPA) Program
(with Majors in Economics and public policy, Healthcare policy and hospital management and Public Administration)
Program Structure
The program structure has been designed to provide high-quality professional education to students and prepare them for administrative and leadership roles in the public sector, as well as to develop a critical and analytical mind that is essential to modern management and administration. These constitute the six core subjects. Students are requires to take six other subjects from the electives of any one of the three majors: Economics and public policy, Health care policy and Hospital management, and Public administration.
Subjects of Study
The program leading to the degree of Master of Public Administration (MPA) comprises:
(a) six core subjects, and
(b) six electives from any one of the three major fields of specialization.
Core subjects:
MPA6000 Markets and Market Failure
MPA6001 Macroeconomic Environment and Policy
MPA6003 Public Choice and Public Policy
MPA6005 Seminar in Public Policy and Management
MPA6006 Politics and Public Policy
MPA6008 Public Organizations and Management
Major in HealthCare Policy and Hospital Management (6 out of 8 subjects)
MPA6201 Health Care Organization, Policy, and Administration
MPA6204 Health Economics
MPA6202 Singapore and International Health Care Systems
MPA6203 Principles of Biostatistics
MPA6205 Operations Management and Healthcare Logistics & Strategy
MPA6206 Principles of Cost-effective Management of a Hospital and the Healthcare
Delivery System
MPA6207 Health Laws, Ethics, and Regulations
MPA6208 Legal Environment, Health Policy and Industrial Relations
B. Courses Taught
1. Mechanical Engineering
In mechanical engineering, I have taught courses in Solid mchanics, Fluid mechanics, Dynamics and Thermodynamics. I can teach both undergraduate and high-level graduate courses (such in Elasticity, Plates and Shells and Transport processes).
2. Biomedical Engineering courses
I am providing herewith the descriptions of my courses.
Biomechanics: Involvement of the full range of Applied Mechanics disciplines in Analyses of Cardiac structures and phenomena, Cardiovascular phenomena and devices; Muscle excitation-contraction coupling and contraction force vs shortening velocity, Musculo-skeletal mechanics: structures; Orthopaedic procedures & devices and Joint prostheses.
One of the features of the course is characterization (based on analysis) of the intrinsically optimality anatomical structures (such as the spinal vertebral body as a high-strength light-weight structure).
Physiological Engineering: Engineering principles applications to analyse Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Renal, Neuronal, and Endocrine systems.
Herein, each physiological systems is characterized from an engineering viewpoint. For instance, the Heart is analysed as an electro-mechanical pump; the Kidney is analysed as an efficient mass transfer separation system (involving osmosis, passive and active system transport processes) to form urine and excrete end-products of protein metabolism, and excess (Na+, Cl-, K+) ions.; the Lung is analysed as a ventilation-perfusion gas-transfer system to oxygenate the blood and remove CO2 from it; in Neuronal engineering, concepts of ionic flows through membrane to set up currents flowing through the membrane and along the cells (along with the application of circuit theorems to an axon segment) provide the basis for studying the propagation of a nerve impulse; in Endocrine systems, we model the (i) regulation of blood sugar levels by insulin and glucagon and (ii) the thyroid-pituitary homeostatic mechanism by means of differential equations, simulate the model solution to the clinical data, determine the model parameters, and characterize the system performance in terms of the model parameters’ values.
A somewhat unique concept to engineering modeling of physiological systems is developed in the course, by characterizing each system in terms of a non-dimensional index (NDS) made up of the system-model parameters. Next, model simulation to clinical data by (parametric-identification) enables the evaluation of the system NDS. Then, the distribution of NDS over a large patient population determines the NDS ranges of the normal and impaired system.
Cardiovascular Engineering: The course theme is ‘Engineering of cardiology practice, including monitoring methods and diagnostic indices and procedures. This course deals with: Cardiac filling, pressure-generation &ejection mechanisms and contractility indices; Theory of ECG generation and determination of the heart vector; Arterial (pulsatile) blood flow, arteriolar and capillary flows.
Biological Systems Modeling: This course deals with molecular and cellular biophysics: (i) Molecular and ionic interactions as the basis of the formation of biological structures, (ii) Cell structures and membranes, how cells interact and adhere, (iii) Polymerization of actin and myosin and the motor proteins associated with them, and (iv) Ion transport in cell membranes, electrical fields in cells, conducting properties of neurons and action-potential generation.
Sports Science and Engineering: This course deals with (i) the engineering-mechanics of athletic and sports events, involving running and jumping, tennis ball serving, kicking curving soccer ball trajectories, pitching curve balls and optimal batting styles, (ii) Optimal jogging and running modes, requiring minimal energy expenditure, (iii) Fitness analysis in terms of heart-rate and oxygen-consumption responses to work-load on the treadmill in the form of differential equations, and characterization of a nondimensional fitness index in terms of the model parameters, (iv) Capacity for load handling in terms of muscle contractile force vs shortening velocity and muscle contractile power-index, (v) Articular joint functional-mechanics and degeneration.
