China
1 Jun 1864 Suicide of Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, King of Taiping
14 Nov 1908 Death of Emperor Kuang-hsü
15 Nov 1908 Death of Regent Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi
1 Jan 1912 Establishment of the Republic of China
22 Mar 1913 Assassination of Sung Chiao-jen
6 Jun 1916 Death of President Yüan Shih-k'ai
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
12 Mar 1925 Death of Generalissimo of the National Government Sun Yat-sen
28 Apr 1927 Execution of Li Ta-chao
Jun 1928 Assassination of former Generalissimo of the Military Government Chang Tso-lin
1 Aug 1943 Death of Chairman of the National Government Lin Sen
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
1 Oct 1949 Establishment of the People's Republic of China
23 May 1951 Signature of the Seventeen Point Agreement with respect to the status of Tibet
31 Oct 1968 Removal from office of Chairman Liu Shao-ch'i
13 Sep 1971 Death of Defense Minister Lin Piao
15 Nov 1971 United Nations membership for China transferred from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China
8 Jan 1976 Death of Premier Chou En-lai
6 Jul 1976 Death of Chairman of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Chu Teh
9 Sep 1976 Death of Chairman of the Communist Party of China Mao Tse-tung
14 May 1991 Suicide of former First Lady Jiang Qing
19 Feb 1997 Death of Deng Xiaoping
1 Jul 1997 Hong Kong returned to Chinese administration
20 Dec 1999 Macau returned to Chinese administration
India
8 Feb 1872 Assassination of Viceroy the Earl of Mayo
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
23 Mar 1931 Execution of Bhagat Singh
14 May 1943 Assassination of former Premier of Sind Allah Bakhsh Soomro
18 Aug 1945 Death of Subhas Chandra Bose
30 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
15 Aug 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom
15 Oct 1947 Member of the Commonwealth
30 Jan 1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
26 Jan 1950 Republic established with the dethronement of King George VI and dismissal of Governor-General C. Rajagopalachari
1 Oct 1953 Statehood of Andhra (later Andhra Pradesh)
1 May 1960 Statehood of Gujarat
1 Dec 1963 Statehood of Nagaland
27 May 1964 Death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
6 Feb 1965 Assassination of former Chief Minister of Punjab Sardar Pratap Singh Kairon
19 Sep 1965 Death of Chief Minister of Gujarat Balwantrai Mehta
11 Jan 1966 Death of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri
1 Nov 1966 Statehood of Haryana
3 May 1969 Death of President Zakir Husain
25 Jan 1971 Statehood of Himachal Pradesh
21 Jan 1972 Statehood of Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura
3 Jun 1974 Death of former Chief Minister of Bihar Krishna Ballabh Sahay
16 May 1975 Annexation and statehood of Sikkim
11 Feb 1977 Death of President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
28 Jul 1979 Resignation of Prime Minister Morarji Desai
11 Feb 1984 Execution of Maqbool Bhat
6 Jun 1984 Death of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
31 Oct 1984 Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
20 Feb 1987 Statehood of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram
30 May 1987 Statehood of Goa
21 May 1991 Assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
31 Aug 1995 Assassination of Chief Minister of Punjab Beant Singh
1 Nov 2000 Statehood of Chhattisgarh
9 Nov 2000 Statehood of Uttaranchal (later Uttarakhand)
15 Nov 2000 Statehood of Jharkhand
25 Jul 2001 Assassination of Phoolan Devi
27 Jul 2002 Death of Vice President Krishan Kant
3 May 2006 Assassination of former Defence Minister Pramod Mahajan
11 Jun 2013 Assassination of former Foreign Minister Vidya Charan Shukla
2 Jun 2014 Statehood of Telangana
United States
4 Jul 1776 Independence declared from Great Britain
12 May 1784 Independence recognized by Great Britain (ratification of the Treaty of Paris)
4 Mar 1789 Constitution takes effect
4 Mar 1791 Statehood of Vermont
1 Jun 1792 Statehood of Kentucky
1 Jun 1796 Statehood of Tennessee
1 Mar 1803 Statehood of Ohio
12 Jul 1804 Death of former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in a duel
20 Apr 1812 Death of Vice President George Clinton
30 Apr 1812 Statehood of Louisiana
23 Nov 1814 Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry
11 Dec 1816 Statehood of Indiana
10 Dec 1817 Statehood of Mississippi
3 Dec 1818 Statehood of Illinois
14 Dec 1819 Statehood of Alabama
15 Mar 1820 Statehood of Maine
10 Aug 1821 Statehood of Missouri
28 Dec 1832 Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun
15 Jun 1836 Statehood of Arkansas
26 Jan 1837 Statehood of Michigan
4 Apr 1841 Death of President William Henry Harrison
3 Mar 1845 Statehood of Florida
19 Feb 1846 Annexation and statehood of Texas
28 Dec 1846 Statehood of Iowa
29 May 1848 Statehood of Wisconsin
9 Jul 1850 Death of President Zachary Taylor
9 Sep 1850 Statehood of California
18 Apr 1853 Death of Vice President William R. King
11 May 1858 Statehood of Minnesota
14 Feb 1859 Statehood of Oregon
29 Jan 1861 Statehood of Kansas
20 Jun 1863 Statehood of West Virginia
31 Oct 1864 Statehood of Nevada
15 Apr 1865 Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
1 Mar 1867 Statehood of Nebraska
26 May 1868 Acquittal of President Andrew Johnson on articles of impeachment
27 Sep 1868 Assassination of former Representative Thomas C. Hindman
22 Nov 1875 Death of Vice President Henry Wilson
1 Aug 1876 Statehood of Colorado
19 Sep 1881 Assassination of President James A. Garfield
25 Nov 1885 Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks
2 Nov 1889 Statehood of North Dakota and South Dakota
8 Nov 1889 Statehood of Montana
11 Nov 1889 Statehood of Washington
3 Jul 1890 Statehood of Idaho
10 Jul 1890 Statehood of Wyoming
28 Oct 1893 Assassination of Mayor Carter H. Harrison of Chicago
4 Jan 1896 Statehood of Utah
21 Nov 1899 Death of Vice President Garret A. Hobart
3 Feb 1900 Assassination of Governor William Goebel of Kentucky
14 Sep 1901 Assassination of President William McKinley
20 May 1902 Independence of Cuba
30 Dec 1905 Assassination of former Governor Frank Steunenberg of Idaho
16 Nov 1907 Statehood of Oklahoma
6 Jan 1912 Statehood of New Mexico
14 Feb 1912 Statehood of Arizona
30 Oct 1912 Death of Vice President James S. Sherman
2 Aug 1923 Death of President Warren G. Harding
6 Mar 1933 Assassination of Mayor Anton J. Cermak of Chicago
10 Sep 1935 Assassination of Senator Huey P. Long
12 Apr 1945 Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
4 Jul 1946 Independence of the Philippines
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
3 Jan 1959 Statehood of Alaska
21 Aug 1959 Statehood of Hawaii
12 Jun 1963 Assassination of Medgar Evers
22 Nov 1963 Assassination of President John F. Kennedy
21 Feb 1965 Assassination of Malcolm X
4 Apr 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
6 Jun 1968 Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy
10 Oct 1973 Resignation of Vice President Spiro T. Agnew
9 Aug 1974 Resignation of President Richard M. Nixon
18 Nov 1978 Assassination of Representative Leo J. Ryan
27 Nov 1978 Assassination of Mayor George R. Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, both of San Francisco
14 Mar 1980 Assassination of former Representative Allard K. Lowenstein
1 Sep 1983 Death of Representative Larry McDonald
22 Dec 1990 Independence of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia
1 Oct 1994 Independence of Palau
3 Apr 1996 Death of Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown
12 Feb 1999 Acquittal of President Bill Clinton on articles of impeachment
5 Feb 2020 Acquittal of Donald Trump on articles of impeachment
6 Jan 2021 Coup attempt against President-elect Joe Biden
Indonesia
17 Aug 1945 Independence declared from the Netherlands
20 Dec 1948 Execution of former Prime Minister Amir Syarifuddin
16 Apr 1949 Execution of Tan Malaka
27 Dec 1949 Independence recognized by the Netherlands
28 Sep 1950 Member of the United Nations
1 May 1963 Annexation of Western New Guinea
1 Oct 1965 Coup attempt against President Sukarno
11 Mar 1966 Presidential order cedes significant authority to Suharto
12 Mar 1967 Removal from office of President Sukarno
21 May 1998 Resignation of President Suharto
23 Jul 2001 Removal from office of President Abdurrahman Wahid
Pakistan
15 Aug 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom
30 Sep 1947 Member of the United Nations
15 Oct 1947 Member of the Commonwealth
11 Sep 1948 Death of Governor-General Mohammad Ali Jinnah
16 Oct 1951 Assassination of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
17 Apr 1953 Dismissal of Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin
24 Oct 1954 Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly by Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad
14 Oct 1955 One Unit system established
6 Oct 1955 Resignation of Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad
23 Mar 1956 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
9 May 1958 Assassination of former Chief Minister of West Pakistan Khan Sahib
7 Oct 1958 Dismissal of Prime Minister Malik Firoz Khan Noon
27 Oct 1958 Removal from office of President Iskander Mirza
25 Mar 1969 Resignation of President Ayub Khan
1 Jul 1970 One Unit system abolished
16 Dec 1971 Secession of Bangladesh recognized
20 Dec 1971 Resignation of President Yahya Khan
30 Jan 1972 Withdrawal from the Commonwealth
5 Jul 1977 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4 Apr 1979 Execution of former President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
29 May 1988 Dismissal of Prime Minister Mohammad Khan Junejo
17 Aug 1988 Death of President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq
1 Oct 1989 Readmission to the Commonwealth
6 Aug 1990 Dismissal of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto
18 Apr 1993 Dismissal of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
18 Jul 1993 Resignation of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
20 Sep 1996 Assassination of Murtaza Bhutto
5 Nov 1996 Dismissal of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto
2 Dec 1997 Resignation of President Farooq Ahmed Leghari
12 Oct 1999 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
20 Jun 2001 Removal from office of President Mohammad Rafiq Tarar
26 Aug 2006 Assassination of former Chief Minister of Balochistan Sardar Akbar Khan Bugti
27 Dec 2007 Assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto
18 Aug 2008 Resignation of President Pervez Musharraf
4 Jan 2011 Assassination of Salman Taseer, Governor of Punjab
28 Jul 2017 Removal from office of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
Nigeria
1 Oct 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
7 Oct 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
1 Oct 1963 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
15 Jan 1966 Coup d'état against President Nnamdi Azikiwe and Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (who is killed shortly after, in addition to
Finance Minister Festus Okotie-Eboh and regional Premiers Samuel Akintola and Sir Ahmadu Bello)
29 Jul 1966 Coup d'état against, and assassination of, Head of the National Military Government Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
30 May 1967 Secession of the Republic of Biafra
1 Jul 1969 Assassination of Olajide Olayode II, Soun of Ogbomoso
12 Jan 1970 Secession of the Republic of Biafra defeated
29 Jul 1975 Coup d'état against Head of the Federal Military Government Yakubu Gowon
13 Feb 1976 Assassination of Head of the Federal Military Government Murtala Mohammed
31 Dec 1983 Coup d'état against President Shehu Shagari
27 Aug 1985 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Muhammadu Buhari
26 Aug 1993 Resignation of President of the National Defence and Security Council Ibrahim Babangida
17 Nov 1993 Coup d'état against Interim President Ernest Shonekan
10 Nov 1995 Execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa
8 Jun 1998 Death of Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council Sani Abacha
7 Jul 1998 Death of former presidential candidate Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola
23 Dec 2001 Assassination of Justice Minister Bola Ige
5 May 2010 Death of President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
Brazil
7 Sep 1822 Independence declared from Portugal
7 Apr 1831 Abdication of Emperor Pedro I
15 Nov 1889 Coup d'état against Emperor Pedro II and Prime Minister the Viscount of Ouro Preto; republic established
23 Nov 1891 Resignation of President Deodoro da Fonseca
14 Jun 1909 Death of President Afonso Pena
16 Jan 1919 Death of President-elect Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
24 Oct 1930 Coup d'état against President Washington Luís
10 Nov 1937 Coup d'état by President Getúlio Vargas
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
29 Oct 1945 Coup d'état against President Getúlio Vargas
24 Aug 1954 Suicide of President Getúlio Vargas
11 Nov 1955 Removal from office of Acting President Carlos Luz
22 Nov 1955 Removal from office of President João Café Filho for incapacity
25 Aug 1961 Resignation of President Jânio Quadros
2 Apr 1964 Coup d'état against President João Goulart
18 Jul 1967 Death of former President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
14 Oct 1969 Removal from office of President Artur da Costa e Silva for incapacity
25 Oct 1975 Murder of Vladimir Herzog
22 Aug 1976 Death of former President Juscelino Kubitschek
21 Apr 1985 Death of President-elect Tancredo Neves
22 Dec 1988 Assassination of Chico Mendes
12 Oct 1992 Death of Ulysses Guimarães
29 Dec 1992 Resignation of President Fernando Collor de Mello during impeachment proceedings
21 Apr 1993 Referendum rejects restoration of the monarchy
31 Aug 2016 Removal from office of President Dilma Rousseff by impeachment
14 Mar 2018 Assassination of Marielle Franco
Bangladesh
26 Mar 1971 Independence declared from Pakistan
16 Dec 1971 Independence recognized by Pakistan
18 Apr 1972 Member of the Commonwealth
17 Sep 1974 Member of the United Nations
15 Aug 1975 Coup d'état against President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (killed) and Prime Minister Mohammad Mansoor Ali
3 Nov 1975 Murder of former Vice President Syed Nazrul Islam, former Prime Ministers Tajuddin Ahmed and Mohammad Mansoor Ali, and former Home Affairs
Minister A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman
7 Nov 1975 Coup d'état against President Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed
21 Apr 1977 Resignation of President Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem
30 May 1981 Assassination of President Ziaur Rahman
24 Mar 1982 Coup d'état against President Abdus Sattar and Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman
6 Dec 1990 Resignation of President Hossain Mohammad Ershad
30 Mar 1996 Resignation of Prime Minister Khaleda Zia
21 Jun 2002 Resignation of President A.Q.M. Badruddoza Chowdhury
11 Jan 2007 Coup d'état against Chief Adviser Iajuddin Ahmed
20 Mar 2013 Death of President Zillur Rahman
Russia
8 Feb 1725 Death of Emperor Peter I
17 May 1727 Death of Empress Catherine I
30 Jan 1730 Death of Emperor Peter II
28 Oct 1740 Death of Empress Anna
6 Dec 1741 Coup d'état against Emperor Ivan VI and Regent Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna
5 Jan 1762 Death of Empress Elizabeth
9 Jul 1762 Coup d'état against Emperor Peter III
18 Jul 1762 Execution of former Emperor Peter III
16 Jul 1764 Execution of former Emperor Ivan VI
17 Nov 1796 Death of Empress Catherine II
23 Mar 1801 Assassination of Emperor Paul I
1 Dec 1825 Death of Emperor Alexander I
2 Mar 1855 Death of Emperor Nicholas I
13 Mar 1881 Assassination of Emperor Alexander II
1 Nov 1894 Death of Emperor Alexander III
28 Jul 1904 Assassination of Interior Minister Vyacheslav Pleve
18 Sep 1911 Assassination of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin
30 Dec 1916 Murder of Grigory Rasputin
15 Mar 1917 Overthrow of Emperor Nicholas II; republic established
8 Nov 1917 Overthrow of Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government Aleksandr Kerensky
6 Dec 1917 Independence of Finland
11 Feb 1918 Suicide of Aleksey Kaledin
13 Apr 1918 Death of Lavr Kornilov
17 Jul 1918 Execution of former Emperor Nicholas II and former Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna
16 Mar 1919 Death of Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Yakov Sverdlov
7 Feb 1920 Execution of Aleksandr Kolchak
15 Sep 1921 Execution of Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
30 Dec 1922 Establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
21 Jan 1924 Death of Premier Vladimir Lenin
18 Sep 1934 Member of the League of Nations
1 Dec 1934 Assassination of Sergey Kirov
24 Aug 1936 Execution of former Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Lev Kamenev
25 Aug 1936 Execution of Grigory Zinoviev
Jan 1937 Execution of Yury Pyatakov
11 Jun 1937 Execution of former Chief of Staff Mikhail Tukhachevsky
14 Mar 1938 Execution of former Premier Aleksey Rykov and former Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Communist International Nikolay Bukharin
15 Mar 1938 Execution of former Interior Commissar Genrikh Yagoda
Feb 1940 Execution of former Interior Commissar Nikolay Yezhov
21 Aug 1940 Assassination of former Foreign Affairs Commissar Leon Trotsky
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
5 Mar 1953 Death of Premier Joseph Stalin
23 Dec 1953 Execution of former Interior Minister Lavrenty Beria and former State Security Minister Vsevolod Merkulov
19 Dec 1954 Execution of former State Security Minister Viktor Abakumov
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
15 Oct 1964 Removal from office of Premier Nikita Khrushchev
10 Nov 1982 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Leonid Brezhnev
9 Feb 1984 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Yury Andropov
10 Mar 1985 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Konstantin Chernenko
11 Mar 1990 Independence of Lithuania declared
17 Mar 1991 Referendum approves the preservation of the Soviet Union
9 Apr 1991 Independence of Georgia declared
19 Aug 1991 Coup attempt against President Mikhail Gorbachev
20 Aug 1991 Independence of Estonia declared
21 Aug 1991 Independence of Latvia declared
24 Aug 1991 Independence of Ukraine declared
25 Aug 1991 Independence of Belarus declared
27 Aug 1991 Independence of Moldova declared
30 Aug 1991 Independence of Azerbaijan declared
31 Aug 1991 Independence of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declared
6 Sep 1991 Independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania recognized
9 Sep 1991 Independence of Tajikistan declared
23 Sep 1991 Independence of Armenia declared
27 Oct 1991 Independence of Turkmenistan declared
16 Dec 1991 Independence of Kazakhstan declared
25 Dec 1991 Resignation of President Mikhail Gorbachev; dissolution of the Soviet Union
21 Apr 1996 Assassination of Dzhokhar Dudayev, President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
31 Dec 1999 Resignation of President Boris Yeltsin
13 Feb 2004 Assassination of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, former President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
9 May 2004 Assassination of Akhmad Kadyrov, President of the Chechen Republic
8 Mar 2005 Assassination of Aslan Maskhadov, former President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
10 Jul 2006 Death of Shamil Basayev, former Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
23 Nov 2006 Death of Aleksandr Litvinenko
21 Mar 2014 Annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol
27 Feb 2015 Assassination of former First Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov
Mexico
30 Jul 1811 Execution of Miguel Hidalgo
22 Dec 1815 Execution of José María Morelos
28 Sep 1821 Independence from Spain
29 Mar 1823 Abdication of Emperor Agustín
19 Jul 1824 Execution of former Emperor Agustín
19 Jun 1867 Execution of former Emperor Maximilian I
18 Jul 1872 Death of President Benito Juárez
25 May 1911 Resignation of President Porfirio Díaz
19 Feb 1913 Coup d'état against President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez
22 Feb 1913 Assassination of former President Francisco I. Madero and former Vice President José María Pino Suárez
15 Jul 1914 Resignation of Interim President Victoriano Huerta
10 Apr 1919 Assassination of Emiliano Zapata
26 Nov 1919 Execution of Felipe Ángeles
21 May 1920 Assassination of former President Venustiano Carranza
20 Jun 1923 Assassination of Pancho Villa
23 Nov 1927 Execution of Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez
17 Jul 1928 Assassination of President-elect (and former President) Álvaro Obregón
23 Sep 1931 Member of the League of Nations
4 Sep 1932 Resignation of President Pascual Ortiz Rubio
7 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
23 Mar 1994 Assassination of presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio
Japan
24 Mar 1860 Assassination of Ii Naosuke
14 May 1878 Assassination of Okubo Toshimichi
26 Oct 1909 Assassination of former Prime Minister Duke Ito Hirobumi
30 Jul 1912 Death of Emperor Meiji
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
4 Nov 1921 Assassination of Prime Minister Hara Takashi
24 Aug 1923 Death of Prime Minister Baron Kato Tomosaburo
28 Jan 1926 Death of Prime Minister Viscount Kato Takaaki
25 Dec 1926 Death of Emperor Taisho
14 Apr 1931 Resignation of Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi
26 Aug 1931 Assassination of former Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi
15 May 1932 Assassination of Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi
26 Feb 1936 Assassination of former Prime Ministers Viscount Saito Makoto and Viscount Takahashi Korekiyo
15 Aug 1945 Independence of Korea
16 Dec 1945 Suicide of former Prime Minister Duke Konoe Fumimaro
23 Dec 1948 Execution of former Prime Ministers Hirota Koki and Tojo Hideki
18 Dec 1956 Member of the United Nations
25 Feb 1957 Resignation of Prime Minister Ishibashi Tanzan
12 Oct 1960 Assassination of Asanuma Inejiro
12 Jun 1980 Death of Prime Minister Ohira Masayoshi
7 Jan 1989 Death of Emperor Showa
30 Apr 2019 Abdication of Emperor Akihito
8 Jul 2022 Assassination of former Prime Minister Abe Shinzo
Philippines
30 Dec 1896 Execution of José Rizal
10 May 1897 Execution of Andres Bonifacio
1 Aug 1944 Death of President Manuel L. Quezon
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
