Embedded Files
開課班級：腦科所碩博士班 開放所有系所研究生選課
負責老師：林嘉澍 (個人介紹)
上課地點：學期初公布
教課書：教師自編講義 / 電影或小說
本學期(106)課程，目前暫定於每周三56節於腦科所(圖資839室)上課。若有同學希望選修但時間無法配合，請先email和我討論(winzcsl@gmail.com)。
本課程已接近完成遠距學習架構，共4大主題全部14堂課。每堂課包含線上影音教學與課後作業，歡迎同學自修。自修同學若對課程內容有疑問，歡迎聯絡林老師(winzcsl@gmail.com)。
課程內容 詳見下表
課程理念
本課程將從基礎與臨床兩個層面來探討情緒神經科學(Affective Neuroscience)。課程將側重在焦慮或恐懼等「負面情緒」。本課程與一般導論性質的課程不同，在題材的選擇上更側重「情緒」這個議題與其它臨床與行為議題的橫向連結，例如焦慮在牙科治療種扮演的角色，或臨床上老人病患的情緒經驗與年輕成人的不同處，或情緒與決策行為之間的關係。希望藉由修習此課程，同學能更加了解各種負面情緒背後的神經科學機制，以及如何將這些知識落實在臨床工作上。
在情緒神經科學的理論基礎方面，本課程著重於最新腦科學的相關研究，特別將大量引用人腦神經造影(brain neuroimaging)研究文獻。歡迎修讀腦科學與神經科學相關領域的同學們選修。
International students are welcome to join the class. In that case, the course would be taught in English.
Module 1
Fear and Anxiety: the Threat-related Experience
Lesson 1
Introduction: The Awakening of the Dark Side of the Mind
Required readings:
1. [YouTube] 'The Cabin' by Derelik Films
2. Ferris Jabr (2010) The evolution of emotion: Charles Darwin's little-known psychology experiment
Course videos:
AN011: Basic concepts / Emotion vs. Feelings
AN012: Emotion and Evolution / Emotion and Evolution: case study
AN013: Universality of human emotion / Emotional brain
AN014: Trait vs. State emotion / Emotion vs. Cognition?
Related readings:
1. Damasio et al. (2013) The nature of feelings evolutionary and neurobiological origins Nat Rev Neurosci
2. Anderson et al. (2014) A framework for studying emotions across species Cell
3. Jack et al. (2012) Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal PNAS
Lesson 2: What is a Threat?
Required readings: Top 10 Movie Apocalypses / WatchMojo.com
Course videos:
AN021: Basic concepts / Threat processing
AN022: Defensive fear systems / Threat value
AN023: Threat value: case study / Uncertainty and anticipation model
AN024: Fear, anxiety and avoidance / Cognitive model
Related readings:
1. McNaughton et al. (2004) A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense fear anxiety and defensive distance
2. Mobbs (2010) Neural activity associated with monitoring the oscillating threat value of a tarantula
3. Jackson (2005) The impact of threatening information about pain on coping and pain tolerance
Lesson 3: Fear and Anxiety (I): Findings from Clinical and Behavioral Research
Required readings: 'Six Men Getting Sick' by David Lynch
Course videos:
AN031: Manipulating perceived anxiety / Divergent effect of anxiety and fear in pain
AN032: Manipulating threat value / Trait X State interaction
AN033: Fear conditioning
AN034: Fear-Anxiety continuum / Cognitive effect
Related readings:
1. McNally (2011) Placing prediction into the fear circuit
2. Grupe (2013) Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective
Lesson 4: Fear and Anxiety (II): Findings from Brain Neuroimaging Research
Required readings: 國立教育廣播電臺<科學So Easy?>節目專訪林嘉澍老師 (p.s.我發現這個連結教育電台已經拿掉了，他們好像只會放上最近節目的檔案。)
Course videos:
AN041: State anxiety / Trait effect
AN042: Anterior insula / Amygdala and Hippocampus
AN043: Prefrontal cortex / Cognitive regulation on emotion
AN044: A Theory of Everything? / Is emotion only skin deep?