Engineering Foundations of Biomedical Engineering: This course is meant for biology and medical students in the biomedical engineering program. It (i) provides an introduction to the basic engineering concepts, principles and phenomena, and (ii) demonstrates their applications in biomedical group.
The engineering disciplines covered are solid and fluid mechanics, dynamics and vibrations, heat and mass transport processes, electrostatics and electrodynamics, and control systems.
The course is problem-based, in that these engineering disciplines are taught in relation to anatomical structures, physiological processes, and organ functions, monitoring and diagnostic procedures.
3. Healthcare Delivery System
The intent of the course is to develop a quantifiable methodology for cost-effective healthcare delivery. This course deals with (i) Engineering analysis of a multi-tiered healthcare delivery system: healthcare demand and supply, healthcare coverage, relationship of medical care to health, healthcare economics, (ii) Tertiary-care hospital operations, cost-effectiveness analyses of hospital units, and Constrained optimization problem of budget distribution and resource allocation such that all the hospital units operate at specified cost-effective index levels.
This course combines biomedical engineering methods, economics analyses, and operations research methods.
4. Courses taught in the Medical and Health Sciences Faculty
Mathematics with applications in medicine
Medical Physics
Biophysics of Organ systems (in Organ System Modules)
C. Supervision of Graduate Students, Post-doctoral Fellows and Mentorship
Supervised 15 Master Degree Students, 14 Ph.D Students, 12 Post-doctoral fellows. Menored 5 visiting professors
At NTU, I have given courses on “Teaching Effectiveness and Research Supervision” for the Center for Educational Development
D. Teaching Philosophy and Effectiveness (based on class evaluation)
1. Teaching Philosophy
I consider teaching to be my primary academic role. This is because, for me, teaching and research go hand-in-hand. Throughout my academic career, I have infused relevant aspects of my research into my courses. However, conversely, every time I teach a course I come up with a couple of new ideas for research. Thus, quite frequently my graduate students’ research is based on topics covered in class. This gives them an initial momentum for deeper development of these topics.
Thus, my courses are evolving all the time (as the subject evolves) both in content and rigor. Biomedical engineering involves engineering formulation of biomedical phenomena, processes, procedures and devices. Hence, two types of expansions are possible in biomedical engineering courses. One realm is in the range of biomedical topics covered, while the other realm is in engineering rigor entailed in formulation of the biomedical topics. I take pains to address both these needs, according to the level of the course.
In a typical course taught by me, I will first give an overview of the course, so that the students have an initial panoramic view of the course. Then I cover each topic within the course in a problem-based approach. I first introduce the biomedical subject and its relevance. Next, I develop its engineering formulation, using engineering theory and principles suited to the level of the students. After that, I cover some numerical examples to explain the application of the theory. Finally, I bring attention to how the problem results have bearing on its biomedical purport.
From the beginning of my academic career, when I taught some of the earliest courses in bioengineering and when bioengineering was still evolving as a field, I have taken pains to orient my courses to biomedical applications and clinical professional needs. I have also advocated this to my colleagues. This is because we want our students to be capable of contributing to biomedical engineering in industrial and healthcare settings as well as to biomedical engineering departments in hospitals that are intimately involved in day-to-day medical care.
For biomedical engineering to be recognized as a healthcare profession, it needs to be an intrinsic department of a hospital and its biomedical engineering staff need to be involved in clinical care (in diagnostics, intervention, surgery and decision making). A hospital hence needs to be able to justify billing for these services. In other words, we need to have billing codes for biomedical engineering services. This is one of the remits of my new field of Healthcare engineering and Management (HCEM), which will in fact make it possible for employment of our biomedical engineering graduates in hospitals. The other and broader impetus for me to develop this new field stems from an awareness of inadequacy of MBA degree-holding hospital administrators to adequately appreciate the intricacies of tertiary clinical-care and the resources needed for it. There is hence a need for the field of Healthcare (and Hospital) Engineering and Management (HCEM), so as to educate and train hospital administrators to properly address cost-effective medical care in healthcare delivery.
2. Teaching Effectiveness (and course evaluation by students)
I take teaching very seriously and also find it very rewarding. After every course, I get the pleasure of some students wanting to do research under me. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of anyone’s teaching can best be adjudged from the students’ feedback and how they are motivated for further studies or to do research or to incorporate what is taught into their work.