4 Jul 1946 Independence from the United States
15 Apr 1948 Death of President Manuel Roxas
17 Mar 1957 Death of President Ramon Magsaysay
Sep 1972 Martial law imposed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos
17 Jan 1981 Martial law rescinded
21 Aug 1983 Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
25 Feb 1986 Overthrow of President Ferdinand E. Marcos
20 Jan 2001 Removal from office of President Joseph Estrada
Ethiopia
13 Apr 1868 Suicide of Emperor Tewodros II
9 Mar 1889 Death of Emperor Yohannes IV
12 Dec 1913 Death of Emperor Menelik II
28 Sep 1923 Member of the League of Nations
2 Apr 1930 Death of Empress Zauditu
13 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
15 Sep 1952 Annexation of Eritrea
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
12 Sep 1974 Coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie and Prime Minister Mikael Imru
23 Nov 1974 Death of former Chairman of the Derg Aman Mikael Andom
23 Nov 1974 Execution of former Prime Ministers Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold and Endalkachew Makonnen, and former Defense Minister Abiye Abebe
21 Mar 1975 Republic definitively established
27 Aug 1975 Death of former Emperor Haile Selassie
3 Feb 1977 Execution of Derg Chairman Teferi Benti
21 May 1991 Resignation of President Mengistu Haile Mariam
24 May 1993 Secession of Eritrea
20 Aug 2012 Death of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi
2 Apr 2018 Resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn
Egypt
13 Jul 1854 Assassination of Viceroy Abbas I
21 Feb 1910 Assassination of Prime Minister Boutros Ghali Pasha
28 Feb 1922 Independence from the United Kingdom
28 Apr 1936 Death of King Fuad I
26 May 1937 Member of the League of Nations
24 Feb 1945 Assassination of Prime Minister Ahmed Maher Pasha
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
28 Dec 1948 Assassination of Prime Minister Mahmoud al-Nukrashi Pasha
Feb 1949 Assassination of Hassan al-Banna
23 Jul 1952 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha
26 Jul 1952 Abdication of King Farouk I
18 Jun 1953 Republic established with the dethronement of King Fuad II and Regent Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim
1 Jan 1956 Independence of Sudan
22 Feb 1958 Renamed United Arab Republic upon union with Syria
28 Sep 1961 Secession of Syria
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
29 Aug 1966 Execution of Sayyid Qutb
9 Jun 1967 Announced resignation of President Gamal Abdel Nasser (does not take effect)
14 Sep 1967 Death of former Vice President Abdel Hakim Amer
28 Sep 1970 Death of President Gamal Abdel Nasser
2 Sep 1971 Name changed back to Egypt
6 Oct 1981 Assassination of President Anwar Sadat
11 Feb 2011 Resignation of President Hosni Mubarak
3 Jul 2013 Coup d'état against President Mohamed Morsi and Prime Minister Hisham Qandil
Democratic Republic of the Congo
30 Jun 1960 Independence from Belgium
11 Jul 1960 Secession of Katanga
5 Sep 1960 Dismissal of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba
14 Sep 1960 Coup d'état; Head of State Joseph Kasavubu allowed to remain in office
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
17 Jan 1961 Execution of former Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and two other high-ranking politicians
13 Feb 1961 Execution of Jean-Pierre Finant
Jan 1963 Secession of Katanga defeated
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
18 Jun 1964 Assassination of former Deputy Prime Minister Jason Sendwe
25 Nov 1965 Removal from office of President Joseph Kasavubu and Prime Minister Évariste Kimba
2 Jun 1966 Execution of former Prime Minister Évariste Kimba and three other high-ranking politicians
9 Oct 1968 Execution of rebel leader Pierre Mulele
29 Jun 1969 Death of former Prime Minister Moïse Tshombe in Algiers
27 Oct 1971 Name changed to Zaire
17 May 1997 Overthrow of President Mobutu Sese Seko and First State Commissioner Likulia Bolongo; name changed back to Congo
16 Jan 2001 Assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Vietnam
2 Sep 1945 Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
2 Sep 1969 Death of President Hồ Chí Minh
20 Sep 1977 Member of the United Nations
30 Mar 1980 Death of President Tôn Đức Thắng
10 Jul 1986 Death of Lê Duẩn, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
21 Sep 2018 Death of President Trần Đại Quang
Republic of Vietnam
2 Nov 1963 Coup d'état against, and assassination of, President Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother Ngô Đình Nhu
30 Jan 1964 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Committee Dương Văn Minh and Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
30 Apr 1975 Fall of Saigon; state abolished
Iran
Jun 1747 Assassination of Shah Nader
1794 Execution of former Shah Lotf Ali Khan Zand
17 Jun 1797 Assassination of Shah Mohammad Qajar
25 Oct 1833 Death of Crown Prince Abbas Mirza
23 Oct 1834 Death of Shah Fath Ali Qajar
9 Jul 1850 Execution of Mirza Ali Mohammad "Báb"
9 Jan 1852 Assassination of former Prime Minister Mirza Taqi Khan "Amir Kabir"
1 May 1896 Assassination of Shah Naser al-Din Qajar
8 Jan 1907 Death of Shah Mozaffar al-Din Qajar
16 Jul 1909 Dethronement of Shah Mohammad Ali Qajar
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
21 Feb 1921 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Mirza Hassan Khan
31 Oct 1925 Dethronement of Shah Soltan Ahmad Qajar
16 Sep 1941 Abdication of Shah Reza Pahlavi
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
11 Mar 1946 Assassination of Ahmad Kasravi
Nov 1949 Assassination of former Prime Minister Abdolhossein Hazhir
7 Mar 1951 Assassination of Prime Minister Ali Razmara
19 Aug 1953 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
10 Nov 1954 Execution of former Foreign Minister Hossein Fatemi
18 Jan 1956 Execution of Navvab Safavi
26 Jan 1965 Assassination of Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansur
5 Feb 1979 Overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Prime Minister Shahpur Bakhtiar; republic established
7 Apr 1979 Execution of former Prime Minister Amir Abbas Hoveida
22 Jun 1981 Overthrow of President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr
28 Jun 1981 Assassination of Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti
30 Aug 1981 Assassination of President Mohammad Ali Raja'i and Prime Minister Mohammad Javad Bahonar
15 Sep 1982 Execution of former Foreign Minister Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
3 Jun 1989 Death of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
6 Aug 1991 Assassination of former Prime Minister Shahpur Bakhtiar in France
3 Jan 2020 Assassination of Qassem Soleimani in Baghdad
Turkey
1389 Death of Sultan Murad I
20 May 1622 Execution of former Sultan Osman II
18 Aug 1648 Execution of former Sultan Ibrahim
29 Jul 1808 Assassination of former Sultan Selim III
17 Nov 1808 Execution of former Sultan Mustafa IV
4 Jun 1876 Death of former Sultan Abdulaziz
1 Nov 1922 Dethronement of Sultan Mehmed VI; name changed from Ottoman Empire to Turkey
29 Oct 1923 Republic established
18 Jul 1932 Member of the League of Nations
10 Nov 1938 Death of President Kemal Atatürk
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
18 Feb 1952 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
27 May 1960 Coup d'état against President Celal Bayar and Prime Minister Adnan Menderes
17 Sep 1961 Execution of former Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, former Foreign Minister Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, and former Finance Minister Hasan Polatkan
28 Mar 1966 Removal from office of President Cemal Gürsel for incapacity
19 Jul 1980 Assassination of former Prime Minister Nihat Erim
12 Sep 1980 Coup d'état against Acting President İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil and Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel
17 Apr 1993 Death of President Turgut Özal
Germany
1 Jan 1871 Union of the German states (except Austria) as the German Reich
9 Mar 1888 Death of Emperor Wilhelm I
15 Jun 1888 Death of Emperor Frederick III
20 Mar 1890 Resignation of Chancellor Prince Otto von Bismarck
9 Nov 1918 Overthrow of Emperor Wilhelm II and Chancellor Prince Max von Baden; republic established
15 Jan 1919 Execution of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
21 Feb 1919 Assassination of Kurt Eisner, Minister-President of Bavaria
10 Mar 1919 Assassination of Leo Jogiches
5 Jun 1919 Execution of Eugen Leviné
26 Aug 1921 Assassination of former Vice Chancellor Matthias Erzberger
24 Jun 1922 Assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau
28 Feb 1925 Death of President Friedrich Ebert
8 Sep 1926 Member of the League of Nations
21 Jun 1933 Assassination of former Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Johannes Stelling
30 Jun 1934 Assassination of former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, former Minister-President of Bavaria Gustav Ritter von Kahr,
Gregor Strasser, and Ferdinand von Bredow
1 Jul 1934 Assassination of Ernst Röhm
2 Aug 1934 Death of President Paul von Hindenburg
22 May 1939 Suicide of Ernst Toller
Feb 1941 Execution of former Finance Minister Rudolf Hilferding
8 Feb 1942 Death of Munitions Minister Fritz Todt
21 Jul 1944 Execution of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
14 Oct 1944 Suicide of Erwin Rommel
2 Feb 1945 Execution of Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
30 Apr 1945 Suicide of Führer Adolf Hitler
1 May 1945 Suicide of Chancellor Joseph Goebbels
8 May 1945 Suicide of Bernhard Rust
23 May 1945 State terminated under Allied occupation; suicide of former Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler
15 Oct 1946 Suicide of Hermann Göring
16 Oct 1946 Execution of former Foreign Ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Arthur Seyß-Inquart, former Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, former
Wehrmacht Chief of Staff Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Rosenberg, Julius Streicher, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Hans Frank, Fritz Sauckel, and
Alfred Jodl
26 Oct 1946 Suicide of former Interior Minister Otto Georg Thierack
6 Apr 1947 Suicide of Herbert Backe
7 Sep 1949 Establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany
9 May 1955 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 Jan 1957 Annexation and statehood of Saarland
1 Jan 1958 Member of the European Economic Community
31 May 1962 Execution of Adolf Eichmann
16 Oct 1963 Resignation of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
1 Dec 1966 Resignation of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard
30 Jun 1969 Resignation of President Heinrich Lübke
18 Sep 1973 Member of the United Nations
7 May 1974 Resignation of Chancellor Willy Brandt
17 Aug 1987 Suicide of Rudolf Heß
11 Oct 1987 Death of Uwe Barschel, former Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein
3 Oct 1990 Annexation of the German Democratic Republic
31 May 2010 Resignation of President Horst Köhler
17 Feb 2012 Resignation of President Christian Wulff
German Democratic Republic
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
7 Sep 1960 Death of President Wilhelm Pieck
21 Sep 1964 Death of Premier Otto Grotewohl
3 Dec 1965 Suicide of Deputy Premier Erich Apel
22 Feb 1969 Death of President of the Volkskammer Johannes Dieckmann
4 May 1973 Suicide of Anton Ackermann
1 Aug 1973 Death of Chairman of the Council of State Walter Ulbricht
18 Sep 1973 Member of the United Nations
5 May 1980 Murder of Finance Minister Siegfried Böhm
2 Dec 1985 Death of Defense Minister Heinz Hoffmann
24 Oct 1989 Resignation of Chairman of the Council of State Erich Honecker
24 Sep 1990 Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact
Thailand
1 Oct 1868 Death of King Mongkut
23 Oct 1910 Death of King Chulalongkorn
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
26 Nov 1925 Death of King Vajiravudh
24 Jun 1932 Coup d'état
Jun 1933 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Phya Manopakorn Nitithada
2 Mar 1935 Abdication of King Prajadhipok
29 Jan 1939 Coup d'état by Prime Minister Plaek Pibulsongkram
9 Jun 1946 Death of King Ananda Mahidol
16 Dec 1946 Member of the United Nations
Nov 1947 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
29 Nov 1951 Coup d'état
Sep 1957 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Plaek Pibulsongkram
20 Oct 1958 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn
8 Dec 1963 Death of Prime Minister Sarit Thanarat
Nov 1971 Coup d'état by Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn
6 Oct 1976 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Seni Pramoj
20 Oct 1977 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Thanin Kraivichien
23 Nov 1980 Death of Chairman of the National Policy Council Sa-ngad Chaloryu
23 Feb 1991 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan
24 May 1992 Resignation of Prime Minister Suchinda Kraprayoon
19 Sep 2006 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra
9 Sep 2008 Removal from office of Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej
7 May 2014 Removal from office of Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra
22 May 2014 Coup d'état against Acting Prime Minister Niwattumrong Boonsongpaisan
13 Oct 2016 Death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej
France
31 Jul 1358 Assassination of Étienne Marcel
30 May 1431 Execution of Joan of Arc
14 May 1610 Assassination of King Henry IV
1 Sep 1715 Death of King Louis XIV
10 Mar 1762 Execution of Jean Calas
10 May 1774 Death of King Louis XV
21 Sep 1792 Republic established with the dethronement of King Louis XVI
21 Jan 1793 Execution of former King Louis XVI
13 Jul 1793 Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
17 Jul 1793 Execution of Charlotte Corday
16 Oct 1793 Execution of former Queen Marie-Antoinette
31 Oct 1793 Execution of Jacques-Pierre Brissot and Pierre-Victurnien Vergniaud
3 Nov 1793 Execution of Olympe de Gouges
6 Nov 1793 Execution of Philippe Égalité
8 Nov 1793 Execution of Jeanne-Marie Roland
12 Nov 1793 Execution of Jean-Sylvain Bailly
15 Nov 1793 Suicide of Jean-Marie Roland
29 Nov 1793 Execution of Antoine Barnave
20 Jan 1794 Suicide of Jacques Roux
24 Mar 1794 Execution of Anacharsis Cloots and Jacques-René Hébert
5 Apr 1794 Execution of Georges Jacques Danton, Camille Desmoulins, and Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles
8 May 1794 Execution of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
17 Jun 1794 Execution of Marguerite-Élie Guadet
18 Jun 1794 Suicide of Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
23 Jun 1794 Execution of Alexandre de Beauharnais
28 Jul 1794 Execution of Georges-Auguste Couthon, Maximilien Robespierre, and Louis de Saint-Just
27 May 1797 Execution of François-Noël Babeuf
14 Jun 1800 Assassination of Jean-Baptiste Kléber
1 Jan 1804 Independence of Haiti
11 Apr 1814 Abdication of Emperor Napoleon I
22 Jun 1815 Abdication of Emperor Napoleon I
7 Dec 1815 Execution of Michel Ney
16 Sep 1824 Death of King Louis XVIII
2 Aug 1830 Abdication of King Charles X
24 Feb 1848 Abdication of King Louis-Philippe I
4 Sep 1870 Overthrow of Emperor Napoleon III and Prime Minister Charles Guillaume Cousin-Montauban
24 May 1873 Resignation of President Adolphe Thiers
30 Jan 1879 Resignation of President Patrice de Mac-Mahon
2 Dec 1887 Resignation of President Jules Grévy
30 Sep 1891 Suicide of Georges Boulanger
25 Jun 1894 Assassination of President Marie François Sadi Carnot
16 Jan 1895 Resignation of President Jean Casimir-Perier
16 Feb 1899 Death of President Félix Faure
31 Jul 1914 Assassination of Jean Jaurès
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
21 Sep 1920 Resignation of President Paul Deschanel
11 Jun 1924 Resignation of President Alexandre Millerand
7 May 1932 Assassination of President Paul Doumer
9 Oct 1934 Assassination of Foreign Minister Louis Barthou
11 Jul 1940 Removal from office of President Albert Lebrun
24 Dec 1942 Assassination of François Darlan
20 Aug 1944 Overthrow of Head of State Philippe Pétain
2 Sep 1945 Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared
15 Oct 1945 Execution of former Prime Minister Pierre Laval
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
22 Oct 1953 Independence of Laos
9 Nov 1953 Independence of Cambodia
26 Oct 1955 Independence of the Republic of Vietnam
2 Mar 1956 Independence of Morocco
20 Mar 1956 Independence of Tunisia
1 Jan 1958 Member of the European Economic Community
13 May 1958 Coup attempt against President René Coty and Prime Minister Félix Gaillard
2 Oct 1958 Independence of Guinea
1 Jan 1960 Independence of Cameroon
27 Apr 1960 Independence of Togo
20 Jun 1960 Independence of Mali
26 Jun 1960 Independence of Madagascar
1 Aug 1960 Independence of Dahomey
3 Aug 1960 Independence of Niger
5 Aug 1960 Independence of Upper Volta
7 Aug 1960 Independence of Ivory Coast
11 Aug 1960 Independence of Chad
13 Aug 1960 Independence of the Central African Republic
15 Aug 1960 Independence of the Congo
17 Aug 1960 Independence of Gabon
28 Nov 1960 Independence of Mauritania
21 Apr 1961 Coup attempt against President Charles de Gaulle and Prime Minister Michel Debré
3 Jul 1962 Independence of Algeria
28 Apr 1969 Resignation of President Charles de Gaulle
2 Apr 1974 Death of President Georges Pompidou
6 Jul 1975 Independence of Comoros
27 Jun 1977 Independence of Djibouti
30 Jul 1980 Independence of Vanuatu
13 Sep 1987 Referendum in New Caledonia rejects independence
4 May 1989 Assassination of Jean-Marie Tjibaou, former Vice President of the Government Council of New Caledonia
1 May 1993 Suicide of former Prime Minister Pierre Bérégovoy
6 Feb 1998 Assassination of Claude Érignac, Prefect of Corse-du-Sud
29 May 2005 Referendum rejects the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
4 Nov 2018 Referendum in New Caledonia rejects independence
4 Oct 2020 Referendum in New Caledonia rejects independence
United Kingdom
29 Dec 1170 Murder of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
19 Jun 1312 Execution of the Earl of Cornwall
22 Jun 1535 Execution of Cardinal John Fisher
6 Jul 1535 Execution of Sir Thomas More
19 May 1536 Execution of Queen Anne
28 Jul 1540 Execution of the Earl of Essex
13 Feb 1542 Execution of Queen Catherine
8 Nov 1605 Death of Robert Catesby
31 Jan 1606 Death of Guy Fawkes after falling off the gallows
23 Aug 1628 Assassination of the Duke of Buckingham
12 May 1641 Execution of the Earl of Strafford
30 Jan 1649 Execution of King Charles I
7 Dec 1683 Execution of Algernon Sidney
19 Mar 1702 Death of King William III
12 May 1707 Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain
12 Aug 1714 Death of Queen Anne
22 Jun 1727 Death of King George I
13 Jul 1743 Death of Prime Minister the Earl of Wilmington
6 Mar 1754 Death of Prime Minister Henry Pelham
25 Oct 1760 Death of King George II
4 Jul 1776 Independence of the United States declared
1 Jul 1782 Death of Prime Minister the Marquess of Rockingham
12 May 1784 Independence of the United States recognized
1 Jan 1801 Union of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom
11 May 1812 Assassination of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval
29 Jan 1820 Death of King George III
8 Aug 1827 Death of Prime Minister George Canning
26 Jun 1830 Death of King George IV
20 Jun 1837 Death of King William IV
18 Oct 1865 Death of Prime Minister the Viscount Palmerston
6 May 1882 Assassination of Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish, Chief Secretary for Ireland
22 Jan 1901 Death of Queen Victoria
6 May 1910 Death of King Edward VII
8 Aug 1919 Independence of Afghanistan
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
28 Feb 1922 Independence of Egypt
22 Jun 1922 Assassination of Sir Henry Hughes Wilson, Member of Parliament for North Down
6 Dec 1922 Secession of the Irish Free State
3 Oct 1932 Independence of Iraq
20 Jan 1936 Death of King George V
11 Dec 1936 Abdication of King Edward VIII
13 Mar 1940 Assassination of Sir Michael O'Dwyer, former Lieutenant Governor of Punjab
6 Nov 1944 Assassination of the Lord Moyne in Cairo
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1946 Independence of Transjordan
15 Aug 1947 Independence of India and Pakistan
4 Jan 1948 Independence of Burma
4 Feb 1948 Independence of Ceylon
15 May 1948 Independence of Israel
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
6 Feb 1952 Death of King George VI
1 Jan 1956 Independence of Sudan
6 Mar 1957 Independence of the Gold Coast and British Togoland as Ghana
31 Aug 1957 Independence of Malaya
26 Jun 1960 Independence of Somaliland
16 Aug 1960 Independence of Cyprus
1 Oct 1960 Independence of Nigeria
27 Apr 1961 Independence of Sierra Leone
19 Jun 1961 Independence of Kuwait
1 Oct 1961 British Cameroons ceded to Cameroon
9 Dec 1961 Independence of Tanganyika
6 Aug 1962 Independence of Jamaica
31 Aug 1962 Independence of Trinidad and Tobago
9 Oct 1962 Independence of Uganda
16 Sep 1963 North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore ceded to Malaya to form Malaysia
12 Dec 1963 Independence of Kenya
6 Jul 1964 Independence of Malawi
21 Sep 1964 Independence of Malta
24 Oct 1964 Independence of Zambia
18 Feb 1965 Independence of The Gambia
26 Jul 1965 Independence of the Maldive Islands
11 Nov 1965 Independence of Rhodesia declared (unrecognized)
26 May 1966 Independence of Guyana
30 Sep 1966 Independence of Botswana
4 Oct 1966 Independence of Lesotho
30 Nov 1966 Independence of Barbados
30 Nov 1967 Independence of South Yemen
31 Jan 1968 Independence of Nauru
12 Mar 1968 Independence of Mauritius
6 Sep 1968 Independence of Swaziland
10 Oct 1970 Independence of Fiji
15 Aug 1971 Independence of Bahrain
3 Sep 1971 Independence of Qatar
1 Dec 1971 Independence of the United Arab Emirates
1 Jan 1973 Member of the European Communities
10 Mar 1973 Assassination of Sir Richard Sharples, Governor of Bermuda
10 Jul 1973 Independence of The Bahamas
7 Feb 1974 Independence of Grenada
29 Jun 1976 Independence of Seychelles
7 Jul 1978 Independence of Solomon Islands
1 Oct 1978 Independence of Tuvalu
3 Nov 1978 Independence of Dominica
22 Feb 1979 Independence of Saint Lucia
30 Mar 1979 Assassination of Airey Neave, Member of Parliament for Abingdon
12 Jul 1979 Independence of Kiribati
27 Aug 1979 Assassination of the Earl Mountbatten of Burma in the Republic of Ireland
27 Oct 1979 Independence of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
18 Apr 1980 Independence of Zimbabwe