Related readings:
1. Ochsner & Gross (2005) The cognitive control of emotion
2. LeDoux (2014) Coming to terms with fear
Module 1 Discussion
Lession 1: 請從演化心理學的角度思考「哀傷」(sadness)這種情緒的意義。
Lession 2: 在課堂上我們提到，fight / flight都和逃避威脅有密切的關聯. 可能有同學會覺得，"fight"無論如何與單純的逃避，還是有很大的差異吧? 畢竟，要"挺身而出決一死戰"，這需要相當大的正能量(愛與勇氣?)，fight與flight之間應該有某種差異。假使你也認為如此，那麼試著從trait X situation的角度來說明: (a) 是否具備某些特質的人，會比其他人更傾向採取fight而非flight? (例如好來塢電影的英雄，動不動就要起義抗暴...) (b) 是否某些情境下(威脅的特徵)會讓人更傾向採取fight而非flight? (例如欺負地球的外星人太弱了，地球人乾脆直接把外星人做掉...)
Lession 3: 當我們提到threat perception時，也提到另一個概念 "safety learning" - 無論從conditioning或是從晚近的UAMA理論，都告訴我們焦慮緊張(甚至相關的精神疾病)可能意味著一個人未能習得"安全"的連結關係。現在有一個人非常害怕「過街」這件事，他總是擔心過街時很有可能被車子撞到。但偏偏我們不能消除「車子」這個威脅 (總不能只要他一出門，就全部實施交通管制吧!) -- 你會採用怎樣的手法來強化他的「安全感」?
Lession 4: 很多學者認為 "disgust"也是一種基本情緒。和fear很類似的是，當我們厭惡或覺得某件事很噁，我們會覺得很不愉快，也會想逃避它。如果你想設計一個實驗來了解disgust與fear這兩種情緒相關的人腦活動有什麼差別，你可能會怎麼做? (提示: 例如，你可能會採用不同的素材來分別引發這兩種情緒。你會準備怎樣的素材?)
Module 2
Emotion in Evolution
Lesson 5: Aesthetics and Beauty
Required readings:
1. Scientists find formula for beautiful face
2. The ten most expensive paintings in history
Course videos:
AN051: Basic concepts / Aesthetic evaluation: some examples
AN052: Aesthetic evaluation and the brain / Beauty of different aspects
AN053: Science of beautiful faces / Neural correlates of beauty
AN054: The brain of art professionals / Issues on brain plasticity
Related readings:
1. Brown et al. (2011) Naturalizing aesthetics brain areas for aesthetic appraisal across sensory modalities
2. Kedia et al. (2014) The neural correlates of beauty comparison
Lesson 6: Anger, Aggression and Frustration
Required readings: 格萊維茨事件 [Wikipedia]
Course videos:
AN061: Welcome to the Dark Side / Anger and Aggression
AN062: Impulsive aggression / Neuromodulators
AN063: Frustration / Frustration and the brain
AN064: Emotional regulation / Perspective from evolutionary psychology
Related readings:
1. Siever (2008) Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence
2. Yu et al. (2014) The neural signature of escalating frustration in humans
Lesson 7: Coping and Catastrophizing
Required readings: Why Panic Spread So Quickly At One Of America's Busiest Airports / Inside Edition
Course videos:
AN071: Basic concepts / Stress
AN072: Coping / Catastrophizing
AN073: Emotional features of catastrophizing / Mechanisms of pain catastrophizing
AN074: Some clinical examples / Facing the catastrophized patients
Related readings:
1. Lin (2013) Pain catastrophizing in dental patients: implications for treatment management J Am Dent Assoc
Lesson 8: Suffering and Pleasure
Required readings:
Course videos:
Related readings:
1. Ellingsen et al. (2013) Placebo improves pleasure and pain through opposite modulation of sensory processing PNAS
2. Leknes & Tracey (2008) A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure Nat Rev Neurosci
3. Scott et al. (2006) Variations in the human pain stress experience mediated by ventral and dorsal basal ganglia dopamine activity J Neurosci
Module 2 Discussion
A. 我們在課堂上提到 "pain" catastrophizing，這似乎是很明顯的，因為疼痛是很嚴重的威脅，會讓人產生災難般的想法。除了疼痛以外，還有哪些事物 ( "X" catastrophizing)呢? 請先透過日常生活舉例，並思考怎樣進行一個實驗來引發這種災難化的經驗。
(舉個例子: 「錢包掉了」是一種給人恐怖壓力的經驗。不過要怎麼在實驗室裡模擬出這種經驗呢?)