Herein, Appendix B provides the students’ feedback to my teaching in the Biological Systems (BI-6122)course, as relayed by the class representative (Lam Ah Wah) to Dr. Kwoh Chee Keong (the coordinator of MSc Bioinformatics program).
Appendix B
Students’ Feedback to my Biological Systems course
BI6122 course in the MSc (Bioinformatics) Program
From: #LAM AH WAH#
Sent: Monday, August 02, 2004 4:57 PM
sports : Kwoh Chee Keong (Assoc Prof)
sports : RE: Further feedbacks on BI6122, (MSc, Bioinformatics)
Hi A/P Kwok,
Since I have gathered feedbacks on the teaching by Prof Ghista, I would like to extract them (in verbatim) for your information:
Prof Ghista is very patient in explaining things. He does not assume that we know the background. He is also a good mentor and very generous and sincere in his advice.
Prof Ghista obviously knew the subject well and I liked his teaching style. I learnt quite a lot and enjoyed the lectures.
Given the limited time, he has tried to cover as much as possible and unfortunately had to skip some. He went into sufficient depth for the ones he covered.
The presentation is class was quite good and he was enthusiatic. He was very good in explanation and has indepth knowledge. He could relate the theory to practical applications.
The course has provided an insightful perspectives on biological systems because it combines many areas of knowledge. The characterization of the biological systems and its linkage with genome/protein are necessary to advance our scientific knowledge and database.
The course has laid the the foundation for further study on bioengineering and biomedical engineering such as lung function, respiration system model, nerve cell model, membrane model, red blood cell model, etc. The functional models of human organs and tissues are increasing more important for pharmaceutical companies and in future for the direct delivery of drugs to the affected cells.
Overall, the course has given us a good understanding of biological systems. It has helped much in future research where systems models and genome/protein sequences are required for further development in bioscience and bioengineering.
Thanks,Lam Ah Wah
Here is a list of my recent textbooks:
1. Cardiac Perfusion and Pumping (World Scientific, 2006):
Physiomics of Coronary Perfusion and Cardiac Pumping; Quantification of Cardiac Perfusion and Function Using Nuclear Cardiac Imaging; Perfusion Depiction by SPECT Imaging, Computation of Blood Flow Pressure and Velocity Patterns Within Myocardial Regions; Left Ventricular (LV) Pressure Increase Mechanism During Isovolumic Contraction, and Determination of the Equivalent LV Myocardial Fibers Orientation; New Clinically Relevant Left Ventricular Contractility Index (based on Normalized Wall Stress); Augmented Myocardial Perfusion by Coronary Bypass Surgical Procedure: Emphasizing Flow and Shear Stress Analysis at Proximal and Distal Anastomotic Sites.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzOPlHbjWLYtcDNGdUM2Uk1Pb0E
2. Applied Biomedical Engineering Mechanics (CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, 2009):
Uses a problem-based approach to quantify physiological processes, formulate diagnostic and interventional procedures, develop orthopedic surgical procedures, and analyze sports games to maximize competency.
Features: Incorporates material from solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, dynamics and vibrations, control systems, and mathematical modeling; Provides biomechanical guidelines for internal fixation of bone and spinal fractures as well as the treatment of herniated discs; Presents the mechanics of heart function, heart structures, noninvasive determination of aortic pressure, and characterization of left-ventricular afterload; Discusses detection of infarcted myocardial segments; Assesses the constitutive properties and degeneration of heart valves; Covers the modeling of lung ventilation, its application to lung disease diagnosis, lung gas-transfer mechanism, and indices to assess its performance; Examines how human anatomical structures and physiological processes are designed for optimal functionality.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzOPlHbjWLYta3djeFV0MkRaMXc
3. Socio-economic Democracy and the World Government (World Scientific, 2004):
Serves as a valuable teaching, learning, knowledge and research resource for a holistic approach to a sustainable living environment promoting collective welfare, based on the formation of autonomous functionally-sustainable communities (FSCs). Within the FSCs, all the business corporations would be structured as cooperatives, wherein all the corporation staff would jointly own the shares of the corporation and hence be joint owners of the corporation. In this way, the collective wealth of each FSC would be jointly owned by its people more proportionately. The FSCs would have a People’s Participatory Democratic System (PPDS) of governance , whereby the most qualified representatives of all the functional sectors of the community get elected to the local Legislature. The FSCs in each region would be structured into regional economic zones (REZs), to promote trade among the region’s FSCs, and hence promote balanced economic development within each REZ. This system of FSCs and REZs would come under the aegis of a democratically structured World Parliament comprising of elected representatives of FSCs, over-seeing the development of a comprehensive charter of human rights and social justice for all the people of the world. This would enable unification of all the FSCs of the world into one global union, with all them retaining their governance autonomy. The 2004 book was in fact far ahead of its time, as it provides solution pathway for the Occupy Financial Districts movements and the present day debilitating dictatorial democratic system.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzOPlHbjWLYtUl93UTNRLTZIUkE
4. Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology (InTech Publishers, 2012):
Cohesively integrates biomedical science (disease pathways, models and treatment mechanisms), biomaterials and implants, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, physiological engineering, and hospital management science and technology. Together, these topics are providing a pathway for incorporation of STEM into medical knowhow, procedures, and devices, towards a higher order of translational medicine applied in tertiary patient care. Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology, by Dhanjoo N. Ghista
Chapter 1: Biomedical Engineering Professional Trail from Anatomy and Physiology to Medicine and Into Hospital Administration: Towards Higher-Order of Translational Medicine and Patient Care.