30 Jul 1980 Independence of Vanuatu
21 Sep 1981 Independence of Belize
1 Nov 1981 Independence of Antigua and Barbuda
14 Nov 1981 Assassination of Robert Bradford, Member of Parliament for Belfast South
19 Sep 1983 Independence of Saint Kitts and Nevis
1 Jan 1984 Independence of Brunei
12 Oct 1984 Brighton hotel bombing kills Sir Anthony Berry, Member of Parliament for Enfield Southgate
30 Jul 1990 Assassination of Ian Gow, Member of Parliament for Eastbourne
1 Jul 1997 Hong Kong returned to China
11 Sep 1997 Referendum in Scotland approves the establishment of a devolved legislature
18 Sep 1997 Referendum in Wales approves the establishment of a devolved legislature
7 May 1998 Referendum in Greater London approves the establishment of a directly-elected mayoralty and assembly
22 May 1998 Referendum in Northern Ireland approves the Good Friday Agreement
18 Sep 2014 Referendum in Scotland rejects independence
16 Jun 2016 Assassination of Jo Cox, Member of Parliament for Batley and Spen
23 Jun 2016 Referendum approves withdrawal from the European Union
31 Jan 2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
15 Oct 2021 Assassination of Sir David Amess, Member of Parliament for Southend West
Italy
15 Mar -44 Assassination of Julius Caesar
24 Jan 41 Assassination of Emperor Caligula
13 Oct 54 Murder of Emperor Claudius
9 Jun 68 Suicide of Emperor Nero
15 Jan 69 Assassination of Emperor Galba
16 Apr 69 Suicide of Emperor Otho
20 Dec 69 Murder of Emperor Vitellius
18 Sep 96 Assassination of Emperor Domitian
31 Dec 192 Murder of Emperor Commodus
28 Mar 193 Assassination of Emperor Pertinax
26 Dec 211 Murder of Emperor Geta
8 Apr 217 Assassination of Emperor Caracalla
Jun 218 Execution of Emperor Macrinus
11 Mar 222 Assassination of Emperor Elagabalus
235 Assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander
238 Murder of Emperor Maximinus Thrax
Apr 238 Death of Emperor Gordian II
Apr 238 Suicide of Emperor Gordian I
238 Execution of Emperor Pupienus
238 Murder of Emperor Balbinus
244 Murder of Emperor Gordian III
249 Murder of Emperor Philip the Arab
Jun 251 Death of Emperor Decius
253 Murder of Emperor Gallus
253 Assassination of Emperor Aemilian
268 Murder of Emperor Gallienus
270 Death of Emperor Quintillus
275 Murder of Emperor Aurelian
Jun 276? Death of Emperor Tacitus
9 Sep 276 Death of Emperor Florian
282 Murder of Emperor Probus
283 Death of Emperor Carus
284 Murder of Emperor Numerian
285 Murder of Emperor Carinus
307 Execution of Emperor Severus
310 Suicide of former Emperor Maximian
312 Death of Emperor Maxentius
313 Suicide of Emperor Maximinus
325 Execution of former Emperor Licinius
340 Death of Emperor Constantine II
350 Death of Emperor Constans
11 Aug 353 Suicide of Emperor Magnentius
Jun 363 Death of Emperor Julian
9 Aug 378 Death of Emperor Valens
25 Aug 383 Murder of Emperor Gratian
27 Aug 388 Execution of Emperor Magnus Maximus
15 May 392 Death of Emperor Valentinian II
16 Mar 455 Murder of Emperor Valentinian III
31 May 455 Murder of Emperor Petronius Maximus
456 Death of former Emperor Avitus
7 Aug 461 Execution of former Emperor Majorian
472 Execution of Emperor Anthemius
477 Execution of former Emperor Basiliscus
9 May 480 Murder of Emperor Julius Nepos
602 Execution of Emperor Maurice
5 Oct 610 Execution of Emperor Phocas
17 Mar 1861 Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy
6 Jun 1861 Death of Prime Minister the Count of Cavour
3 Oct 1866 Annexation of Venetia (signature of the Treaty of Vienna)
Oct 1870 Annexation of the Papal States
9 Jan 1878 Death of King Victor Emmanuel II
29 Jul 1887 Death of Prime Minister Agostino Depretis
29 Jul 1900 Assassination of King Umberto I
3 Nov 1903 Resignation of Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
10 Jun 1924 Assassination of Giacomo Matteotti
7 Apr 1926 Assassination of Giovanni Amendola
28 Jun 1940 Death of Italo Balbo
25 Jul 1943 Dismissal of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini
11 Jan 1944 Execution of former Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano and Emilio De Bono
15 Apr 1944 Assassination of Giovanni Gentile
9 Jun 1944 Resignation of Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio
28 Apr 1945 Execution of former Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and Roberto Farinacci
9 May 1946 Abdication of King Victor Emmanuel III
2 Jun 1946 Referendum approves abolition of the monarchy
18 Jun 1946 Republic established with the dethronement of King Umberto II
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
1 Jan 1958 Member of the European Economic Community
1 Jul 1960 Independence of Somalia
6 Dec 1964 Resignation of President Antonio Segni
2 Nov 1975 Murder of Pier Paolo Pasolini
9 May 1978 Murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro
15 Jun 1978 Resignation of President Giovanni Leone
6 Jan 1980 Assassination of President of Sicily Piersanti Mattarella
29 Jun 1985 Resignation of President Sandro Pertini
28 Apr 1992 Resignation of President Francesco Cossiga
15 May 1999 Resignation of President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
14 Jan 2015 Resignation of President Giorgio Napolitano
Tanzania
9 Dec 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United Kingdom (within the Commonwealth)
14 Dec 1961 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
26 Apr 1964 Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar as Tanzania
Sep 1969 Execution of former Prime Minister of Zanzibar Abdullah Kassim Hanga
7 Apr 1972 Assassination of President of the Revolutionary Council of Zanzibar Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume
12 Apr 1984 Death of Prime Minister Edward Moringe Sokoine
17 Mar 2021 Death of President John Magufuli
Zanzibar
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
10 Dec 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
16 Dec 1963 Member of the United Nations
Myanmar
29 Nov 1931 Execution of rebel leader (and self-proclaimed King) Saya San
19 Jul 1947 Assassination of Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council Aung San
4 Jan 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom outside the Commonwealth
19 Apr 1948 Member of the United Nations
8 May 1948 Execution of former Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council U Saw
29 Oct 1958 Resignation of Prime Minister U Nu
2 Mar 1962 Coup d'état against President Win Maung and Prime Minister U Nu
9 Nov 1981 Resignation of President Ne Win
25 Jul 1988 Resignation of President San Yu
12 Aug 1988 Resignation of President Sein Lwin
18 Sep 1988 Coup d'état against President Maung Maung and Prime Minister Tun Tin
18 Jun 1989 Name changed from Burma to Myanmar
23 Apr 1992 Resignation of Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Saw Maung
21 Mar 2018 Resignation of President Htin Kyaw
1 Feb 2021 Coup d'état against President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi
South Africa
31 May 1910 Dominion within the British Empire
27 Aug 1919 Death of Prime Minister Louis Botha
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster effective in South Africa
5 Sep 1939 Resignation of Prime Minister J.B.M. Hertzog
17 Jul 1943 Death of Governor-General Sir Patrick Duncan
7 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
30 Nov 1954 Resignation of Prime Minister Daniel F. Malan
24 Aug 1958 Death of Prime Minister Johannes G. Strijdom
5 Oct 1960 Referendum approves abolition of the monarchy
31 May 1961 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II and dismissal of Acting Governor-General Lucas Cornelius Steyn;
withdrawal from the Commonwealth
6 Sep 1966 Assassination of Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd
26 Oct 1976 Independence of Transkei
6 Dec 1977 Independence of Bophuthatswana
21 Aug 1978 Death of State President Nico Diederichs
28 Sep 1978 Resignation of Prime Minister B.J. Vorster
1 Dec 1978 Death of Botha Sigcau, President of Transkei
4 Jun 1979 Resignation of State President B.J. Vorster
13 Sep 1979 Independence of Venda
4 Dec 1981 Independence of Ciskei
17 Aug 1982 Assassination of Ruth First
29 Jul 1986 Assassination of Piet Ntuli, Home Affairs Minister of KwaNdebele
30 Dec 1987 Coup d'état in Transkei against Prime Minister Stella Sigcau
10 Feb 1988 Coup attempt in Bophuthatswana against President Lucas Mangope
17 Apr 1988 Death of Patrick Mphephu, President of Venda
15 Aug 1989 Resignation of State President P.W. Botha
4 Mar 1990 Coup d'état in Ciskei against President Lennox Sebe
21 Mar 1990 Independence of Namibia
5 Apr 1990 Coup d'état in Venda against President Frank Ravele
17 Mar 1992 Referendum approves reforms to dismantle apartheid
10 Apr 1993 Assassination of Chris Hani
27 Apr 1994 Reintegration of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda
1 Jun 1994 Readmission to the Commonwealth
6 Jun 1994 Member of the Organization of African Unity
24 Sep 2008 Resignation of President Thabo Mbeki
14 Feb 2018 Resignation of President Jacob Zuma
Kenya
12 Dec 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
13 Dec 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
16 Dec 1963 Member of the United Nations
12 Dec 1964 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II and dismissal of Governor-General Malcolm MacDonald
24 Feb 1965 Assassination of Pio Gama Pinto
5 Jul 1969 Assassination of Tom Mboya
2 Mar 1975 Assassination of Josiah Mwangi Kariuki
24 May 1978 Assassination of former Agriculture Minister Bruce McKenzie
22 Aug 1978 Death of President Jomo Kenyatta
1 Aug 1982 Coup attempt against President Daniel arap Moi
13 Feb 1990 Assassination of Foreign Minister Robert Ouko
Republic of Korea
15 Aug 1948 Establishment of the state in the U.S.-occupied part of Korea
26 Jun 1949 Assassination of Kim Gu
3 May 1960 Resignation of President Syngman Rhee
16 May 1961 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Chang Myon
24 Mar 1962 Resignation of President Yun Po-sun
26 Oct 1979 Assassination of President Park Chung-hee
12 Dec 1979 Coup d'état
16 Aug 1980 Resignation of President Choi Kyu-hah
9 Oct 1983 Assassination of Foreign Minister Lee Bum-suk in Rangoon
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
23 May 2009 Suicide of former President Roh Moo-hyun
10 Mar 2017 Removal from office of President Park Geun-hye by impeachment
Spain
1 Nov 1700 Death of King Charles II
15 Jan 1724 Abdication of King Philip V
31 Aug 1724 Death of King Louis I
9 Jul 1746 Death of King Philip V
10 Aug 1759 Death of King Ferdinand VI
14 Dec 1788 Death of King Charles III
19 Mar 1808 Abdication of King Charles IV
6 May 1808 Abdication of King Ferdinand VII
11 Dec 1813 Abdication of King Joseph I
9 Jul 1816 Independence of the United Provinces in South America (later Argentina)
28 Jul 1821 Independence of Peru
28 Sep 1821 Independence of Mexico
29 Sep 1833 Death of King Ferdinand VII
30 Sep 1868 Overthrow of Queen Isabella II and Prime Minister José Gutiérrez de la Concha, I marqués de La Habana
30 Dec 1870 Assassination of Prime Minister Juan Prim y Prats, I marqués de los Castillejos
11 Feb 1873 Abdication of King Amadeo I
25 Nov 1885 Death of King Alfonso XII
8 Aug 1897 Assassination of Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
12 Nov 1912 Assassination of Prime Minister José Canalejas
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
8 Mar 1921 Assassination of Prime Minister Eduardo Dato
14 Apr 1931 Abdication of King Alfonso XIII and resignation of Prime Minister Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas
13 Jul 1936 Assassination of former Finance Minister José Calvo Sotelo
15 Oct 1940 Execution of Lluís Companys i Jover, President in exile of the Generalitat of Catalonia
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
12 Oct 1968 Independence of Equatorial Guinea
20 Dec 1973 Assassination of President of the Government Luis Carrero Blanco
20 Nov 1975 Death of Head of State Francisco Franco
1 Jul 1976 Resignation of President of the Government Carlos Arias Navarro
25 Feb 1981 Resignation of President of the Government Adolfo Suárez
30 May 1982 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 Jan 1986 Member of the European Communities
20 Feb 2005 Referendum approves the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
18 Jun 2014 Abdication of King Juan Carlos I
1 Oct 2017 Referendum in Catalonia approves independence
27 Oct 2017 Independence of Catalonia declared (to no effect)
Colombia
21 Dec 1882 Death of President Francisco Javier Zaldúa
1 Apr 1884 Death of President José Eusebio Otálora
18 Sep 1894 Death of President Rafael Núñez
3 Nov 1903 Secession of Panama
27 Jul 1909 Resignation of President Rafael Reyes
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
7 Aug 1945 Resignation of President Alfonso López Pumarejo
5 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
9 Apr 1948 Assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
9 Nov 1949 State of emergency imposed by President Mariano Ospina Pérez
13 Jun 1953 Coup d'état against President Laureano Gómez Castro
10 May 1957 Coup d'état against President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
2 Nov 1995 Assassination of former presidential candidate Álvaro Gómez Hurtado
Sudan
20 Nov 1924 Assassination of Governor-General Sir Lee Stack in Cairo
1 Jan 1956 Independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt (outside the Commonwealth)
19 Jan 1956 Member of the League of Arab States
12 Nov 1956 Member of the United Nations
17 Nov 1958 Coup d'état against the Sovereignty Council and Prime Minister Abdullah Khalil
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
15 Nov 1964 Resignation of President Ibrahim Abboud
25 May 1969 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Sovereignty Council Ismail al-Azhari and Prime Minister Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
19 Jul 1971 Coup attempt against Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council Gaafar Nimeiry
18 Jan 1985 Execution of Mahmud Muhammad Taha
6 Apr 1985 Coup d'état against President Gaafar Nimeiry
30 Jun 1989 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Supreme Council Ahmad al-Mirghani and Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi
15 Jan 2011 Referendum in Southern Sudan approves independence
9 Jul 2011 Independence of South Sudan
11 Apr 2019 Coup d'état against President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir and Prime Minister Muhammad Tahir Ayala
25 Oct 2021 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok
Argentina
9 Jul 1816 Independence declared from Spain
9 Aug 1827 Resignation of President Bernardino Rivadavia
11 Apr 1870 Assassination of former President Justo José de Urquiza
5 Nov 1861 Resignation of President Santiago Derqui
6 Aug 1890 Resignation of President Miguel Juárez Celman
23 Jan 1895 Resignation of President Luis Sáenz Peña
12 Mar 1906 Death of President Manuel Quintana
9 Aug 1914 Death of President Roque Sáenz Peña
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
6 Sep 1930 Coup d'état against President Hipólito Yrigoyen
27 Jun 1942 Resignation of President Roberto M. Ortiz
4 Jun 1943 Coup d'état against President Ramón S. Castillo
7 Jun 1943 Resignation of President of the Provisional Government Arturo Rawson Corvalán
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
21 Sep 1955 Coup d'état against President Juan Perón
13 Nov 1955 Coup d'état against Provisional President Eduardo Lonardi
29 Mar 1962 Coup d'état against President Arturo Frondizi
28 Jun 1966 Coup d'état against President Arturo Umberto Illia
1 Jun 1970 Execution of former Provisional President Pedro Eugenio Aramburu
8 Jun 1970 Coup d'état against President Juan Carlos Onganía
22 Mar 1971 Coup d'état against President Roberto M. Levingston
13 Jul 1973 Resignation of President Héctor José Cámpora
1 Jul 1974 Death of President Juan Perón
15 Jul 1974 Assassination of former Interior Minister Arturo Mor Roig
24 Mar 1976 Coup d'état against President María Estela Martínez de Perón
11 Dec 1981 Coup d'état against President Roberto Eduardo Viola
18 Jun 1982 Resignation of President Leopoldo Galtieri
21 Dec 2001 Resignation of President Fernando de la Rúa
1 Jan 2002 Resignation of Interim President Adolfo Rodríguez Saá
Ukraine
25 May 1926 Assassination of former Chairman of the Directory Symon Petlyura
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
15 Oct 1959 Assassination of Stepan Bandera
24 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
25 Mar 1999 Death of former presidential candidate Vyacheslav Chornovil
4 Mar 2005 Suicide of former Interior Minister Yuriy Kravchenko
29 Nov 2005 Assassination of Stepan Senchuk, former Governor of Lviv Oblast
22 Feb 2014 Overthrow of President Viktor Yanukovych and Acting Prime Minister Serhiy Arbuzov
16 Mar 2014 Referendum in Crimea and Sevastopol approves accession to Russia
17 Mar 2014 Secession of Crimea
21 Mar 2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia (unrecognized by Ukraine)
31 Aug 2018 Assassination of Aleksandr Zakharchenko, Head of State of the Donetsk People's Republic
Uganda
9 Oct 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
25 Oct 1962 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
9 Oct 1963 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II and dismissal of Governor-General Sir Walter Coutts
2 Mar 1966 Overthrow of President Sir Edward Mutesa
25 Jan 1971 Coup d'état against President Milton Obote
22 Sep 1972 Assassination of former Prime Minister Benedicto Kiwanuka
13 Apr 1979 Overthrow of President Idi Amin
20 Jun 1979 Resignation of President Yusufu K. Lule
11 May 1980 Coup d'état against President Godfrey L. Binaisa
27 Jul 1985 Coup d'état against President Milton Obote and Prime Minister Otema Allimadi
26 Jan 1986 Overthrow of Chairman of the Military Council Tito Okello
Algeria
27 Dec 1957 Assassination of Abane Ramdane
1 Jul 1962 Referendum approves independence from France
3 Jul 1962 Independence from France
12 Aug 1962 Member of the League of Arab States
8 Oct 1962 Member of the United Nations
6 May 1963 Assassination of Foreign Minister Mohamed Khemisti
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
19 Jun 1965 Coup d'état against President Ahmed Ben Bella
4 Jan 1967 Assassination of Mohamed Khider
18 Oct 1970 Assassination of Krim Belkacem in Frankfurt am Main
27 Dec 1978 Death of President Houari Boumedienne
3 May 1982 Death of Foreign Minister Mohamed Seddik Benyahia
5 Jun 1991 Removal from office of Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche
11 Jan 1992 Coup d'état against President Chadli Bendjedid
29 Jun 1992 Assassination of Chairman of the High State Committee Mohamed Boudiaf
21 Aug 1993 Assassination of former Prime Minister Kasdi Merbah
3 Apr 2019 Resignation of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Iraq
3 Oct 1932 Independence from a League of Nations mandate administered by the United Kingdom and member of the League of Nations
8 Sep 1933 Death of King Faisal I
30 Oct 1936 Assassination of Defense Minister Jaafar al-Askari
12 Aug 1937 Assassination of Bakr Sidqi
4 Apr 1939 Death of King Ghazi I
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
21 Dec 1945 Member of the United Nations
14 Jul 1958 Coup d'état against King Faisal II and Prime Minister Ahmad Mukhtar Baban; Faisal is killed along with Crown Prince
Abd al-Ilah and former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said; republic established
8 Feb 1963 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Sovereignty Council Muhammad Najib al-Rubai and Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, who is killed
13 Apr 1966 Death of President Abdul Salam Arif
17 Jul 1968 Coup d'état against President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya
30 Mar 1971 Assassination of former Vice President Hardan al-Tikriti
16 Jul 1979 Resignation of President Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr
9 Apr 2003 Overthrow of President Saddam Hussein
30 Dec 2006 Execution of former President Saddam Hussein
20 Mar 2007 Execution of former Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan
25 Jan 2010 Execution of former Defense Minister Ali Hassan al-Majid
25 Sep 2017 Referendum in Kurdistan approves independence (to no effect)
Poland
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
16 Dec 1922 Assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz
15 Jun 1934 Assassination of Interior Minister Bronisław Pieracki
12 May 1935 Death of Defense Minister Józef Piłsudski
1 Sep 1939 Invasion by Germany
4 Jul 1943 Death of Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
12 Mar 1956 Death of First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party Bolesław Bierut
7 Aug 1964 Death of Chairman of the Council of State Aleksander Zawadzki
13 Dec 1981 Martial law imposed by Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski
Jul 1983 Martial law rescinded
2 Sep 1992 Murder of former Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz
12 Mar 1999 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
8 Jun 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
10 Apr 2010 Death of President Lech Kaczyński along with 95 others, including the following:
• Andrzej Błasik, Commander of the Air Force
• Krystyna Bochenek, Deputy Marshal of the Senate
• Tadeusz Buk, Commander of the Land Forces
• Franciszek Gągor, Chief of the General Staff
• Grażyna Gęsicka, former Minister of Regional Development
• Przemysław Gosiewski, former Deputy Prime Minister
• Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka, former Deputy Prime Minister
• Ryszard Kaczorowski, former President of the government-in-exile
• Andrzej Karweta, Commander of the Navy
• Maciej Płażyński, former Marshal of the Sejm
• Krzysztof Putra, Deputy Marshal of the Sejm
• Władysław Stasiak, former Interior Minister
• Jerzy Szmajdziński, former Defense Minister
Canada
1 Jul 1867 Dominion within the British Empire
15 Jul 1870 Provincehood of Manitoba
25 Jul 1871 Provincehood of British Columbia
1 Jul 1873 Provincehood of Prince Edward Island
9 May 1880 Assassination of George Brown
16 Nov 1885 Execution of Louis Riel
6 Jun 1891 Death of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald
12 Dec 1894 Death of Prime Minister Sir John Thompson
1 Sep 1905 Provincehood of Alberta and Saskatchewan
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster effective in Canada
11 Feb 1940 Death of Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir
9 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
22 Jul 1948 Referendum in Newfoundland approves union with Canada