B. 美會使人感到愉悅，所以人會想追求美的事物。腦科學證據也發現欣賞美麗的事物和「吃到好吃的東西」的人腦活動有類似處。請問，有沒有可能「美」的事物反而令人恐懼或噁心? 你會做怎樣的實驗來了解「我喜歡的美好事物」與「我害怕的美好事物」的人腦活動有何差異?
C. 當我們先前提到威脅的概念時，說過有些威脅事物是先天的(例如怕高，怕特定的動物)，有些「中性」的事物是我們後天學習到他的威脅性(例如紅綠燈)。若談到人類的侵略行為，請說明你如何透過一個實驗程序(例如使用語言引導)，去引發一個人「對一片土司麵包充滿敵意，恨不得立刻撕爛消滅它...」
Module 3
Emotion and Decision-making
Lesson 9: Emotion and Decision-making (I): Theories of Behavioral Economics
Required readings: Iowa gambling task [Wikipedia]
Course videos:
Related readings:
1. Bechara & Damasio (2005) The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision Games and Economic Behavior
2. Rangel et al. (2008) A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making Nat Rev Neurosci
Lesson 10: Emotion and Decision-making (II): Theories of Affective Science
Required readings:
Course videos:
Related readings:
1. Coricelli et al. (2007) Brain, emotion and decision making: the paradigmatic example of regret Trends Cogn Sci
Lesson 11: Emotion and Decision-making in the Elderly People
Required readings: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) [Wikipedia]
Course videos: (available now)
Related readings:
1. Hedden & Gabrieli (2004) Insights into the ageing mind- a view from cognitive neuroscience Nat Rev Neurosci
2. Mather (2012) The emotion paradox in the aging brain Ann N Y Acad Sci
Module 3 Discussion
A. 電視廣告常利用一些情緒性的畫面，引發我們做一些事情的動機。但激發的情緒往往「適可而止」即可，太過度了(「濫情」)很可能引發大家不同的決定。例如看到可憐的小朋友，會讓我們想動手捐款。但如果故事或畫面太「超過」，很可能就有人覺得憤慨，覺得這是在騙錢或「純粹在消費他人的悲慘際遇」。想想看，這種「覺得很濫情」是一種怎樣的經驗，可能是與怎樣的人腦機制有關?
B. Damasio(和其他蠻多學者)都從演化的角度來思考情緒與決策之間的關係。這在大草原上或許是用。今天的社會充滿各種資訊(經常彼此還矛盾!) 這是不是表示我們不應該單憑直覺(gut-feeling)，而應該充分統整資訊做深思熟慮? 還是反過來，這意味著我們更常仰賴直覺來做決定? (因為資訊太多，根本無法深思熟慮?)
C. 無論理論(例如SST)，神經科學或心理學('positivity effect')似乎都告訴我們長輩是比較正向，比較「寬心」的。但日常生活中，你是否覺得自己的父母擔心得比你還多? 我的看法是，許多研究探討長輩對於威脅的反應，但那些威脅都是「無關緊要的」(例如一把槍對著自己)，長輩或許不是那麼擔心槍口對著自己；但假使他今天聽到自己兒女可能遭遇危險，那可就讓他擔心得要命！
也就是說，是否當我們探討長輩面對威脅的反應時，應該考慮更全面的情境(人事物的組合) - 例如同樣吃壞肚子，長輩可能想無所謂；然而一但聽說乖孫吃壞肚子就緊張個好幾天...... 你覺得可以設計怎樣的實驗來探討這點?
Module 4
Emotion of Social Interaction
Lesson 12: Social Aspects of Emotion (I): Mass Hysteria
Required readings: Top 10 Bizarre Cases of Mass Hysteria / LISTVERSE
Course videos:
Related readings:
1. Balaratnasingam & Janca (2006) Mass hysteria revisited Curr Opin Psychiatry
2. Fan et al. (2010) Is there a core neural network in empathy An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis Coming to terms with fear Neurosci Biobehav Rev
Lesson 13: Social Aspects of Emotion (II): Appeal to Fear
Required readings: 免於恐懼的自由 [Wikipedia]
Course videos:
Related readings:
1. Ruiter et al. (2014) Sixty years of fear appeal research Current state of the evidence Int J Psychol
Lesson 14: Social Aspects of Emotion (III): Envy and Perceived Fairness
Required readings:
Course videos:
Related readings:
1. Singer et al. (2006) Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others Nature
2. Singer et al. (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain Science
Google Sites
Report abuse