IPA Reference English

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IPA English Description

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i ē Close front unrounded vowel; Long 'e'

y Close front rounded vowel

ɨ Close central unrounded vowel

ʉ Close central rounded vowel

ɯ Close back unrounded vowel

u ü Close back rounded vowel; Latin 'u'

ɪ ĭ Near-close near-front unrounded vowel; Short 'i'

ʏ Near-close near-front rounded vowel

ʊ Near-close near-back vowel

e Close-mid front unrounded vowel

ø Close-mid front rounded vowel

ɘ Close-mid central unrounded vowel

ɵ Close-mid central rounded vowel

ɤ Close-mid back unrounded vowel

o Close-mid back rounded vowel

ə Mid central vowel

ɛ ĕ Open-mid front unrounded vowel; Short 'e'

œ Open-mid front rounded vowel

ɜ Open-mid central unrounded vowel

ɞ Open-mid central rounded vowel

ʌ ŭ Open-mid back unrounded vowel; Short 'u'

ɔ Open-mid back rounded vowel

æ Near-open front unrounded vowel

ɐ ŭ Near-open central unrounded vowel

a ă Open front unrounded vowel; Short 'a'

ɶ Open front rounded vowel

ɑ Open back unrounded vowel

ɒ ŏ Open back rounded vowel; Short 'o'

m m Bilabial nasal

ɱ Labiodental nasal

n n Alveolar nasal

ɳ Retroflex nasal

ɲ Palatal nasal

ŋ ng Velar nasal

ɴ Uvular nasal

p p Voiceless bilabial plosive

b b Voiced bilabial plosive

t t Voiceless alveolar plosive

d d Voiced alveolar plosive

ʈ Voiceless retroflex plosive

ɖ Voiced retroflex plosive

c Voiceless palatal plosive

ɟ Voiced palatal plosive

k k c Voiceless velar plosive

ɡ g Voiced velar plosive

q q Voiceless uvular plosive

ɢ Voiced uvular plosive

ʡ Epiglottal plosive

ʔ . Glottal stop

ɸ Voiceless bilabial fricative

β Voiced bilabial fricative

θ th Voiceless dental fricative

ð th Voiced dental fricative

f f ph Voiceless labiodental fricative

v v Voiced labiodental fricative

s s Voiceless alveolar fricative

z z Voiced alveolar fricative

ʃ sh Voiceless postalveolar fricative

ʒ Voiced postalveolar fricative

ʂ Voiceless retroflex fricative

ʐ Voiced retroflex fricative

ç Voiceless palatal fricative

ʝ Voiced palatal fricative

x ch Voiceless velar fricative

ɣ Voiced velar fricative

χ Voiceless uvular fricative

ʁ Voiced uvular fricative

ħ Voiceless pharyngeal fricative

ʕ Voiced pharyngeal fricative

ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative

ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative

h h Voiceless glottal transition

ɦ Breathy-voiced glottal transition

ʋ Labiodental approximant

ɹ r Alveolar approximant

ɻ Retroflex approximant

j y Palatal approximant

ɰ Velar approximant

ʙ Bilabial trill

r Alveolar trill

ʀ Uvular trill

ⱱ Labiodental flap

ɾ Alveolar tap

ɽ Retroflex flap

ɬ Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

ɮ Voiced alveolar lateral fricative

l l Alveolar lateral approximant

ɭ Retroflex lateral approximant

ʎ Palatal lateral approximant

ʟ Velar lateral approximant

ɺ Alveolar lateral flap

ɫ Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

ɕ Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

ʑ Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

ɧ Voiceless palatal-velar fricative

ʍ Voiceless labio-velar approximant

w w Voiced labio-velar approximant

ɥ Labial-palatal approximant

kp Voiceless labial-velar plosive

ɡp Voiced labial-velar plosive

ŋm Labial-velar nasal

ʘ Bilabial clicks

ǀ Dental clicks

ǃ Alveolar clicks

ǂ Palatal clicks

ǁ Lateral clicks

ɓ Voiced bilabial implosive

ɗ Voiced alveolar implosive

ʄ Voiced palatal implosive

ɠ Voiced velar implosive

ʛ Voiced uvular implosive

pʼ Bilabial ejective

ť Alveolar ejective

kʼ Velar ejective

qʼ Uvular ejective

sʼ Alveolar ejective fricative

eɪ ā

aɪ ī

oʊ ō

ju ū

ts Voiceless alveolar affricate

dz Voiced alveolar affricate

tʃ ch Voiceless postalveolar affricate

dʒ j Voiced postalveolar affricate

tɕ Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

dʑ Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

ʈʂ Voiceless retroflex affricate

ɖʐ Voiced retroflex affricate

tɬ Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate

dɮ Voiced alveolar lateral affricate

ˈ Primary stress

ˌ Secondary stress

ː Long

ˑ Half-long

. Syllable break

↗ Global rise

↘ Global fall

˥ Extra high / top

˦ High

˧ Mid

˨ Low

˩ Extra low / bottom