1 Apr 1949 Provincehood of Newfoundland
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
5 Mar 1967 Death of Governor General Georges Vanier
20 May 1980 Referendum in Québec rejects secession
17 Apr 1982 Termination of the residual legal rights of the United Kingdom over Canada
26 Oct 1992 Referendum rejects the Charlottetown Accord of constitutional amendments
30 Oct 1995 Referendum in Québec rejects secession
1 Apr 1999 Separation of Nunavut from the Northwest Territories
23 Jan 2021 Resignation of Governor General Julie Payette
Afghanistan
3 Oct 1901 Death of Emir Abdor Rahman Khan
20 Feb 1919 Assassination of Emir Habibullah Khan
28 Feb 1919 Overthrow of Emir Nasrullah Khan
8 Aug 1919 Independence from the United Kingdom
31 May 1920 Execution of former Emir Nasrullah Khan
14 Jan 1929 Overthrow of King Amanullah Shah
17 Jan 1929 Abdication of King Inayatullah Shah
13 Oct 1929 Overthrow of Emir Habibullah Kalakani
8 Nov 1933 Assassination of King Mohammad Nader Shah
27 Sep 1934 Member of the League of Nations
19 Nov 1946 Member of the United Nations
10 Mar 1963 Dismissal of Prime Minister Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan
17 Jul 1973 Coup d'état against King Mohammad Zaher Shah and Prime Minister Mohammad Musa Shafiq
1 Oct 1973 Murder of former Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal
27 Apr 1978 Coup d'état against, and murder of, President Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan
1979 Execution of former Prime Minister Mohammad Musa Shafiq
Aug 1979 Execution of former Prime Minister Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi
16 Sep 1979 Coup d'état against President of the Revolutionary Council Nur Mohammad Taraki
9 Oct 1979 Death of former President of the Revolutionary Council Nur Mohammad Taraki
27 Dec 1979 Overthrow and assassination of President of the Revolutionary Council Hafizullah Amin
11 Sep 1980 Murder of former Interior Minister Faiz Mohammad
23 Nov 1986 Resignation of President of the Revolutionary Council Babrak Karmal
16 Apr 1992 Overthrow of President Mohammad Najibullah
27 Sep 1996 Overthrow of President Burhanuddin Rabbani and Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
27 Sep 1996 Execution of former President Mohammad Najibullah
15 Sep 2001 Assassination of former Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud
26 Oct 2001 Execution of Abdul Haq
13 Nov 2001 Overthrow of Emir Mullah Mohammad Omar and Acting Head of the Supreme Council Mawlawi Abdul Kabir
2 May 2007 Assassination of former Prime Minister Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani
20 Sep 2011 Assassination of former President Burhanuddin Rabbani
13 May 2012 Assassination of former Deputy Prime Minister Arsala Rahmani
15 Aug 2021 Overthrow of President Ashraf Ghani
Morocco
20 Aug 1953 Dethronement of Sultan Muhammad V
15 Oct 1955 Abdication of Sultan Muhammad bin Arafa
2 Mar 1956 Independence from France
12 Nov 1956 Member of the United Nations
1 Oct 1958 Member of the League of Arab States
26 Feb 1961 Death of King Muhammad V
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
Oct 1965 Assassination of Mehdi Ben Barka in France
30 Jun 1969 Annexation of Ifni
16 Aug 1972 Death of Defense Minister Mohamed Oufkir
Jan 1983 Death of Ahmed Dlimi
12 Nov 1984 Withdrawal from the Organization of African Unity
23 Jul 1999 Death of King Hassan II
30 Jan 2017 Member of the African Union
Saudi Arabia
22 Sep 1932 Unification of Hejaz and Nejd as Saudi Arabia
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
9 Nov 1953 Death of King Abdul Aziz
2 Nov 1964 Dethronement of King Saud bin Abdul Aziz
25 Mar 1975 Assassination of King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz
20 Nov 1979 Seizure of the Masjid al-Haram
13 Jun 1982 Death of King Khalid bin Abdul Aziz
1 Aug 2005 Death of King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz
23 Jan 2015 Death of King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz
2 Oct 2018 Assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in İstanbul
Malaysia
4 Jul 1948 Death of High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent
6 Oct 1951 Assassination of High Commissioner Sir Henry Gurney
31 Aug 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
17 Sep 1957 Member of the United Nations
1 Apr 1960 Death of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Rahman
1 Sep 1960 Death of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Hisamuddin Alam Shah
16 Sep 1963 Union with North Borneo, Singapore, and Sarawak; name changed from Malaya to Malaysia
9 Aug 1965 Secession of Singapore
22 Sep 1970 Resignation of Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman
14 Jan 1976 Death of Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak bin Hussein
29 Mar 1979 Death of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Yahya Petra
16 Jul 1981 Resignation of Prime Minister Datuk Hussein bin Onn
21 Nov 2001 Death of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
31 Oct 2003 Resignation of Prime Minister Dato' Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad
3 Apr 2009 Resignation of Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
6 Jan 2019 Abdication of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Muhammad V
1 Mar 2020 Resignation of Prime Minister Tun Mahathir bin Mohamad
Sarawak
11 Jun 1868 Death of Rajah Sir James Brooke
14 Jun 1888 Establishment of British protectorate
17 May 1917 Death of Rajah Sir Charles Johnson Brooke
1 Jul 1946 Abdication of Rajah Sir Charles Vyner Brooke in favor of direct British rule
10 Dec 1949 Assassination of Governor Duncan Stewart
16 Sep 1963 Incorporated into independent Malaysia
Angola
11 Nov 1975 Independence from Portugal
11 Feb 1976 Member of the Organization of African Unity
1 Dec 1976 Member of the United Nations
1977 Execution of Nito Alves
10 Sep 1979 Death of President Agostinho Neto in Moscow
22 Feb 2002 Death of Jonas Savimbi
Peru
28 Jul 1821 Independence from Spain
18 Nov 1841 Death in action of President Agustín Gamarra
22 Jul 1872 Overthrow of President José Balta
26 Jul 1872 Assassination of former President José Balta
23 Dec 1879 Overthrow of President Mariano Ignacio Prado and Prime Minister Manuel González de La Cotera
1 Apr 1894 Death of President Remigio Morales Bermúdez
20 Mar 1895 Resignation of President Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Prime Minister Manuel Irigoyen Larrea
7 May 1904 Death of President Manuel Candamo
4 Feb 1914 Coup d'état against President Guillermo E. Billinghurst and Prime Minister Enrique Varela
4 Jul 1919 Coup d'état against President José Pardo y Barreda and Prime Minister Juan Manuel Zuloaga
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
25 Aug 1930 Coup d'état against President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo and Prime Minister Fernando Sarmiento
14 Mar 1933 Suicide of former Chairman of the Transitional Junta Gustavo A. Jiménez
30 Apr 1933 Assassination of President Luis M. Sánchez Cerro
31 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
29 Oct 1948 Coup d'état against President José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
1 Jun 1950 Resignation of Junta Chairman Manuel A. Odría
18 Jul 1962 Coup d'état against President Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and Prime Minister Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán
3 Mar 1963 Coup d'état against Junta Chairman Ricardo Pío Pérez Godoy
3 Oct 1968 Coup d'état against President Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Prime Minister Miguel Mujica Gallo
30 Aug 1975 Coup d'état against President Juan Velasco Alvarado
5 Apr 1992 Coup d'état by President Alberto Fujimori
22 Nov 2000 Removal from office of President Alberto Fujimori
23 Mar 2018 Resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
17 Apr 2019 Suicide of former President Alan García
10 Nov 2020 Removal from office of President Martín Vizcarra by impeachment
17 Nov 2020 Resignation of President Manuel Merino
7 Dec 2022 Removal from office of President Pedro Castillo
Uzbekistan
Aug 1913 Assassination of Islam Khodja
31 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
13 May 2005 Andijan massacre
2 Sep 2016 Death of President Islam Karimov
Nepal
13 Mar 1804 Execution of former Prime Minister Damodar Pande
29 Jul 1839 Suicide of former Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa
17 May 1845 Assassination of Prime Minister Madhabar Singh Thapa
14 Sep 1846 Kot massacre (victims included Prime Minister Fateh Jang Chautaria)
22 Nov 1885 Assassination of Prime Minister Ranaudip Singh
7 Nov 1950 Dethronement of King Tribhuvana
7 Jan 1951 Dethronement of King Gyanendra
13 Mar 1955 Death of King Tribhuvana
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
31 Jan 1972 Death of King Mahendra
1 Jun 2001 Murder of King Birendra, Queen Aishwarya, and six other members of the royal family
4 Jun 2001 Suicide of King Dipendra
4 Oct 2002 Dismissal of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba
1 Feb 2005 Dismissal of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba
28 May 2008 Republic established with the dethronement of King Gyanendra
Mozambique
3 Feb 1969 Assassination of Eduardo Mondlane in Dar es Salaam
25 Jun 1975 Independence from Portugal
18 Jul 1975 Member of the Organization of African Unity
16 Sep 1975 Member of the United Nations
19 Oct 1986 Death of President Samora Machel
12 Nov 1995 Member of the Commonwealth
Yemen
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
30 Sep 1947 Member of the United Nations
17 Feb 1948 Assassination of Imam and King Yahya bin Muhammad and Prime Minister Qadi Abdullah al-Amri
27 Sep 1962 Coup d'état against Imam and King Muhammad al-Badr; republic established
5 Nov 1967 Coup d'état against President Abdullah al-Sallal
30 May 1973 Assassination of member of the Republican Council Muhammad Ali Uthman
13 Jun 1974 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Republican Council Abdul Rahman al-Iryani
28 Jun 1974 Assassination of former Foreign Minister Muhammad Ahmad Numan in Beirut
10 Apr 1977 Assassination of former Prime Minister Qadi Abdullah al-Hajri in London
11 Oct 1977 Assassination of President Ibrahim al-Hamadi
24 Jun 1978 Assassination of President Ahmad al-Ghashmi
22 May 1990 Unification of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic as the Republic of Yemen
28 Dec 2002 Assassination of Socialist politician Jarallah Omar
25 Feb 2012 Resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh
4 Dec 2017 Assassination of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
30 Nov 1967 Independence from the United Kingdom outside the Commonwealth
12 Dec 1967 Member of the League of Arab States
14 Dec 1967 Member of the United Nations
22 Jun 1969 Coup d'état against President Qahtan al-Shaabi and Prime Minister Faisal al-Shaabi
Apr 1970 Death of former Prime Minister Faisal al-Shaabi
5 Oct 1975 Assassination attempt against former Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham
6 Aug 1976 Assassination attempt against former Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham
26 Jun 1978 Execution of Chairman of the Presidential Council Salem Rubayyi Ali
13 Jan 1986 Assassination of former Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council Abdul Fattah Ismail
Ghana
9 May 1956 Referendum in British Togoland approves union with the Gold Coast
6 Mar 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom and a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United Kingdom (within the Commonwealth)
8 Mar 1957 Member of the United Nations
1 Jul 1960 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth and dismissal of Governor-General the Earl of Listowel
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
24 Feb 1966 Coup d'état against President Kwame Nkrumah
17 Apr 1967 Coup attempt against Chairman of the National Liberation Council Joseph Arthur Ankrah, and assassination of its leader, Emmanuel Kotoka
2 Apr 1969 Resignation of Chairman of the National Liberation Council Joseph Arthur Ankrah
13 Jan 1972 Coup d'état against President Edward Akufo-Addo and Prime Minister Kofi Busia
5 Jul 1978 Resignation of Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
4 Jun 1979 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Fred W.K. Akuffo
16 Jun 1979 Execution of former Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
26 Jun 1979 Execution of former Chairman of the Presidential Commission Akwasi Afrifa and former Chairman of the Supreme Military Council
Fred W.K. Akuffo
31 Dec 1981 Coup d'état against President Hilla Limann
24 Jul 2012 Death of President John Atta Mills
Venezuela
30 Nov 1878 Death of President Francisco Linares Alcántara
16 Apr 1898 Death in action of former President Joaquín Crespo
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
17 Dec 1935 Death of President Juan Vicente Gómez
19 Oct 1945 Overthrow of President Isaías Medina Angarita
15 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
24 Nov 1948 Coup d'état against President Rómulo Gallegos
13 Nov 1950 Assassination of Junta Chairman Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
21 Oct 1952 Assassination of Leonardo Ruiz Pineda
23 Jan 1958 Coup d'état against President Marcos Pérez Jiménez
4 Feb 1992 Coup attempt against President Carlos Andrés Pérez
27 Nov 1992 Coup attempt against President Carlos Andrés Pérez
31 Aug 1993 Removal from office of President Carlos Andrés Pérez
12 Apr 2002 Coup attempt against President Hugo Chávez
15 Aug 2004 Referendum rejects the recall of President Hugo Chávez
5 Mar 2013 Death of President Hugo Chávez
Cameroon
13 Sep 1958 Assassination of Ruben Um Nyobé
1 Jan 1960 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
3 Nov 1960 Assassination of Félix Moumié
1 Oct 1961 Union with the former United Nations trusteeship administered by the United Kingdom
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
6 Nov 1982 Resignation of President Ahmadou Ahidjo
6 Apr 1984 Coup attempt against President Paul Biya
1 Nov 1995 Member of the Commonwealth
Côte d'Ivoire
4 Dec 1958 Autonomous republic within France
7 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
6 Apr 1964 Suicide of Ernest Boka, former President of the Supreme Court
29 Jan 1981 Death of former Deputy Prime Minister Jean-Baptiste Mockey
7 Dec 1993 Death of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny
24 Dec 1999 Coup d'état against President Henri Konan Bédié and Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan
25 Oct 2000 Overthrow of President Robert Guéi
1 Aug 2002 Assassination of former Education Minister Balla Keita
19 Sep 2002 Murder of former President Robert Guéi and Interior Minister Émile Boga Doudou
11 Apr 2011 Overthrow of President Laurent Gbagbo and Prime Minister Gilbert Marie N'gbo Aké
8 Jul 2020 Death of Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly
10 Mar 2021 Death of Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko
Madagascar
1810 Death of King Andrianampoinimerina
27 Jul 1828 Death of King Radama I
16 Aug 1861 Death of Queen Ranavalona I
12 May 1863 Coup d'état against, and murder of, King Radama II
1 Apr 1868 Death of Queen Rasoherina
13 Jul 1883 Death of Queen Ranavalona II
28 Feb 1897 Removal and exile of Queen Ranavalona III by French colonial authorities
14 Oct 1958 Autonomous republic within France
26 Jun 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
18 May 1972 Coup d'état; President Philibert Tsiranana allowed to remain in office
11 Oct 1972 Resignation of President Philibert Tsiranana
5 Feb 1975 Resignation of Head of State Gabriel Ramanantsoa
11 Feb 1975 Assassination of Head of State Richard Ratsimandrava
30 Jul 1976 Death of Prime Minister Joël Rakotomalala
5 Sep 1996 Removal from office of President Albert Zafy
17 Mar 2009 Coup d'état against President Marc Ravalomanana and Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara
7 Sep 2018 Resignation of President Hery Rajaonarimampianina
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
9 Sep 1948 Establishment of the state in the Soviet-occupied part of Korea
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
8 Jul 1994 Death of President Kim Il-sung
17 Dec 2011 Death of Chairman of the National Defense Commission Kim Jong-il
Australia
1 Jan 1901 Dominion within the British Empire
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
16 May 1932 Dismissal in New South Wales of Premier Jack Lang
8 Apr 1933 Referendum in Western Australia approves secession (to no effect)
7 Apr 1939 Death of Prime Minister Joseph Lyons
9 Oct 1942 Statute of Westminster ratified by Australia
5 Jul 1945 Death of Prime Minister John Curtin
1 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
3 Feb 1961 Death of Governor-General the Viscount Dunrossil
17 Dec 1967 Death of Prime Minister Harold Holt
31 Jan 1968 Independence of Nauru
5 Aug 1971 Member of the South Pacific Forum
16 Sep 1975 Independence of Papua New Guinea
11 Nov 1975 Dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam
8 Dec 1977 Resignation of Governor-General Sir John Kerr
3 Mar 1986 Termination of the residual legal rights of the United Kingdom over Australia
3 Oct 1998 Referendum in the Northern Territory rejects statehood
6 Nov 1999 Referendum rejects abolition of the monarchy
28 May 2003 Resignation of Governor-General Peter Hollingworth
24 Jun 2010 Resignation of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd after an intraparty coup
27 Jun 2013 Resignation of Prime Minister Julia Gillard after an intraparty coup
15 Sep 2015 Resignation of Prime Minister Tony Abbott after an intraparty coup
24 Aug 2018 Resignation of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull after an intraparty coup
Taiwan
15 Nov 1971 United Nations membership for China transferred from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China
5 Apr 1975 Death of President Chiang Kai-shek
13 Jan 1988 Death of President Chiang Ching-kuo
Sri Lanka
4 Feb 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
22 Mar 1952 Death of Prime Minister Don Stephen Senanayake
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
26 Sep 1959 Assassination of Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike
22 May 1972 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II; name changed from Ceylon to Sri Lanka
1 May 1993 Assassination of President Ranasinghe Premadasa
13 Aug 2005 Assassination of Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar
15 Jul 2022 Resignation of President Gotabaya Rajapakse
Niger
19 Dec 1958 Autonomous republic within France
3 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
15 Apr 1974 Coup d'état against President Hamani Diori
10 Nov 1987 Death of Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Seyni Kountché
27 Jan 1996 Coup d'état against President Mahamane Ousmane and Prime Minister Hama Amadou
9 Apr 1999 Coup d'état against President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, who is killed
18 Feb 2010 Coup d'état against President Mamadou Tandja and Prime Minister Ali Badjo Gamatié
26 Jul 2023 Coup d'état against President Mohamed Bazoum and Prime Minister Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou
Romania
20 Jun 1862 Assassination of Prime Minister Barbu Catargiu
23 Feb 1866 Coup d'état against Prince Alexander John I
22 May 1877 Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire
13 Jul 1878 Independence recognized by the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
26 Mar 1881 Raised in rank from principality to kingdom
10 Oct 1914 Death of King Carol I
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
8 Dec 1920 Bomb attack on the Senate
20 Jul 1927 Death of King Ferdinand I
24 Nov 1927 Death of Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu
8 Jun 1930 Dethronement of King Michael I
29 Dec 1933 Assassination of Prime Minister Ion Duca
10 Feb 1938 Establishment of a royal dictatorship under King Carol II
30 Nov 1938 Assassination of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
21 Sep 1939 Assassination of Prime Minister Armand Călinescu
6 Sep 1940 Abdication of King Carol II
26 Nov 1940 Execution of former Prime Minister Gheorghe Argeșanu and former Interior Minister Gabriel Marinescu
27 Nov 1940 Assassination of former Prime Minister Nicolae Iorga and former Finance Minister Virgil Madgearu
23 Aug 1944 Coup d'état against Conducător Ion Antonescu
1 Jun 1946 Execution of former Conducător Ion Antonescu
13 Jun 1946 Execution of former Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu
30 Dec 1947 Republic established with the dethronement of King Michael I
17 Apr 1954 Execution of former Justice Minister Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
19 Mar 1965 Death of President of the State Council Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
17 Feb 1975 Suicide of former President of the State Council Chivu Stoica
22 Dec 1989 Overthrow of President Nicolae Ceaușescu and Prime Minister Constantin Dăscălescu; death of Defense Minister Vasile Milea
25 Dec 1989 Execution of former President Nicolae Ceaușescu and former First Lady Elena Ceaușescu
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 Jan 2007 Member of the European Union
19 May 2007 Referendum rejects the recall of President Traian Băsescu
29 Jul 2012 Referendum approves the recall of President Traian Băsescu (to no effect due to insufficient turnout)
Malawi
6 Jul 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
13 Jul 1964 Member of the Organization of African Unity
1 Dec 1964 Member of the United Nations
6 Jul 1966 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II and dismissal of Governor-General Sir Glyn Jones
5 Apr 2012 Death of President Bingu wa Mutharika
Burkina Faso
7 Sep 1958 Death of Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly, President of the Government Council
11 Dec 1958 Autonomous republic within France
5 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
4 Jan 1966 Coup d'état against President Maurice Yaméogo
8 Feb 1974 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Gérard Kango Ouédraogo
25 Nov 1980 Coup d'état against President Sangoulé Lamizana and Prime Minister Joseph Conombo
7 Nov 1982 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress Saye Zerbo
17 May 1983 Dismissal of Prime Minister Thomas Sankara
4 Aug 1983 Coup d'état against Head of State Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
4 Aug 1984 Name changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso
15 Oct 1987 Coup d'état against, and murder of, Head of State Thomas Sankara