Chapter 35. Physiological Nondimensional Indices in Medical Assessment: For Quantifying Physiological Systems and Analysing Medical Tests’ Data: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzOPlHbjWLYtZ08zX0Ywa0lNX1k
5. Cardiology Science and Technology (CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, 2016):
Section 1: Left Ventricular Wall Stress, Contractility and Vector Cardiogram, with Applications in Cardiology: Left ventricular Wall Stress Compendium; Assessment of Cardiac Function in Filling and Systolic Ejection Phases; Novel Cardiac Contractility Index dσ*/dt (max); Cardiomyopathy effect on Left ventricle (Shape, Wall stress and Contractility) and Improvement after Surgical Ventricular Restoration; Cardiac Contractility Measures for Left Ventricular Systolic Functional Assessment in Normal and Diseased Hearts; Analysis for Left Ventricular Pressure Increase during LV Isovolumic Contraction Phase, due to Activation of the Myocardial Fibers: Computation of LV Myocardial Wall Stresses, Myocardial Fiber Stresses and Orientation; Myocardial Infarct Induced Left Ventricular Shape Remodeling, and Surgical Ventricular Restoration to restore LV Shape and Cardiac Contractility; Vector Cardiogram Theory and Clinical Application.
Section II: ECG Signal Analysis and Cardiac Pumping (Intra-Ventricular, Aortic and Coronary Flow), with Applications in Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery: ECG and Heart Rate Variability Signal Processing and Analysis to detect Cardiac Arrhythmias; Left Ventricular Blood Pump Analysis and Outcome: Intra-LV Flow and Pressure Distributions to determine Candidacy for Coronary Bypass Surgery; Cardiac Perfusion Analysis and Quantification by Nuclear Cardiac Imaging and Computation of Intra-Myocardial Blood Flow Velocity and Pressure Patterns; Determination of Arterial Pulse Wave Propagation Velocity and Arterial Properties; Blood Flow in Patient-Specific Coronary Arteries: Causes of Atheromas at Arterial Curvatures and Bifurcations based on Hemodynamic Parameters; Intra-Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Flow Distributions, based on Colour Doppler Echo Velocity Flow Mapping of Normal subjects and Heart Failure Patients; Coronary Blood Flow Analysis and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Flow and Design; Coupled Sequential Anastomotic Bypass Graft (SABG) Design.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Tw2WVLElwLLIbIazb8S-GPXh8Y_hwI10/view
6. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Cardiovascular Physiology (World Scientific, 2018):
This book has literally transformed Cardiovascular Physiology into a STEM discipline, involving (i) quantitative formulations of heart anatomy and physiology, (ii) technologies for imaging the heart and blood vessels, (iii) fluid mechanics and computational analysis of blood flow in the heart, aorta and coronary arteries, (iv) design of heart valves, percutaneous valve stents, and ventricular assist devices. We will now describe the main features of the chapters of the book.
So how is this mathematically and computationally configured landscape going to impact cardiology and even cardiac surgery? We are now entering a new era of mathematical formulations of anatomy and physiology, leading to technological formulations of medical and surgical procedures towards more precision medicine and surgery. This will even entail reformatting of (i) the medical MD curriculum and courses, so as to educate and train a new generation of physicians who are conversant with medical technologies for applying into clinical care, as well as (ii) structuring of MD-PhD (Computational Medicine and Surgery) Program, to train competent medical and surgical specialists in precision medical care and patient-specific surgical care.
This book is providing a gateway for this new emerging scenario of (i) science and engineering based medical educational curriculum, and (ii) technologically oriented medical and surgical procedures. As such, this book can be usefully employed as a textbook for courses in (i) cardiovascular physiology in both the schools of engineering and medicine of universities, as well as (ii) cardiovascular engineering in biomedical engineering departments world-wide. https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10996
These books are employed as course textbooks in many of the courses of the Educational Programs in Biomedical Engineering (BME), Computational Medicine and Surgery, Political Science and Economics, and MD-PhD (BME).