30 Oct 2014 Coup d'état against President Blaise Compaoré and Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao
16 Sep 2015 Coup attempt against Transitional President Michel Kafando and Prime Minister Isaac Zida
24 Jan 2022 Coup d'état against President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré and Prime Minister Lassina Zerbo
30 Sep 2022 Coup d'état against Transitional President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba and Prime Minister Albert Ouedraogo
Mali
24 Nov 1958 Autonomous republic within France
4 Apr 1959 Union with Senegal as Mali Federation
20 Jun 1960 Independence from France of the Mali Federation
20 Aug 1960 Secession of Senegal from the Mali Federation
22 Sep 1960 Name changed from Sudanese Republic to Mali
28 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
19 Nov 1968 Coup d'état against President Modibo Keita
16 May 1977 Death of former President Modibo Keita
26 Mar 1991 Coup d'état against President Moussa Traoré
22 Mar 2012 Coup d'état against President Amadou Toumani Touré and Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé
11 Dec 2012 Coup d'état against Interim Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra
18 Aug 2020 Coup d'état against President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé
Syria
6 Jul 1940 Assassination of Abdul Rahman Shahbandar
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
14 Aug 1949 Coup d'état against, and execution of, President Husni al-Zaim and Prime Minister Muhsin al-Barazi
30 Oct 1950 Assassination of former Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Sami al-Hinnawi
22 Apr 1955 Assassination of Adnan al-Malki
28 Sep 1961 Independence declared from the United Arab Republic
13 Oct 1961 Readmission to the United Nations
28 Oct 1961 Readmission to the League of Arab States
28 Sep 1964 Assassination of former President Adib al-Shishakli in Brazil
21 Jul 1980 Assassination of former Prime Minister Salah al-Din Bitar in Paris
21 May 2000 Suicide of former Prime Minister Mahmoud Zuabi
10 Jun 2000 Death of President Hafez al-Assad
12 Oct 2005 Suicide of Interior Minister Ghazi Kanaan
Kazakhstan
16 Dec 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
20 Mar 2019 Resignation of President Nursultan Nazarbayev
5 Jan 2022 Resignation of Prime Minister Askar Mamin
Chile
4 Sep 1821 Execution of José Miguel Carrera
6 Jun 1837 Assassination of de facto ruler Diego Portales
19 Sep 1891 Suicide of former President José Manuel Balmaceda
12 Jul 1901 Death of President Federico Errázuriz Echaurren
16 Aug 1910 Death of President Pedro Montt
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
12 Sep 1924 Overthrow of President Arturo Alessandri Palma
10 May 1927 Resignation of President Emiliano Figueroa Larraín
4 Jun 1932 Coup d'état against President Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
27 Jun 1946 Death of President Juan Antonio Ríos Morales
25 Oct 1970 Assassination of René Schneider
8 Jun 1971 Assassination of former Interior Minister Edmundo Pérez Zujovic
11 Sep 1973 Coup d'état against President Salvador Allende, who commits suicide
15 Mar 1974 Assassination of former Defense Minister José Tohá
30 Sep 1974 Assassination of former Defense Minister Carlos Prats
21 Sep 1976 Assassination of former Foreign Minister Orlando Letelier
22 Jan 1982 Death of former President Eduardo Frei Montalva
5 Oct 1988 Referendum rejects the continuance in office of President Augusto Pinochet
1 Apr 1991 Assassination of Senator Jaime Guzmán
Zambia
24 Oct 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
1 Dec 1964 Member of the United Nations
16 Dec 1964 Member of the Organization of African Unity
19 Aug 2008 Death of President Levy Mwanawasa
28 Oct 2014 Death of President Michael Sata
Netherlands
26 Jul 1581 Independence declared from Spain (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe)
10 Jul 1584 Assassination of Stadholder William I
13 May 1619 Execution of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
30 Jan 1648 Independence recognized by Spain (Vrede van Münster)
20 Aug 1672 Murder of Johan and Cornelis de Witt
4 Oct 1830 Independence of Belgium declared
7 Oct 1840 Abdication of King William I
17 Mar 1849 Death of King William II
23 Nov 1890 Death of King William III
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
13 Apr 1942 Execution of Henk Sneevliet
3 Jun 1943 Assassination of former Agriculture Minister Folkert Posthuma
17 Aug 1945 Independence of Indonesia declared
10 Dec 1945 Member of the United Nations
4 Sep 1948 Abdication of Queen Wilhelmina
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
27 Dec 1949 Independence of Indonesia recognized
1 Jan 1958 Member of the European Economic Community
1 Oct 1962 Western New Guinea ceded to United Nations administration
25 Nov 1975 Independence of Suriname
25 Mar 1977 Referendum in Aruba approves independence (to no effect)
30 Apr 1980 Abdication of Queen Juliana
1 Jan 1986 Separation of Aruba from the Netherlands Antilles
6 May 2002 Assassination of Pim Fortuyn
1 Jun 2005 Referendum rejects the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
10 Oct 2010 Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
30 Apr 2013 Abdication of Queen Beatrix
12 Aug 2013 Death of Prince Friso following a skiing accident in 2012
Guatemala
14 Apr 1865 Death of President Rafael Carrera
2 Apr 1885 Death of President Justo Rufino Barrios
8 Feb 1898 Assassination of President José María Reina Barrios
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
4 Jul 1944 Resignation of President Jorge Ubico
20 Oct 1944 Coup d'état against Acting President Federico Ponce Vaides
21 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
18 Jul 1949 Assassination of Francisco Javier Arana
27 Jun 1954 Coup d'état against President Jacobo Arbenz
26 Jul 1957 Assassination of President Carlos Castillo Armas
31 Mar 1963 Coup d'état against President Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes
13 May 1967 Assassination of former coup leader Enrique Trinidad Oliva
25 Jan 1979 Assassination of former Foreign Minister Alberto Fuentes Mohr
22 Mar 1979 Assassination of Manuel Colom Argueta, former Mayor of Guatemala City
23 Mar 1982 Coup d'état against President Fernando Romeo Lucas García
8 Aug 1983 Coup d'état against President Efraín Ríos Montt
1 Jun 1993 Removal from office of President Jorge Serrano Elías
3 Jul 1993 Assassination of Jorge Carpio Nicolle
3 Sep 2015 Resignation of President Otto Pérez Molina
Cambodia
12 Mar 1945 Independence declared from France under Japanese occupation
8 Nov 1949 Associated state of France
14 Jan 1950 Assassination of former Prime Minister Ieu Koeus
9 Nov 1953 Independence from France
3 Mar 1955 Abdication of King Norodom Sihanouk
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
3 Apr 1960 Death of King Norodom Suramarit
18 Mar 1970 Coup d'état against Head of State Prince Norodom Sihanouk
9 Oct 1970 Republic established; the throne had been vacant since 1960
17 Apr 1975 Overthrow of Chairman of the Supreme Committee Sak Sutsakhan and Prime Minister Long Boret (who is executed)
7 Jan 1979 Overthrow of Chairman of the State Presidium Khieu Samphan and Prime Minister Pol Pot
6 Jul 1997 Dismissal of First Prime Minister Prince Norodom Ranariddh
15 Apr 1998 Death of former Prime Minister Pol Pot
6 Oct 2004 Abdication of King Norodom Sihanouk
Ecuador
6 Aug 1875 Assassination of President Gabriel García Moreno
22 Dec 1911 Death of President Emilio Estrada
28 Jan 1912 Murder of former President Eloy Alfaro
9 Jul 1925 Coup d'état against President Gonzalo S. Córdova
28 Sep 1934 Member of the League of Nations
29 May 1944 Overthrow of President Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
21 Dec 1945 Member of the United Nations
11 Jul 1963 Coup d'état against President Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy
22 Jun 1970 Coup d'état by President José María Velasco Ibarra
15 Feb 1972 Coup d'état against President José María Velasco Ibarra
11 Jan 1976 Coup d'état against President Guillermo Rodríguez Lara
9 Dec 1978 Assassination of presidential candidate Abdón Calderón Muñoz
24 May 1981 Death of President Jaime Roldós Aguilera and Defense Minister Marco Aurelio Subía Martínez
6 Feb 1997 Removal from office of President Abdalá Bucaram for incapacity
17 Feb 1999 Assassination of presidential candidate Jaime Hurtado
21 Jan 2000 Coup d'état against President Jamil Mahuad
20 Apr 2005 Removal from office of President Lucio Gutiérrez
24 Jan 2007 Death of Defense Minister Guadalupe Larriva
Chad
28 Nov 1958 Autonomous republic within France
11 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
26 Aug 1973 Assassination of opposition leader Outel Bono
22 Oct 1973 Assassination of Arabi El Goni
13 Apr 1975 Coup d'état against President N'Garta Tombalbaye, who is killed
7 Jun 1982 Overthrow of President of the Transitional Government of National Union Goukouni Oueddei
19 Jul 1982 Death of Foreign Minister Acyl Ahmat Akhbach
1983 Assassination of former Interior Minister Abdoulaye Sabre Abo Nassour
7 Jan 1984 Death of Foreign Minister Idriss Miskine
1 Dec 1990 Overthrow of President Hissène Habré
24 Sep 2002 Death of former Defense Minister Youssouf Togoïmi
20 Apr 2021 Death in action of President Idriss Déby Itno
Senegal
25 Nov 1958 Autonomous republic within France
4 Apr 1959 Union with the Sudanese Republic as Mali Federation
20 Jun 1960 Independence from France of the Mali Federation
20 Aug 1960 Independence of Senegal declared from the Mali Federation
28 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
18 Dec 1962 Dismissal of Prime Minister Mamadou Dia
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
3 Feb 1967 Assassination of Demba Diop, Mayor of Mbour
11 May 1973 Death of Omar Blondin Diop
31 Dec 1980 Resignation of President Léopold Sédar Senghor
Zimbabwe
11 Nov 1965 Independence declared from the United Kingdom as Rhodesia (unrecognized by the United Kingdom)
18 Mar 1975 Assassination of Herbert Chitepo
31 Aug 1978 Death of President John Wrathall
12 Dec 1979 British colonial rule re-established
26 Dec 1979 Death of Josiah Tongogara
18 Apr 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe within the Commonwealth
Jun 1980 Member of the Organization of African Unity
25 Aug 1980 Member of the United Nations
27 Jan 1992 Death of First Lady Sally Mugabe
7 Dec 2003 Withdrawal from the Commonwealth
21 Nov 2017 Resignation of President Robert Mugabe
Benin
4 Dec 1958 Autonomous republic within France
1 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
28 Oct 1963 Coup d'état against the three-member Provisional Government
29 Nov 1965 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Justin Ahomadegbé
22 Dec 1965 Coup d'état against Acting President Tahirou Congacou
19 Dec 1967 Coup d'état against President Christophe Soglo
10 Dec 1969 Coup d'état against President Émile Zinsou
26 Oct 1972 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Presidential Council Justin Ahomadegbé
20 Jun 1975 Assassination of Interior Minister Michel Aïkpé
30 Nov 1975 Name changed from Dahomey to Benin
Rwanda
25 Jul 1959 Death of King Mutara III Rudahigwa
28 Jan 1961 Overthrow of King Kigeri V Ndahindurwa; republic established
26 Oct 1961 Resignation of President Dominique Mbonyumutwa
1 Jul 1962 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by Belgium
18 Sep 1962 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
5 Jul 1973 Coup d'état against President Grégoire Kayibanda
6 Apr 1994 Assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana
7 Apr 1994 Assassination of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana
8 Jun 1994 Assassination of Vincent Nsengiyumva, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kigali
8 Jun 1994 Assassination of Joseph Ruzindana, Roman Catholic Bishop of Byumba
8 Jun 1994 Assassination of Thaddée Nsengiyumva, Roman Catholic Bishop of Kabgayi
19 Jul 1994 Overthrow of Acting President Théodore Sindikubwabo and Prime Minister Jean Kambanda
16 May 1998 Assassination of former Interior Minister Seth Sendashonga
23 Mar 2000 Resignation of President Pasteur Bizimungu
28 Nov 2009 Member of the Commonwealth
Guinea
28 Sep 1958 Referendum rejects the new Constitution for France, signifying support for immediate independence
2 Oct 1958 Independence from France
12 Dec 1958 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
22 Nov 1970 Attack on Conakry by Portuguese and mercenary forces
26 Jan 1971 Execution of Achkar Marof
26 Mar 1984 Death of President Ahmed Sékou Touré
3 Apr 1984 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Lansana Beavogui
7 Jul 1985 Execution of former Foreign Minister Abdoulaye Touré
8 Jul 1985 Execution of former Prime Minister Diarra Traoré and former Finance Minister Ismaël Touré
22 Dec 2008 Death of President Lansana Conté
24 Dec 2008 Coup d'état
5 Sep 2021 Coup d'état against President Alpha Condé and Prime Minister Ibrahima Kassory Fofana
Burundi
13 Oct 1961 Assassination of Prime Minister Prince Louis Rwagasore
1 Jul 1962 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by Belgium
18 Sep 1962 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
15 Jan 1965 Assassination of Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe
16 Dec 1965 Execution of former Prime Minister Joseph Bamina
8 Jul 1966 Coup d'état against King Mwambutsa IV Bangilicenge and Prime Minister Prince Léopold Bihumugani
28 Nov 1966 Coup d'état against King Ntare V Ndizeye; republic established
30 Apr 1972 Assassination of former Economy Minister Martin Ndayahoze
1 Nov 1976 Coup d'état against President Michel Micombero
3 Sep 1987 Coup d'état against President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
21 Oct 1993 Coup attempt against President Melchior Ndadaye, who is killed along with former Foreign Minister Gilles Bimazubute
6 Apr 1994 Assassination of President Cyprien Ntaryamira
25 Jul 1996 Coup d'état against President Sylvestre Ntibantunganya
15 Aug 2015 Assassination of former coup leader Jean Bikomagu
8 Jun 2020 Death of President Pierre Nkurunziza
Somalia
1 Jul 1960 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by Italy
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
15 Oct 1969 Assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
21 Oct 1969 Coup d'état against Acting President Sheikh Moktar Muhammad Hussein and Prime Minister Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
14 Feb 1974 Member of the League of Arab States
27 Jan 1991 Overthrow of President Muhammad Siad Barre; central authority collapses
18 May 1991 Secession of Somaliland (unrecognized by Somalia)
1 Aug 1996 Death of self-proclaimed President Muhammad Farah Aydid
3 May 2002 Death of President of Somaliland Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
29 Dec 2008 Resignation of President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
Tunisia
5 Dec 1952 Assassination of Farhat Hached
20 Mar 1956 Independence from France
12 Nov 1956 Member of the United Nations
25 Jul 1957 Republic established with the dethronement of Bey Mohamed Lamine
1 Jan 1958 Member of the League of Arab States
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
7 Nov 1987 Coup d'état against President Habib Bourguiba
14 Jan 2011 Resignation of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
25 Jul 2019 Death of President Béji Caïd Essebsi
25 Jul 2021 Dismissal of Prime Minister Hichem Mechichi
Belgium
17 Jul 1345 Murder of Jacob van Artevelde
4 Oct 1830 Independence declared from the Netherlands
10 Dec 1865 Death of King Leopold I
17 Dec 1909 Death of King Leopold II
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
17 Feb 1934 Death of King Albert I
27 Dec 1945 Member of the United Nations
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
12 Mar 1950 Referendum approves the return of King Leopold III from exile
18 Aug 1950 Assassination of Julien Lahaut
16 Jul 1951 Abdication of King Leopold III
1 Jan 1958 Member of the European Economic Community
30 Jun 1960 Independence of the Congo
1 Jul 1962 Independence of Burundi and Rwanda
18 Jul 1991 Assassination of former Deputy Prime Minister André Cools
31 Jul 1993 Death of King Baudouin I
21 Jul 2013 Abdication of King Albert II
Bolivia
4 Jun 1830 Assassination of former President Antonio José de Sucre
27 Mar 1865 Assassination of former President Manuel Isidoro Belzu
23 Nov 1871 Assassination of former President Mariano Melgarejo
27 Nov 1872 Assassination of President Agustín Morales
27 Feb 1894 Assassination of former Provisional President Hilarión Daza
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
23 Aug 1939 Suicide of President Germán Busch
14 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
21 Jul 1946 Murder of President Gualberto Villarroel and Roberto Hinojosa
16 May 1951 Coup d'état against President Mamerto Urriolagoitia
11 Apr 1952 Overthrow of Chairman of the Military Junta Hugo Ballivián Rojas
4 Nov 1964 Coup d'état against President Víctor Paz Estenssoro
27 Apr 1969 Death of President René Barrientos
26 Sep 1969 Coup d'état against President Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas
6 Oct 1970 Coup d'état against President Alfredo Ovando Candía
21 Aug 1971 Coup d'état against President Juan José Torres
7 Nov 1974 Coup d'état by President Hugo Banzer
1 Jun 1976 Assassination of former President Juan José Torres
21 Jul 1978 Coup d'état against President Hugo Banzer
24 Nov 1978 Coup d'état against President Juan Pereda Asbún
1 Nov 1979 Coup d'état against Interim President Wálter Guevara Arze
16 Nov 1979 Resignation of President Alberto Natusch Busch
17 Jul 1980 Assassination of Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz
18 Jul 1980 Coup d'état against Interim President Lidia Gueiler Tejada
4 Aug 1981 Resignation of President Luis García Meza Tejada
19 Jul 1982 Resignation of President Celso Torrelio Villa
7 Aug 2001 Resignation of President Hugo Banzer
17 Oct 2003 Resignation of President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
9 Jun 2005 Resignation of President Carlos Mesa
10 Aug 2008 Referendum rejects the recall of President Evo Morales
10 Nov 2019 Coup d'état against President Evo Morales
Haiti
1 Jan 1804 Independence from France
17 Oct 1806 Assassination of Emperor Jacques I
29 Mar 1818 Death of President Alexandre Pétion
8 Oct 1820 Suicide of King Henry I
13 Mar 1843 Overthrow of President Jean-Pierre Boyer
2 May 1844 Overthrow of President Charles Hérard Rivière
15 Apr 1845 Death of President Philippe Guerrier
1 Mar 1846 Resignation of President Jean-Louis Pierrot
27 Feb 1847 Death of President Jean-Baptiste Riché
15 Jan 1859 Abdication of Emperor Faustin I
13 Mar 1867 Overthrow of President Fabre Geffrard
15 Jan 1870 Execution of former President Sylvain Salnave
15 Apr 1876 Resignation of President Michel Domingue
17 Jul 1879 Resignation of President Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
10 Aug 1888 Resignation of President Lysius Salomon
22 Aug 1889 Resignation of President François Denys Légitime
24 Mar 1896 Death of President Florvil Hyppolite
12 May 1902 Resignation of President Tirésias Simon-Sam
2 Dec 1908 Overthrow of President Pierre Nord Alexis
3 Aug 1911 Overthrow of President François C. Antoine Simon
8 Aug 1912 Death of President Cincinnatus Leconte
3 May 1913 Death of President Tancrède Auguste
27 Jan 1914 Overthrow of President Michel Oreste
29 Oct 1914 Overthrow of President Oreste Zamor
22 Feb 1915 Resignation of President Davilmar Théodore
27 Jul 1915 Execution of former President Oreste Zamor
28 Jul 1915 Assassination of President Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
11 Jan 1946 Coup d'état against President Élie Lescot
10 May 1950 Resignation of President Dumarsais Estimé
12 Dec 1956 Coup d'état against President Paul Eugène Magloire
1 Apr 1957 Coup d'état against Provisional President Franck Sylvain
14 Jun 1957 Coup d'état against Provisional President Daniel Fignolé
21 Apr 1971 Death of President François Duvalier
6 Feb 1986 Coup d'état against President Jean-Claude Duvalier
20 Jun 1988 Coup d'état against President Leslie Manigat and Prime Minister Martial Célestin
17 Sep 1988 Coup d'état against President Henri Namphy
10 Mar 1990 Resignation of President Prosper Avril
7 Jan 1991 Coup attempt against Provisional President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot
30 Sep 1991 Coup d'état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide
5 Jul 2002 Member of the Caribbean Community
29 Feb 2004 Overthrow of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide
7 Jul 2021 Assassination of President Jovenel Moïse
Cuba
20 May 1902 Independence from the United States
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
12 Aug 1933 Resignation of President Gerardo Machado y Morales
5 Sep 1933 Coup d'état against Provisional President Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
15 Jan 1934 Resignation of President Ramón Grau San Martín
24 Dec 1936 Removal from office of President Miguel Mariano Gómez y Arias by impeachment
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
10 Mar 1952 Coup d'état against President Carlos Prío Socarrás and Premier Óscar B. Gans y López Martínez
1 Jan 1959 Overthrow of President Fulgencio Batista and Premier Gonzalo Güell y Morales de los Ríos
28 Oct 1959 Death of Camilo Cienfuegos
9 Oct 1967 Execution of former Industry Minister Ernesto "Che" Guevara
5 Apr 1977 Suicide of former President Carlos Prío Socarrás
23 Jun 1983 Suicide of former President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado
13 Jul 1989 Execution of Arnaldo Ochoa
Jordan
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
25 May 1946 Independence from a League of Nations mandate administered by the United Kingdom
2 Jun 1949 Name changed from Transjordan to Jordan
20 Jul 1951 Assassination of King Abdullah I
11 Aug 1952 Abdication of King Talal
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
1 Jul 1956 Suicide of former Prime Minister Tawfiq Abul-Huda
14 Jul 1958 Assassination of former Regent Suleiman Toukan and former Prime Minister Ibrahim Hashim
29 Aug 1960 Assassination of Prime Minister Hazza al-Majali
28 Nov 1971 Assassination of Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tall
7 Feb 1999 Death of King Hussein
Czech Republic
28 Oct 1918 Establishment of Czechoslovakia
4 May 1919 Death of Milan Rastislav Štefánik
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
18 Feb 1923 Assassination of Finance Minister Alois Rašín
14 Dec 1935 Resignation of President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
5 Oct 1938 Resignation of President Edvard Beneš
4 Jun 1942 Assassination of Reichsprotektor Reinhard Heydrich
19 Jun 1942 Execution of former Prime Minister of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Alois Eliáš
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
10 Mar 1948 Suicide of Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk
27 Jun 1950 Execution of Milada Horáková
3 Dec 1952 Execution of former Deputy Prime Minister Rudolf Slánský and former Foreign Minister Vladimír Clementis
14 Mar 1953 Death of President Klement Gottwald
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
13 Nov 1957 Death of President Antonín Zápotocký
5 Jan 1968 Resignation of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Antonín Novotný
17 Apr 1969 Removal from office of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubček
29 May 1975 Removal from office of President Ludvík Svoboda for incapacity
24 Nov 1989 Resignation of General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Miloš Jakeš
10 Dec 1989 Resignation of President Gustáv Husák
20 Jul 1992 Resignation of President Václav Havel
1 Jan 1993 Independence from Czechoslovakia
19 Jan 1993 Member of the United Nations
12 Mar 1999 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14 Jun 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
Greece
15 Sep 668 Assassination of Emperor Constans II
Dec 711 Murder of Emperor Justinian II
721 Execution of former Emperor Anastasius II
26 Jul 811 Death of Emperor Nicephorus I
25 Dec 820 Assassination of Emperor Leo V
23 Sep 867 Assassination of Emperor Michael III
Dec 969 Assassination of Emperor Nicephorus II
Apr 1034 Death of Emperor Romanus III
8 Apr 1143 Death of Emperor John II
Sep 1183? Execution of Emperor Alexius II
Sep 1185 Execution of Emperor Andronicus I
8 Feb 1204 Execution of former Emperor Alexius IV
Nov 1204 Execution of former Emperor Alexius V
29 May 1453 Death of Emperor Constantine XI
9 Oct 1831 Assassination of Governor Count Ioannis Kapodistrias
22 Oct 1862 Coup d'état against King Otto and Prime Minister Gennaios Kolokotronis
13 Jun 1905 Assassination of Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis
22 Mar 1912 Assassination of Governor of Samos Andreas Kopasis
18 Mar 1913 Assassination of King George I
12 Jun 1917 Abdication of King Constantine I
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
25 Oct 1920 Death of King Alexander
27 Sep 1922 Abdication of King Constantine II
28 Nov 1922 Execution of former Prime Ministers Dimitrios Gounaris, Petros Protopapadakis, and Nikolaos Stratos
16 Mar 1924 Republic established with the dethronement of King George II
10 Oct 1935 Monarchy restored
4 Aug 1936 Coup d'état by Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas
29 Jan 1941 Death of Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas
18 Apr 1941 Suicide of Prime Minister Alexandros Korizis
16 Jun 1945 Death of Aris Velouchiotis
25 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
1 Apr 1947 Death of King George II
18 Feb 1952 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
30 Mar 1952 Execution of Nikos Beloyannis
4 Oct 1955 Death of Prime Minister Alexandros Papagos
27 May 1963 Assassination of Grigoris Lambrakis
6 Mar 1964 Death of King Paul
21 Apr 1967 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
1 Jun 1973 Republic established with the dethronement of King Constantine II
25 Nov 1973 Coup d'état against President Georgios Papadopoulos
14 Dec 1974 Resignation of President Phaidon Ghizikis
1 Jan 1981 Member of the European Communities
17 Jan 1996 Resignation of Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou
South Sudan
30 Jul 2005 Death of President of the Government of Southern Sudan John Garang
15 Jan 2011 Referendum approves independence from Sudan
9 Jul 2011 Independence from Sudan
14 Jul 2011 Member of the United Nations
29 Jul 2011 Member of the African Union
Dominican Republic
27 Feb 1844 Independence declared from Haiti
26 Jul 1899 Assassination of President Ulises Heureaux
19 Nov 1911 Assassination of President Ramón Cáceres
29 Sep 1924 Member of the League of Nations
3 Mar 1930 Coup d'état against President Horacio Vásquez
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
30 May 1961 Assassination of de facto ruler (and former President) Rafael Trujillo
19 Nov 1961 Overthrow of de facto ruler Ramfis Trujillo
16 Jan 1962 Coup d'état against President Joaquín Balaguer
25 Sep 1963 Coup d'état against President Juan Bosch
16 Feb 1973 Execution of former President Francisco Caamaño
4 Jul 1982 Suicide of President Antonio Guzmán Fernández
Portugal
9 Dec 1706 Death of King Pedro II
31 Jul 1750 Death of King John V
1 Nov 1755 Major earthquake strikes Lisbon
24 Feb 1777 Death of King Joseph I
25 May 1786 Death of King Consort Pedro III
20 Mar 1816 Death of Queen Maria I
7 Sep 1822 Independence of Brazil declared
10 Mar 1826 Death of King John VI
3 Mar 1828 Abdication of King Pedro IV
26 May 1834 Abdication of King Miguel I
15 Nov 1853 Death of Queen Maria II; Ferdinand II ceases to be King Consort
11 Nov 1861 Death of King Pedro V
19 Oct 1889 Death of King Luís I
1 Feb 1908 Assassination of King Carlos I and Prince Royal Luís Filipe
5 Oct 1910 Republic established with the dethronement of King Manuel II and dismissal of Prime Minister António Teixeira de Sousa
29 May 1915 Resignation of President Manuel José de Arriaga
8 Dec 1917 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Afonso Costa
14 Dec 1918 Assassination of President Sidónio Pais
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
19 Oct 1921 Assassination of Prime Minister António Joaquim Granjo
11 Dec 1925 Resignation of President Manuel Teixeira Gomes
28 May 1926 Coup d'état against Prime Minister António Maria da Silva
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
18 Apr 1951 Death of President António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
13 Feb 1965 Assassination of former presidential candidate Humberto Delgado
24 Sep 1973 Independence of Guinea-Bissau declared
25 Apr 1974 Coup d'état against President Américo Tomás and Prime Minister Marcelo Caetano
10 Sep 1974 Independence of Guinea-Bissau recognized
30 Sep 1974 Resignation of President António de Spínola
25 Jun 1975 Independence of Mozambique
5 Jul 1975 Independence of Cape Verde
12 Jul 1975 Independence of São Tomé and Príncipe
11 Nov 1975 Independence of Angola
4 Dec 1980 Death of Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro
1 Jan 1986 Member of the European Communities
20 Dec 1999 Macau returned to China
Azerbaijan
30 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
10 Dec 1991 Referendum in Nagorno-Karabakh approves independence
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6 Mar 1992 Resignation of President Ayaz Mütəllibov
9 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
16 May 1992 Overthrow of President Ayaz Mütəllibov
1 Sep 1993 Removal from office of President Əbülfəz Elçibəy
Sweden
May 1436 Assassination of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson
11 Dec 1718 Death of King Charles XII
4 Apr 1720 Abdication of Queen Ulrica Eleonora
5 Apr 1751 Death of King Frederick I
12 Feb 1771 Death of King Adolf Frederick
29 Mar 1792 Assassination of King Gustav III
29 Mar 1809 Abdication of King Gustav IV Adolf
20 Jun 1810 Assassination of Hans Axel von Fersen
4 Nov 1814 Personal union with Norway
5 Feb 1818 Death of King Charles XIII
8 Mar 1844 Death of King Charles XIV John
8 Jul 1859 Death of King Oscar I
18 Sep 1872 Death of King Charles XV
7 Jun 1905 Dissolution of the personal union with Norway
8 Dec 1907 Death of King Oscar II
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
25 Jan 1925 Resignation of Prime Minister Hjalmar Branting
6 Oct 1946 Death of Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson
19 Nov 1946 Member of the United Nations
29 Oct 1950 Death of King Gustav V
18 Sep 1961 Death of Secretary-General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld
15 Sep 1973 Death of King Gustav VI Adolf
28 Feb 1986 Assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme
13 Nov 1994 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 Jan 1995 Member of the European Union
11 Sep 2003 Assassination of Foreign Minister Anna Lindh
14 Sep 2003 Referendum rejects joining the Eurozone
United Arab Emirates
6 Aug 1966 Dethronement of Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahayan in Abu Dhabi
1 Dec 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom
6 Dec 1971 Member of the League of Arab States
9 Dec 1971 Member of the United Nations
24 Jan 1972 Coup d'état in Sharjah against Sheikh Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, who is killed
11 Feb 1972 Ras al-Khaimah accedes to the federation
17 Jun 1987 Coup d'état in Sharjah against Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi
7 Oct 1990 Death of Prime Minister Sheikh Rashid bin Said Al Maktum
2 Nov 2004 Death of President Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan
4 Jan 2006 Death of Prime Minister Sheikh Maktum bin Rashid Al Maktum
13 May 2022 Death of President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan
Hungary
6 Oct 1849 Execution of former Prime Minister Count Lajos Batthyány and 13 other rebel leaders
31 Oct 1918 Assassination of former Prime Minister Count István Tisza
16 Nov 1918 Independence declared from Austria-Hungary
18 Sep 1922 Member of the League of Nations
29 Aug 1938 Execution of former Foreign Minister Béla Kun in the Soviet Union
3 Apr 1941 Suicide of Prime Minister Count Pál Teleki
10 Jan 1946 Execution of former Prime Minister László Bárdossy
28 Feb 1946 Execution of former Prime Minister Béla Imrédy
12 Mar 1946 Execution of former Nemzetvezető Ferenc Szálasi
22 Aug 1946 Execution of former Prime Minister Döme Sztójay
15 Oct 1949 Execution of former Foreign Minister László Rajk
20 Apr 1951 Suicide of Interior Minister Sándor Zöld
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
16 Jun 1958 Execution of former Prime Minister Imre Nagy and former Defense Minister Pál Maléter
12 Dec 1993 Death of Prime Minister József Antall
16 Nov 1997 Referendum approves membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
12 Mar 1999 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
12 Apr 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
Belarus
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
25 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Honduras
15 Sep 1842 Execution of former President of the Federal Republic of Central America Francisco Morazán
11 Jan 1862 Assassination of President José Santos Guardiola
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
18 Feb 1932 Execution of Juan Pablo Wainwright
17 Dec 1945 Member of the United Nations
5 Dec 1954 Coup d'état against President Juan Manuel Gálvez
21 Oct 1956 Coup d'état against Supreme Head of State Julio Lozano Díaz
3 Oct 1963 Coup d'état against President Ramón Villeda Morales
4 Dec 1972 Coup d'état against President Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés
22 Apr 1975 Coup d'état against Head of State Oswaldo López Arellano
7 Aug 1978 Coup d'état against Head of State Juan Alberto Melgar Castro
25 Jan 1989 Assassination of Gustavo Adolfo Álvarez Martínez
28 Jun 2009 Coup d'état against President Manuel Zelaya
Tajikistan
9 Sep 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
7 Sep 1992 Resignation of President Rakhmon Nabiyev
Austria
5 May 1705 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
17 Apr 1711 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I
20 Oct 1740 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI
20 Jan 1745 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII
18 Aug 1765 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I
29 Nov 1780 Death of Archduchess Maria Theresa
20 Feb 1790 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
1 Mar 1792 Death of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II
6 Aug 1806 Holy Roman Empire dissolved; Emperor Francis II becomes solely Emperor of Austria as Francis I
2 Mar 1835 Death of Emperor Francis I
13 Mar 1848 Resignation of Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich
2 Dec 1848 Abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I
21 Dec 1867 United with Hungary as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
30 Jan 1889 Suicide of Crown Prince Rudolf
10 Sep 1898 Assassination of Empress Elisabeth
28 Jun 1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
21 Oct 1916 Assassination of Prime Minister Count Karl von Stürgkh
21 Nov 1916 Death of Emperor Francis Joseph I
11 Nov 1918 Republic established with the dethronement of Emperor Charles I and dismissal of Prime Minister Heinrich Lammasch
16 Nov 1918 Secession of Hungary
15 Dec 1920 Member of the League of Nations
25 Jul 1934 Coup attempt against Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß, who is killed
12 Mar 1938 Resignation of Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg
13 Mar 1938 Annexation by Germany
27 Apr 1945 Annexation rescinded
31 Dec 1950 Death of President Karl Renner
27 Jul 1955 Independence fully re-established with the termination of Allied supervision (Österreichischer Staatsvertrag)
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
4 Jan 1957 Death of President Theodor Körner
28 Feb 1965 Death of President Adolf Schärf
24 Apr 1974 Death of President Franz Jonas
12 Jun 1994 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 Jan 1995 Member of the European Union
6 Jul 2004 Death of President Thomas Klestil
11 Oct 2008 Death of Premier of Carinthia Jörg Haider
Israel
15 May 1948 Independence from a League of Nations mandate administered by the United Kingdom
11 May 1949 Member of the United Nations
9 Nov 1952 Death of President Chaim Weizmann
23 Apr 1963 Death of President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
26 Feb 1969 Death of Prime Minister Levi Eshkol
5 Nov 1990 Assassination of Meir Kahane in New York City
4 Nov 1995 Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
12 Jul 2000 Resignation of President Ezer Weizman
17 Oct 2001 Assassination of Tourism Minister Rehavam Ze'evi
14 Apr 2006 Removal from office of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon for incapacity
1 Jul 2007 Resignation of President Moshe Katsav
Togo
27 Apr 1960 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
13 Jan 1963 Coup d'état against, and assassination of, President Sylvanus Olympio
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
13 Jan 1967 Coup d'état against President Nicolas Grunitzky
5 Feb 2005 Death of President Gnassingbé Eyadéma
25 Feb 2005 Resignation of Acting President Faure Gnassingbé
Switzerland
6 Feb 1855 Death of Federal Councillor Josef Munzinger
29 Mar 1855 Death of Federal Councillor Henri Druey
19 Jul 1857 Death of Federal Councillor Stefano Franscini
25 Jul 1861 Death of Federal Councillor Jonas Furrer
29 Dec 1869 Death of Federal Councillor Victor Ruffy
23 Dec 1878 Death of Federal Councillor Johann Jakob Scherer
25 Dec 1880 Suicide of Federal Councillor Fridolin Anderwert
27 Nov 1888 Death of President Wilhelm Hertenstein
14 Sep 1893 Death of Federal Councillor Louis Ruchonnet
18 Jul 1895 Death of Federal Councillor Karl Schenk
22 Oct 1902 Death of Federal Councillor Walter Hauser
11 Mar 1911 Death of Federal Councillor Ernst Brenner
27 Nov 1911 Death of Federal Councillor Josef Anton Schobinger
10 Jul 1912 Death of Federal Councillor Adolf Deucher
16 May 1913 Death of Federal Councillor Louis Perrier
9 Nov 1919 Death of Federal Councillor Eduard Müller
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
14 Nov 1929 Death of Federal Councillor Karl Scheurer
23 Jan 1940 Death of Federal Councillor Giuseppe Motta
9 Dec 1954 Death of Federal Councillor Josef Escher
3 Nov 1958 Death of Federal Councillor Markus Feldmann
16 Oct 1983 Death of Federal Councillor Willi Ritschard
27 Sep 2001 Massacre of 14 politicians in the cantonal parliament of Zug
10 Sep 2002 Member of the United Nations
Laos
19 Jul 1949 Associated state of France
22 Oct 1953 Independence from France
18 Sep 1954 Assassination of Defense Minister Kou Voravong
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
29 Oct 1959 Death of King Sisavang Vong
1 Apr 1963 Assassination of Foreign Minister Quinim Pholsena
2 Dec 1975 Overthrow of King Savang Vatthana and Prime Minister Prince Souvanna Phouma; republic established
21 Nov 1992 Death of President Kaysone Phomvihane
17 May 2014 Death of Defense Minister Douangchay Phichith and Public Security Minister Thongbanh Sengaphone
Papua New Guinea
20 Mar 1974 Member of the South Pacific Forum
16 Sep 1975 Independence from Australia and a United Nations trusteeship administered by Australia (within the Commonwealth)
10 Oct 1975 Member of the United Nations
12 Oct 1996 Assassination of Theodore Miriung, Premier of Bougainville
Paraguay
20 Sep 1840 Death of Supreme Dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
10 Sep 1862 Death of President Carlos Antonio López
1 Mar 1870 Death of former President Francisco Solano López
4 Mar 1909 Suicide of former Foreign Minister José Segundo Decoud
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
24 Oct 1930 Death of former President Eligio Ayala
17 Feb 1936 Coup d'état against President Eusebio Ayala
15 Aug 1937 Coup d'état against Provisional President Rafael Franco
7 Sep 1940 Death of President José Félix Estigarribia
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
3 Jun 1948 Coup d'état against President Higinio Morínigo
30 Jan 1949 Coup d'état against President Juan Natalicio González
8 May 1954 Coup d'état against President Federico Chaves
3 Feb 1989 Coup d'état against President Alfredo Stroessner
23 Mar 1999 Assassination of Vice President Luis María Argaña
28 Mar 1999 Resignation of President Raúl Cubas Grau
22 Jun 2012 Removal from office of President Fernando Lugo by impeachment
Serbia
25 Jul 1817 Assassination of Karađorđe
13 Jul 1878 Independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin
6 Mar 1889 Abdication of King Milan I
11 Jun 1903 Assassination of King Alexander I, Queen Draga, and Prime Minister Dimitrije Cincar-Marković
27 Jun 1917 Execution of Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis"
1 Dec 1918 Incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
5 Jun 2006 Independence from Serbia and Montenegro
17 Feb 2008 Independence of Kosovo declared
5 Apr 2012 Resignation of President Boris Tadić
Yugoslavia
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
21 Jul 1921 Assassination of Interior Minister Milorad Drašković
16 Aug 1921 Death of King Peter I
8 Aug 1928 Assassination of Stjepan Radić
6 Jan 1929 Dismissal of Prime Minister Anton Korošec
9 Oct 1934 Assassination of King Alexander I
27 Mar 1941 Coup d'état against the three-member Regency and Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
10 Nov 1945 Assassination of Sekula Drljević in Austria
17 Jul 1946 Execution of Draža Mihailović
18 Jan 1977 Death of Premier Džemal Bijedić
4 May 1980 Death of President Josip Broz Tito
15 Jan 2000 Assassination of Željko Ražnatović "Arkan"
7 Feb 2000 Assassination of Defense Minister Pavle Bulatović
25 Apr 2000 Assassination of Žika Petrović, General Director of JAT
13 May 2000 Assassination of Boško Perošević, Chairman of the Executive Council of Vojvodina
25 Aug 2000 Assassination of Ivan Stambolić, former President of the Presidency of Serbia
12 Mar 2003 Assassination of Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia
Bulgaria
18 Feb 1873 Execution of Vasil Levski
8 Jul 1879 Principality under Ottoman suzerainty
21 Aug 1886 Coup d'état against Prince Alexander
7 Sep 1886 Abdication of Prince Alexander
18 Jul 1895 Assassination of former Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov
11 Mar 1907 Assassination of Prime Minister Dimitŭr Petkov
5 Oct 1908 Independence from the Ottoman Empire; raised in rank from principality to tsardom
3 Oct 1918 Abdication of Tsar Ferdinand I
16 Dec 1920 Member of the League of Nations
9 Jun 1923 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Aleksandŭr Stamboliyski
14 Jun 1923 Murder of former Prime Minister Aleksandŭr Stamboliyski
26 Aug 1923 Assassination of former Interior Minister Rayko Daskalov
19 May 1934 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Nikola Mushanov
28 Aug 1943 Death of Tsar Boris III
9 Sep 1944 Coup d'état against the Regency Council and Prime Minister Konstantin Muraviev
1 Feb 1945 Execution of former Regent Prince Kiril, former Prime Ministers Ivan Bagrianov and Dobri Bozhilov, and former Interior Minister Petŭr
Gabrovski
2 Feb 1945 Execution of former Regent Nikola Mihov and former Prime Minister Bogdan Filov
15 Sep 1946 Republic established with the dethronement of Tsar Simeon II
23 Sep 1947 Execution of Nikola Petkov
2 Jul 1949 Death of Premier Georgi Dimitrov
16 Dec 1949 Execution of Traycho Kostov
23 Jan 1950 Death of Premier Vasil Kolarov
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
27 Nov 1958 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly Georgi Damyanov
20 Apr 1964 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly Dimitŭr Ganev
11 Sep 1978 Assassination of Georgi Markov
10 Nov 1989 Resignation of General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Todor Zhivkov
6 Jul 1990 Resignation of President Petŭr Mladenov
2 Oct 1996 Assassination of former Premier Andrey Lukanov
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 Jan 2007 Member of the European Union
Libya
24 Dec 1951 Independence from United Nations administration
28 Mar 1953 Member of the League of Arab States
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
1 Sep 1969 Coup d'état against King Idris I; republic established
23 Aug 2011 Overthrow of de facto ruler Muammar al-Qaddafi
20 Oct 2011 Murder of former de facto ruler Muammar al-Qaddafi
Sierra Leone
27 Apr 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
27 Sep 1961 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
28 Apr 1964 Death of Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai
21 Mar 1967 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Siaka Stevens
19 Apr 1971 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
19 Jul 1975 Execution of David Lansana
7 Oct 1989 Execution of former Vice President Francis Minah
29 Apr 1992 Coup d'état against President Joseph Saidu Momoh
29 Dec 1992 Execution of former Chairman of the National Provisional Defence Council Yayah Kanu
16 Jan 1996 Coup d'état against Head of State Valentine Strasser
25 May 1997 Coup d'état against President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
12 Feb 1998 Overthrow of Head of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council Johnny Paul Koroma
22 Dec 1998 Death of former Deputy Head of State S.A.J. Musa
El Salvador
24 Jul 1833 Execution of Anastasio Aquino
11 Jul 1906 Death of former President Tomás Regalado
9 Feb 1913 Assassination of President Manuel Enrique Araujo
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
4 Dec 1931 Coup d'état against President Arturo Araujo
1 Feb 1932 Execution of Farabundo Martí
9 May 1944 Resignation of President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
20 Oct 1944 Coup d'état against Provisional President Andrés Ignacio Menéndez
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
14 Dec 1948 Coup d'état against President Salvador Castaneda Castro
26 Oct 1960 Coup d'état against President José María Lemus
25 Jan 1961 Coup d'état against the Junta of Government
11 Apr 1966 Assassination of former President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
25 Mar 1972 Coup attempt against President Fidel Sánchez Hernández
10 May 1975 Execution of Roque Dalton
Jul 1977 Assassination of former Provisional President Osmín Aguirre y Salinas
15 Oct 1979 Coup d'état against President Carlos Humberto Romero
24 Mar 1980 Assassination of Óscar Romero, Roman Catholic Archbishop of San Salvador
Jul 1981 Assassination of former coup leader Benjamín Mejía
6 Apr 1983 Assassination of rebel leader Mélida Anaya Montes "Ana María"
12 Apr 1983 Suicide of rebel leader Salvador Cayetano Carpio "Comandante Marcial"
Singapore
1 Sep 1962 Referendum approves union with Malaya
16 Sep 1963 Union with Malaya as Malaysia
9 Aug 1965 Independence from Malaysia
21 Sep 1965 Member of the United Nations
15 Oct 1965 Member of the Commonwealth
23 Nov 1970 Death of President Yusof bin Ishak
12 May 1981 Death of President Benjamin Henry Sheares
27 Mar 1985 Resignation of President C.V. Devan Nair
28 Nov 1990 Resignation of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew
12 Aug 2004 Resignation of Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong
Nicaragua
12 Mar 1855 Death of President Fruto Chamorro
12 Sep 1860 Execution of former President William Walker
4 Oct 1912 Death of Benjamín Zeledón
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
21 Feb 1934 Assassination of Augusto César Sandino
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
29 Sep 1956 Assassination of President Anastasio Somoza García
8 Nov 1976 Assassination of Carlos Fonseca
10 Jan 1978 Assassination of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal
17 Jul 1979 Resignation of President Anastasio Somoza Debayle
17 Sep 1980 Assassination of former President Anastasio Somoza Debayle
16 Feb 1991 Assassination of Enrique Bermúdez
Eritrea
15 Sep 1952 Union with Ethiopia
25 Apr 1993 Referendum approves independence from Ethiopia
24 May 1993 Independence from Ethiopia and member of the Organization of African Unity
28 May 1993 Member of the United Nations
Central African Republic
1 Dec 1958 Autonomous republic within France
29 Mar 1959 Death of Prime Minister Barthélemy Boganda
13 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
1 Jan 1966 Coup d'état against President David Dacko
12 Apr 1969 Execution of former Finance Minister Alexandre Banza
4 Dec 1976 Monarchy established; name changed to Central African Empire
20 Sep 1979 Overthrow of Emperor Bokassa I; name changed back to Central African Republic
1 Sep 1981 Coup d'état against President David Dacko and Prime Minister Simon Narcisse Bozanga
15 Mar 2003 Coup d'état against President Ange-Félix Patassé and Prime Minister Martin Ziguélé
24 Mar 2013 Overthrow of President François Bozizé
10 Jan 2014 Resignation of Transitional Head of State Michel Djotodia
Kyrgyzstan
31 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
29 Nov 1991 Death of Prime Minister Nasirdin Isanov
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
4 Apr 1999 Death of Prime Minister Jumabek Ibraimov
24 Mar 2005 Overthrow of President Askar Akayev
7 Apr 2010 Overthrow of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev
16 Oct 2020 Resignation of President Sooronbay Jeenbekov
Denmark
12 Oct 1730 Death of King Frederick IV
6 Aug 1746 Death of King Christian VI
14 Jan 1766 Death of King Frederick V
28 Apr 1772 Execution of former Minister of State Count Johann Friedrich Struensee
13 Mar 1808 Death of King Christian VII
3 Dec 1839 Death of King Frederick VI
20 Jan 1848 Death of King Christian VIII
8 Feb 1860 Death of Prime Minister Carl Edvard Rotwitt
15 Nov 1863 Death of King Frederick VII
29 Jan 1906 Death of King Christian IX
14 May 1912 Death of King Frederick VIII
1 Dec 1918 Independence of Iceland
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
3 May 1942 Death of Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
14 Sep 1946 Referendum in the Faroe Islands approves independence (to no effect)
20 Apr 1947 Death of King Christian X
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
29 Jan 1955 Death of Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft
19 Feb 1960 Death of Prime Minister H.C. Hansen
14 Jan 1972 Death of King Frederick IX
2 Oct 1972 Referendum approves membership of the European Communities
1 Jan 1973 Member of the European Communities
17 Jan 1979 Referendum in Greenland approves home rule
23 Feb 1982 Referendum in Greenland approves withdrawal from the European Communities
1 Feb 1985 Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities
28 Sep 2000 Referendum rejects joining the Eurozone
Finland
17 Jun 1904 Assassination of Governor-General Nikolay Bobrikov
6 Dec 1917 Independence declared from Russia
16 Dec 1920 Member of the League of Nations
14 Feb 1922 Assassination of Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori
19 Dec 1940 Resignation and death of President Kyösti Kallio
4 Aug 1944 Resignation of President Risto Ryti
11 Mar 1946 Resignation of President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
27 Jan 1982 Resignation of President Urho Kekkonen
16 Oct 1994 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 Jan 1995 Member of the European Union
Turkmenistan
26 Oct 1991 Referendum approves independence from the Soviet Union
27 Oct 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
21 Dec 2006 Death of President Saparmurat Niyazov
Lebanon
26 Nov 1941 Independence unilaterally recognized by French mandatory authorities
22 Mar 1945 Member of the League of Arab States
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
9 Jul 1949 Execution of Antun Saadeh
16 Jul 1951 Assassination of former Prime Minister Riad al-Solh
18 Sep 1952 Resignation of President Bishara al-Khuri
14 Sep 1982 Assassination of President-elect Bashir Gemayel
1 Jun 1987 Assassination of Prime Minister Rashid Karami
22 Nov 1989 Assassination of President René Moawad
14 Feb 2005 Assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri
21 Jun 2005 Assassination of George Hawi
Norway
4 Nov 1814 Personal union with Sweden
7 Jun 1905 Dissolution of the personal union with Sweden
13 Nov 1905 Referendum rejects abolition of the monarchy
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
23 May 1923 Death of Prime Minister Otto Bahr Halvorsen
5 Mar 1932 Death of Prime Minister Peder Kolstad
24 Oct 1945 Execution of former collaborationist Minister-President Vidkun Quisling
27 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
21 Sep 1957 Death of King Haakon VII
25 Sep 1972 Referendum rejects membership of the European Communities
17 Jan 1991 Death of King Olav V
28 Nov 1994 Referendum rejects membership of the European Union
Slovakia
1 Jan 1993 Independence from Czechoslovakia
19 Jan 1993 Member of the United Nations
17 May 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
22 Mar 2018 Resignation of Prime Minister Robert Fico
Republic of the Congo
28 Nov 1958 Autonomous republic within France
15 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
15 Aug 1963 Coup d'état against President Fulbert Youlou
4 Sep 1968 Coup d'état against President Alphonse Massamba-Débat
18 Mar 1977 Assassination of President Marien Ngouabi
25 Mar 1977 Execution of former President Alphonse Massamba-Débat
5 Feb 1979 Resignation of Head of State Joachim Yhombi-Opango
4 Jul 1988 Assassination of rebel leader Pierre Anga
15 Oct 1997 Overthrow of President Pascal Lissouba and Prime Minister Bernard Kolélas
Ireland
1 Jan 1801 Incorporated into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
22 Aug 1922 Assassination of Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland Michael Collins
6 Dec 1922 Dominion within the British Empire
10 Sep 1923 Member of the League of Nations
10 Jul 1927 Assassination of Vice President of the Executive Council Kevin O'Higgins
11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster effective in the Irish Free State
2 Sep 1939 State of emergency imposed
2 Sep 1946 State of emergency terminated
18 Apr 1949 Republic definitively established; withdrawal from the Commonwealth
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
10 May 1972 Referendum approves membership of the European Communities
7 Dec 1972 Referendum approves revocation of the "special position" of the Roman Catholic Church
1 Jan 1973 Member of the European Communities
5 Jan 1973 Abolition of the "special position" of the Roman Catholic Church takes effect
17 Nov 1974 Death of President Erskine H. Childers
22 Oct 1976 Resignation of President Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh
26 Jun 1986 Referendum rejects the legalization of divorce
24 Nov 1995 Referendum approves the legalization of divorce
17 Jun 1996 Legalization of divorce takes effect
12 Sep 1997 Resignation of President Mary Robinson
22 May 1998 Referendum approves the Good Friday Agreement
7 Jun 2001 Referendum approves the constitutional abolition of capital punishment
27 Mar 2002 Constitutional abolition of capital punishment takes effect
4 Oct 2013 Referendum rejects abolition of the Seanad Éireann (upper house of the legislature)
22 May 2015 Referendum approves the legalization of equal marriage
16 Nov 2015 Legalization of equal marriage takes effect
25 May 2018 Referendum approves the reform of abortion laws
18 Sep 2018 Reform of abortion laws takes effect
Costa Rica
27 May 1838 Coup d'état against Supreme Chief Manuel Aguilar
1845 Assassination of former Supreme Chief Braulio Carrillo
30 Sep 1860 Execution of former President Juan Rafael Mora
27 Apr 1870 Coup d'état against President Jesús Jiménez Zamora
6 Jul 1882 Death of President Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez
12 Mar 1885 Death of President Próspero Fernández Oreamuno
27 Jan 1917 Coup d'état against President Alfredo González Flores
10 Aug 1919 Assassination of José Joaquín Tinoco Granados
Aug 1919 Resignation of President Federico Tinoco Granados
16 Dec 1920 Member of the League of Nations
2 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
Apr 1948 Resignation of President Teodoro Picado Michalski
Liberia
26 Jul 1847 Independence
26 Oct 1871 Removal from office of President Edward J. Roye
12 Nov 1896 Death of President Joseph James Cheeseman
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
3 Dec 1930 Resignation of President Charles D.B. King
2 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
23 Jul 1971 Death of President William V.S. Tubman
12 Apr 1980 Coup d'état against, and murder of, President William R. Tolbert, Jr.
9 Sep 1990 Overthrow and murder of President Samuel K. Doe
11 Aug 2003 Resignation of President Charles Taylor
New Zealand
10 Jun 1906 Death of Prime Minister Richard Seddon
26 Sep 1907 Dominion within the British Empire
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
10 May 1925 Death of Prime Minister William Massey
27 Mar 1940 Death of Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
25 Nov 1947 Statute of Westminster ratified by New Zealand
1 Jan 1962 Independence of Western Samoa
31 Jan 1968 Independence of Nauru
5 Aug 1971 Member of the South Pacific Forum
31 Aug 1974 Death of Prime Minister Norman Kirk
1 Jan 1987 Termination of the residual legal rights of the United Kingdom over New Zealand
Palestine
8 Jul 1972 Assassination of Ghassan Kanafani
9 Sep 1976 Member of the League of Arab States
10 Apr 1983 Assassination of Issam Sartawi in Portugal
16 Apr 1988 Assassination of Khalil al-Wazir "Abu Jihad" in Tunisia
15 Nov 1988 Independence declared from Israel (unrecognized by Israel)
14 Jan 1991 Assassination of Salah Khalaf "Abu Iyad" in Tunisia
27 Aug 2001 Assassination of Abu Ali Mustafa
22 Mar 2004 Assassination of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
17 Apr 2004 Assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
11 Nov 2004 Death of President Yasser Arafat
15 Jan 2009 Assassination of former Interior Minister Said Siam
Oman
23 Jul 1970 Coup d'état against Sultan Said bin Taimur
29 Sep 1971 Member of the League of Arab States
7 Oct 1971 Member of the United Nations
10 Jan 2020 Death of Sultan Qabus bin Said
Croatia
19 May 1991 Referendum approves independence from Yugoslavia
25 Jun 1991 Independence declared from Yugoslavia
22 May 1992 Member of the United Nations
3 May 1998 Death of Defense Minister Gojko Šušak
10 Dec 1999 Death of President Franjo Tuđman
1 Apr 2009 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
22 Jan 2012 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 Jul 2013 Member of the European Union
Mauritania
28 Nov 1958 Autonomous republic within France
28 Nov 1960 Independence from France
27 Oct 1961 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
26 Nov 1973 Member of the League of Arab States
10 Jul 1978 Coup d'état against President Moktar Ould Daddah
27 May 1979 Death of Prime Minister Ahmed Ould Bouceif
3 Jun 1979 Resignation of Head of State Mustafa Ould Salek
4 Jan 1980 Coup d'état against Head of State Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly
26 Mar 1981 Execution of former Acting Prime Minister Ahmed Salem Ould Sidi
12 Dec 1984 Coup d'état against Head of State Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla
3 Aug 2005 Coup d'état against President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
6 Aug 2008 Coup d'état against President Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi and Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef
Georgia
31 Mar 1991 Referendum approves independence from the Soviet Union
9 Apr 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6 Jan 1992 Coup d'état against President Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Prime Minister Bessarion Gugushvili
31 Jul 1992 Member of the United Nations
31 Dec 1993 Suicide of former President Zviad Gamsakhurdia
23 Nov 2003 Resignation of President Eduard Shevardnadze
3 Feb 2005 Death of Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania
25 Nov 2007 Resignation of President Mikheil Saakashvili
Panama
3 Nov 1903 Independence declared from Colombia
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
3 Jan 1931 Coup d'état against President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena
16 Dec 1939 Death of President Juan Demóstenes Arosemena
9 Oct 1941 Coup d'état against President Arnulfo Arias
13 Nov 1945 Member of the United Nations
28 Jul 1949 Resignation of President Domingo Díaz Arosemena
20 Nov 1949 Coup d'état against President Daniel Chanis Pinzón
9 May 1951 Removal from office of President Arnulfo Arias by impeachment
2 Jan 1955 Assassination of President José Antonio Remón Cantera
11 Oct 1968 Coup d'état against President Arnulfo Arias
30 Sep 1979 Annexation of the Panama Canal Zone
31 Jul 1981 Death of de facto ruler Omar Torrijos
13 Sep 1985 Assassination of Hugo Spadafora
20 Dec 1989 Invasion by the United States; overthrow of de facto ruler Manuel Noriega
Bosnia and Herzegovina
22 May 1992 Member of the United Nations
28 May 1995 Assassination of Foreign Minister Irfan Ljubijankić
Uruguay
19 Feb 1868 Assassination of former Presidents Bernardo P. Berro and Venancio Flores
25 Aug 1897 Assassination of President Juan Idiarte Borda
10 Jan 1920 Member of the League of Nations
31 Mar 1933 Coup d'état by President Gabriel Terra
18 Dec 1945 Member of the United Nations
2 Aug 1947 Death of President Tomás Berreta
7 Feb 1965 Death of President of the National Council of Government Luis Giannattasio
6 Dec 1967 Death of President Óscar Diego Gestido
27 Jun 1973 Coup d'état; President Juan María Bordaberry allowed to remain in office
20 May 1976 Assassination of Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz and Zelmar Michelini
12 Jun 1976 Removal from office of President Juan María Bordaberry
12 Feb 1985 Resignation of President Gregorio Álvarez
Moldova
27 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
Mongolia
30 Aug 1922 Execution of former Prime Minister Dogsomyn Bodoo
20 Feb 1923 Death of War Minister Damdiny Sükhbaatar
20 May 1924 Death of the Bogd Khan
26 Nov 1924 Establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic
22 Aug 1937 Death of War Minister Gelegdorjiyn Demid
26 Nov 1937 Execution of former Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural Peljidiyn Genden in the Soviet Union
27 Jul 1941 Execution of former Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural Agdanbuugiyn Amar in the Soviet Union
26 Jan 1952 Death of Premier Khorloogiyn Choybalsan
23 Sep 1953 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural Gonchigiyn Bumtsend
27 Oct 1961 Member of the United Nations
20 May 1972 Death of Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural Jamsrangiyn Sambuu
2 Oct 1998 Assassination of Sanjaasürengiyn Zorig
Albania
28 Nov 1912 Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire
13 Jun 1920 Assassination of former Chairman of the Provisional Government Esat Toptani in France
17 Dec 1920 Member of the League of Nations
22 Apr 1924 Assassination of Avni Rustemi
11 Jun 1949 Execution of former Interior Minister Koçi Xoxe
14 May 1955 Member of the Warsaw Pact
14 Dec 1955 Member of the United Nations
12 Sep 1968 Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact
5 Nov 1975 Execution of former Defense Minister Beqir Balluku
18 Dec 1981 Death of Premier Mehmet Shehu
15 Sep 1983 Execution of former Defense Minister Kadri Hazbiu
11 Apr 1985 Death of First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor Enver Hoxha
3 Apr 1992 Resignation of President Ramiz Alia
29 Jun 1997 Referendum rejects restoration of the monarchy
24 Jul 1997 Resignation of President Sali Berisha
1 Apr 2009 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Armenia
21 Sep 1991 Referendum approves independence from the Soviet Union
23 Sep 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
25 Dec 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
3 Feb 1998 Resignation of President Levon Ter-Petrosyan
27 Oct 1999 Assassination of Prime Minister Vazgen Sarkisyan and Chairman of the National Assembly Karen Demirchyan
25 Mar 2007 Death of Prime Minister Andranik Markaryan
23 Apr 2018 Resignation of Prime Minister Serzh Sarkisyan
1 Feb 2022 Resignation of President Armen Sarkisyan
Kuwait
28 Nov 1915 Death of Sheikh Mubarak bin Sabah Al Sabah
5 Feb 1917 Death of Sheikh Jaber Al Mubarak Al Sabah
22 Feb 1921 Death of Sheikh Salim Al Mubarak Al Sabah
29 Jan 1950 Death of Sheikh Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah
19 Jun 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom
20 Jul 1961 Member of the League of Arab States
14 May 1963 Member of the United Nations
24 Nov 1965 Death of Emir Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah
31 Dec 1977 Death of Emir Sheikh Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah
8 Aug 1990 Annexation by Iraq
27 Feb 1991 Independence restored
15 Jan 2006 Death of Emir Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah
24 Jan 2006 Removal from office of Emir Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah for incapacity
29 Sep 2020 Death of Emir Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah
Jamaica
19 Sep 1961 Referendum approves withdrawal from the Federation of the West Indies
6 Aug 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
18 Sep 1962 Member of the United Nations
1 Aug 1973 Member of the Caribbean Community
Lithuania
22 Sep 1921 Member of the League of Nations
17 Dec 1926 Coup d'état against President Kazys Grinius and Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius
3 Aug 1940 Annexation by the Soviet Union
11 Mar 1990 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
6 Sep 1991 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
11 May 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
6 Apr 2004 Removal from office of President Rolandas Paksas by impeachment
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
Namibia
16 Aug 1975 Assassination of Filemon Elifas, Chief Minister of Ovamboland
27 Mar 1978 Assassination of Clemens Kapuuo, Chief Minister of Hereroland
21 Dec 1988 Death of United Nations Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson
12 Sep 1989 Assassination of Anton Lubowski
21 Mar 1990 Independence from de facto South African administration within the Commonwealth
23 Apr 1990 Member of the United Nations
Jun 1990 Member of the Organization of African Unity
Qatar
17 Jul 1913 Death of Sheikh Qasim bin Muhammad Al Thani
20 Aug 1949 Abdication of Sheikh Abdullah bin Qasim Al Thani
24 Oct 1960 Abdication of Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani
3 Sep 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom
11 Sep 1971 Member of the League of Arab States
21 Sep 1971 Member of the United Nations
22 Feb 1972 Coup d'état against Emir Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani
27 Jun 1995 Coup d'état against Emir Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani
25 Jun 2013 Abdication of Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Botswana
30 Sep 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
17 Oct 1966 Member of the United Nations
31 Oct 1966 Member of the Organization of African Unity
13 Jul 1980 Death of President Sir Seretse Khama
31 Mar 1998 Resignation of President Sir Quett Ketumile Joni Masire
31 Mar 2008 Resignation of President Festus Mogae
Gabon
28 Nov 1958 Autonomous republic within France
17 Aug 1960 Independence from France
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
25 May 1963 Member of the Organization of African Unity
17 Feb 1964 Coup attempt against President Léon M'ba
28 Nov 1967 Death of President Léon M'ba
Sep 1971 Assassination of Germain Mba
23 May 1990 Death of opposition leader Joseph Rendjambe
8 Jun 2009 Death of President Omar Bongo Ondimba
30 Aug 2023 Coup d'état against President Ali Bongo Ondimba and Prime Minister Alain Claude Bilie-By-Nze
The Gambia
18 Feb 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
21 Sep 1965 Member of the United Nations
Oct 1965 Member of the Organization of African Unity
24 Nov 1965 Referendum approves abolition of the monarchy (to no effect due to insufficient majority)
23 Apr 1970 Referendum approves abolition of the monarchy
24 Apr 1970 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II and dismissal of Governor-General Sir Farimang Mamadi Singhateh
30 Jul 1981 Coup attempt against President Sir Dawda Jawara
22 Jul 1994 Coup d'état against President Sir Dawda Jawara
2 Oct 2013 Withdrawal from the Commonwealth
21 Jan 2017 Resignation of President Yahya Jammeh
8 Feb 2018 Readmission to the Commonwealth
North Macedonia
8 Sep 1991 Referendum approves independence from Yugoslavia
17 Nov 1991 Independence from Yugoslavia
8 Apr 1993 Member of the United Nations
26 Feb 2004 Death of President Boris Trajkovski
18 Jan 2016 Resignation of Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski
12 Feb 2019 Name changed from Macedonia to North Macedonia
27 Mar 2020 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Slovenia
23 Dec 1990 Referendum approves independence from Yugoslavia
25 Jun 1991 Independence declared from Yugoslavia
22 May 1992 Member of the United Nations
23 Mar 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
Lesotho
4 Oct 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
17 Oct 1966 Member of the United Nations
31 Oct 1966 Member of the Organization of African Unity
30 Jan 1970 Coup d'état by Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan
10 Feb 1970 Dethronement of King Moshoeshoe II
24 Jul 1973 State of emergency rescinded
20 Jan 1986 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan
12 Nov 1990 Dethronement of King Moshoeshoe II
2 May 1991 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Military Council Justin Metsing Lekhanya
17 Aug 1994 Dismissal of Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle
15 Jan 1996 Death of King Moshoeshoe II
29 May 1998 Resignation of Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle
20 May 2020 Resignation of Prime Minister Tom Thabane
Kosovo
1991 Independence declared from Yugoslavia (recognized only by Albania)
8 Mar 2005 Resignation of Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj
21 Jan 2006 Death of President Ibrahim Rugova
17 Feb 2008 Independence declared from Serbia (unrecognized by Serbia)
27 Sep 2010 Resignation of President Fatmir Sejdiu
30 Mar 2011 Removal from office of President Behgjet Pacolli for ineligibility
3 Feb 2020 Resignation of Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj
5 Nov 2020 Resignation of President Hashim Thaçi
Guinea-Bissau
24 Jan 1871 Assassination of Álvaro Teles Caldeira, Captain-Major of Bissau
3 Aug 1959 Pidjiguiti massacre
20 Jan 1973 Assassination of Amílcar Cabral
24 Sep 1973 Independence declared from Portugal
19 Nov 1973 Member of the Organization of African Unity
10 Sep 1974 Independence recognized by Portugal
17 Sep 1974 Member of the United Nations
7 Jul 1978 Death of Prime Minister Francisco Mendes
14 Nov 1980 Coup d'état against Chairman of the Council of State Luís Cabral
21 Jul 1986 Execution of former Defense Minister Paulo Correia
7 May 1999 Coup d'état against President João Bernardo Vieira
14 Sep 2003 Coup d'état against President Kumba Ialá and Prime Minister Mário Pires
6 Oct 2004 Murder of former Interim President Veríssimo Correia Seabra
2 Mar 2009 Assassination of President João Bernardo Vieira
9 Jan 2012 Death of President Malam Bacai Sanhá
12 Apr 2012 Coup d'état against Interim President Raimundo Pereira and Acting Prime Minister Adiato Djaló Nandigna
Latvia
22 Sep 1921 Member of the League of Nations
15 May 1934 Coup d'état by Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis
5 Aug 1940 Annexation by the Soviet Union
3 Mar 1991 Referendum approves independence from the Soviet Union
21 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
6 Sep 1991 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
20 Sep 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
Bahrain
15 Aug 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom
11 Sep 1971 Member of the League of Arab States
21 Sep 1971 Member of the United Nations
6 Mar 1999 Death of Emir Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
11 Nov 2020 Death of Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Timor-Leste
28 Nov 1975 Unilateral declaration of independence from Portugal (recognized by six other countries)
7 Dec 1975 Invaded by Indonesia
30 Aug 1999 Referendum approves independence from Indonesia
20 May 2002 Independence from United Nations administration
27 Sep 2002 Member of the United Nations
26 Jun 2006 Resignation of Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri
Mauritius
12 Mar 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
24 Apr 1968 Member of the United Nations
Aug 1968 Member of the Organization of African Unity
27 Dec 1972 Death of Governor-General Sir Leonard Williams
15 Dec 1985 Death of Governor-General Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
12 Mar 1992 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
15 Feb 2002 Resignation of President Cassam Uteem
18 Feb 2002 Resignation of Acting President Angidi Chettiar
30 Sep 2003 Resignation of Prime Minister Sir Anerood Jugnauth
31 Mar 2012 Resignation of President Sir Anerood Jugnauth
29 May 2015 Resignation of President Rajkeswur Purryag
23 Jan 2017 Resignation of Prime Minister Sir Anerood Jugnauth
23 Mar 2018 Resignation of President Ameenah Gurib-Fakim
26 Nov 2019 Resignation of Acting President Barlen Vyapoory
Cyprus
16 Aug 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom
20 Sep 1960 Member of the United Nations
13 Mar 1961 Member of the Commonwealth
15 Mar 1970 Assassination of former Defence Minister Polykarpos Giorkatzis
15 Jul 1974 Coup d'état against President Makarios III
20 Jul 1974 Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus
3 Aug 1977 Death of President Makarios III
15 Nov 1983 De jure secession of the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
24 Apr 2004 Referendum rejects the Annan Plan for the reunification of Cyprus
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union (de facto only the Republic of Cyprus-governed territory)
Estonia
22 Sep 1921 Member of the League of Nations
1 Dec 1924 Coup attempt against State Elder Friedrich Akel
12 Mar 1934 Coup d'état by Prime Minister Konstantin Päts
6 Aug 1940 Annexation by the Soviet Union
3 Mar 1991 Referendum approves independence from the Soviet Union
20 Aug 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union
6 Sep 1991 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
14 Sep 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
29 Mar 2004 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
Trinidad and Tobago
31 Aug 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
18 Sep 1962 Member of the United Nations
21 Apr 1970 State of emergency imposed by Prime Minister Eric Williams
20 Nov 1970 State of emergency rescinded
1 Aug 1973 Member of the Caribbean Community
1 Aug 1976 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
29 Mar 1981 Death of Prime Minister Eric Williams
27 Jul 1990 Coup attempt against Prime Minister A.N.R. Robinson
Eswatini
6 Sep 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
24 Sep 1968 Member of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity
12 Apr 1973 State of emergency imposed by King Sobhuza II
25 Oct 1979 Death of Prime Minister Maphevu Dlamini
21 Aug 1982 Death of King Sobhuza II
19 Apr 2018 Name changed from Swaziland to Eswatini
13 Dec 2020 Death of Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini
Fiji
10 Oct 1970 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
13 Oct 1970 Member of the United Nations
5 Aug 1971 Member of the South Pacific Forum
14 May 1987 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra
7 Oct 1987 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II and dismissal of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau
15 Oct 1987 Withdrawal from the Commonwealth
30 Sep 1997 Readmission to the Commonwealth
19 May 2000 Coup attempt against Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry
29 May 2000 Coup d'état against President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
5 Dec 2006 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase
Djibouti
1960 Death of former Vice President of the Government Council Mahamoud Harbi Farah
27 Jun 1977 Independence from France and member of the Organization of African Unity
4 Sep 1977 Member of the League of Arab States
20 Sep 1977 Member of the United Nations
Comoros
16 Mar 1970 Death of President of the Government Council Said Mohamed Cheikh
22 Dec 1974 Referendum approves independence from France
6 Jul 1975 Independence declared from France
18 Jul 1975 Member of the Organization of African Unity
3 Aug 1975 Coup d'état against President Ahmed Abdallah
12 Nov 1975 Member of the United Nations
13 May 1978 Coup d'état against President Ali Soilih
29 May 1978 Murder of former President Ali Soilih
27 Nov 1989 Assassination of President Ahmed Abdallah
20 Nov 1993 Member of the League of Arab States
29 Sep 1995 Coup d'état against President Said Mohamed Djohar
6 Nov 1998 Death of President Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
30 Apr 1999 Coup d'état against Interim President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde and Prime Minister Abbas Djoussouf
25 Mar 2008 Overthrow of Mohamed Bacar, President of Anjouan
Equatorial Guinea
15 Nov 1932 Assassination of Governor-General Gustavo de Sostoa y Sthamer
12 Oct 1968 Independence from Spain and member of the Organization of African Unity
12 Nov 1968 Member of the United Nations
Mar 1969 Assassination of former Foreign Minister Atanasio Ndongo Miyone
3 Aug 1979 Coup d'état against President Francisco Macías Nguema
29 Sep 1979 Execution of former President Francisco Macías Nguema and former Vice President Miguel Eyegue Ntutumu
Bhutan
21 Aug 1926 Death of King Ugyen Wangchuk
24 Mar 1952 Death of King Jigme Wangchuk
5 Apr 1964 Assassination of Prime Minister Jigme Palden Dorji
21 Sep 1971 Member of the United Nations
21 Jul 1972 Death of King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk
14 Dec 2006 Abdication of King Jigme Singye Wangchuk
Guyana
26 May 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
20 Sep 1966 Member of the United Nations
10 Nov 1969 Death of Governor-General Sir David Rose
23 Feb 1970 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
1 Aug 1973 Member of the Caribbean Community
14 Jul 1979 Assassination of Bernard Darke
24 Oct 1979 Assassination of Education Minister Vincent Teekah
13 Jun 1980 Assassination of Walter Rodney
26 Jun 1982 Death of former Education Minister Shirley Field-Ridley
6 Aug 1985 Death of President Forbes Burnham
6 Mar 1997 Death of President Cheddi Jagan
11 Aug 1999 Resignation of President Janet Jagan
Solomon Islands
7 Jul 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
19 Sep 1978 Member of the United Nations
16 Sep 1980 Member of the South Pacific Forum
Western Sahara
Jun 1970 Murder of Mohamed Bassiri
27 Feb 1976 Establishment of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
9 Jun 1976 Death of Chairman of the Revolutionary Council El Wali Mustafa Sayed
22 Feb 1982 Member of the Organization of African Unity
31 May 2016 Death of President Mohamed Abdelaziz
Luxembourg
23 Nov 1890 Death of Grand Duke William III and end of personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands
17 Nov 1905 Death of Grand Duke Adolphe
25 Feb 1912 Death of Grand Duke Guillaume IV
12 Oct 1915 Death of Prime Minister Paul Eyschen
15 Jan 1919 Abdication of Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde
28 Sep 1919 Referendum rejects abolition of the monarchy
16 Dec 1920 Member of the League of Nations
24 Oct 1945 Member of the United Nations
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
22 Dec 1953 Death of Prime Minister Pierre Dupong
1 Jan 1958 Member of the European Economic Community
23 Feb 1959 Death of Prime Minister Pierre Frieden
12 Nov 1964 Abdication of Grand Duchess Charlotte
7 Oct 2000 Abdication of Grand Duke Jean
10 Jul 2005 Referendum approves the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
Montenegro
13 Jul 1878 Independence affirmed by the Treaty of Berlin
1 Dec 1918 Incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
1 Mar 1992 Referendum rejects independence from Yugoslavia
21 May 2006 Referendum approves independence from Serbia and Montenegro
3 Jun 2006 Independence from Serbia and Montenegro
28 Jun 2006 Member of the United Nations
5 Jun 2017 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Suriname
4 Dec 1952 Death of Prime Minister Adriaan Alberga
25 Nov 1975 Independence from the Netherlands
4 Dec 1975 Member of the United Nations
25 Feb 1980 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Henck Arron
13 Aug 1980 Removal from office of President Johan Ferrier
4 Feb 1982 Removal from office of President Hendrick R. Chin A Sen
Dec 1982 Murder of 15 opponents of the military dictatorship
24 Dec 1990 Coup d'état against President Ramsewak Shankar and Vice President Henck Arron
4 Jul 1995 Member of the Caribbean Community
Cabo Verde
5 Jul 1975 Independence from Portugal
18 Jul 1975 Member of the Organization of African Unity
16 Sep 1975 Member of the United Nations
Brunei
10 May 1906 Death of Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam
18 May 1916 Killing of Acting British Resident Ernest Barton Maundrell
11 Sep 1924 Death of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam
4 Jun 1950 Death of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
12 Dec 1962 State of emergency imposed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin
4 Oct 1967 Abdication of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin
1 Jan 1984 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
21 Sep 1984 Member of the United Nations
Malta
23 May 1930 Assassination attempt against Prime Minister the Lord Strickland
2 Nov 1933 Dismissal of Prime Minister Sir Ugo Pasquale Mifsud
20 Dec 1950 Death of Prime Minister Enrico Mizzi
12 Feb 1956 Referendum approves union with the United Kingdom (to no effect)
26 Apr 1958 Resignation of Prime Minister Dom Mintoff
21 Sep 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
1 Dec 1964 Member of the United Nations
13 Dec 1974 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
31 Mar 1979 Final withdrawal of British forces
8 Mar 2003 Referendum approves membership of the European Union
1 May 2004 Member of the European Union
28 May 2011 Referendum approves the legalization of divorce
16 Oct 2017 Assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia
Belize
1 May 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
21 Sep 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
25 Sep 1981 Member of the United Nations
Maldives
26 Jul 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom
21 Sep 1965 Member of the United Nations
11 Nov 1968 Republic established with the dethronement of Sultan Muhammad Farid Didi
9 Jul 1982 Member of the Commonwealth
3 Nov 1988 Coup attempt against President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
7 Feb 2012 Coup d'état against President Mohamed Nasheed
13 Oct 2016 Withdrawal from the Commonwealth
1 Feb 2020 Readmission to the Commonwealth
Iceland
19 Oct 1918 Referendum approves independence from Denmark
1 Dec 1918 Independence from Denmark
23 Jun 1926 Death of Prime Minister Jón Magnússon
23 May 1944 Referendum approves abolition of the monarchy
17 Jun 1944 Republic established with the dethronement of King Christian X
19 Nov 1946 Member of the United Nations
24 Aug 1949 Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
25 Jan 1952 Death of President Sveinn Björnsson
10 Jul 1970 Death of Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson
The Bahamas
10 Jul 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
18 Sep 1973 Member of the United Nations
22 Jan 1979 Death of Governor-General Sir Milo Butler
4 Jul 1983 Member of the Caribbean Community
Vanuatu
14 Jul 1980 Member of the South Pacific Forum
30 Jul 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom and France (within the Commonwealth)
15 Sep 1981 Member of the United Nations
17 Feb 1984 Removal from office of President Ati George Sokomanu for misconduct
18 Dec 1988 Attempted installation of Barak Sopé as Prime Minister
11 May 2004 Removal from office of President Alfred Maseng for ineligibility
17 Jun 2017 Death of President Baldwin Lonsdale
Barbados
30 Nov 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
9 Dec 1966 Member of the United Nations
1 Aug 1973 Member of the Caribbean Community
9 Aug 1976 Death of Governor-General Sir Winston Scott
9 Jan 1984 Death of Governor-General Sir Deighton Lisle Ward
11 Mar 1985 Death of Prime Minister Tom Adams
1 Jun 1987 Death of Prime Minister Errol Barrow
19 Dec 1995 Death of Governor-General Dame Nita Barrow
23 Oct 2010 Death of Prime Minister David Thompson
30 Nov 2021 Republic established with the dethronement of Queen Elizabeth II
São Tomé and Príncipe
3 Feb 1953 Batepá massacre
12 Jul 1975 Independence from Portugal
18 Jul 1975 Member of the Organization of African Unity
16 Sep 1975 Member of the United Nations
15 Aug 1995 Coup attempt against President Miguel Trovoada and Prime Minister Carlos da Graça
16 Jul 2003 Coup attempt against President Fradique de Menezes and Prime Minister Maria das Neves
Samoa
10 May 1961 Referendum approves independence
1 Jan 1962 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by New Zealand
5 Apr 1963 Death of Head of State Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole
28 Aug 1970 Member of the Commonwealth
5 Aug 1971 Member of the South Pacific Forum
20 May 1975 Death of Prime Minister Fiame Mata'afa Mulinu'u II
15 Dec 1976 Member of the United Nations
4 Jul 1997 Name changed from Western Samoa to Samoa
23 Nov 1998 Resignation of Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana
11 May 2007 Death of Head of State Malietoa Tanumafili II
Saint Lucia
1 Mar 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
1 May 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
22 Feb 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
18 Sep 1979 Member of the United Nations
4 May 1981 Resignation of Prime Minister Allan Louisy
17 Jan 1982 Resignation of Prime Minister Winston Cenac
13 Dec 1982 Resignation of Governor-General Boswell Williams
2 Apr 1996 Resignation of Prime Minister John Compton
7 Sep 2007 Death of Prime Minister Sir John Compton
Grenada
8 Apr 1795 Murder of Governor Ninian Home
3 Mar 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
7 Feb 1974 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
1 May 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
17 Sep 1974 Member of the United Nations
13 Mar 1979 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Sir Eric Gairy
14 Oct 1983 Coup d'état against Prime Minister Maurice Bishop
19 Oct 1983 Execution of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and several other members of his government
25 Oct 1983 Invasion by the United States
19 Dec 1989 Death of Prime Minister Herbert A. Blaize
1 Feb 1995 Resignation of Prime Minister Nicholas Brathwaite
Kiribati
12 Jul 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
29 Aug 1979 Member of the South Pacific Forum
14 Sep 1999 Member of the United Nations
Tonga
18 Dec 1879 Death of Crown Prince and Prime Minister Tevita Unga
18 Feb 1893 Death of King George Tupou I
5 Apr 1918 Death of King George Tupou II
16 Dec 1965 Death of Queen Salote Tupou III
4 Jun 1970 Member of the Commonwealth
5 Aug 1971 Member of the South Pacific Forum
14 Sep 1999 Member of the United Nations
11 Sep 2006 Death of King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
18 Mar 2012 Death of King George Tupou V
12 Sep 2019 Death of Prime Minister 'Akilisi Pohiva
Federated States of Micronesia
10 May 1979 Autonomy within the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
29 May 1987 Member of the South Pacific Forum
22 Dec 1990 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United States
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
8 May 1997 Removal from office of President Bailey Olter for incapacity
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 Oct 1969 Associated state of the United Kingdom
1 May 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
27 Oct 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
16 Sep 1980 Member of the United Nations
27 Oct 2000 Resignation of Prime Minister Sir James Fitz-Allen Mitchell
3 Jun 2002 Death of Governor-General Sir Charles Antrobus
25 Nov 2009 Referendum rejects abolition of the monarchy
Antigua and Barbuda
7 Dec 1710 Murder of Governor Daniel Parke
27 Feb 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
4 Jul 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
1 Nov 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
11 Nov 1981 Member of the United Nations
9 Mar 1994 Resignation of Prime Minister V.C. Bird
Seychelles
29 Jun 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth and member of the Organization of African Unity
21 Sep 1976 Member of the United Nations
5 Jun 1977 Coup d'état against President James R. Mancham
25 Nov 1981 Coup attempt against President France-Albert René
Nov 1985 Assassination of opposition leader Gérard Hoarau in London
14 Apr 2004 Resignation of President France-Albert René
16 Oct 2016 Resignation of President James Michel
Marshall Islands
1 Jul 1946 First nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll
1 May 1979 Autonomy within the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
29 May 1987 Member of the South Pacific Forum
22 Dec 1990 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United States
17 Sep 1991 Member of the United Nations
20 Dec 1996 Death of President Amata Kabua
Andorra
14 Mar 1993 Referendum approves a new constitution
28 Jul 1993 Member of the United Nations
Dominica
1 Mar 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
1 May 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
27 Jul 1974 Resignation of Premier Edward Oliver LeBlanc
3 Nov 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
18 Dec 1978 Member of the United Nations
21 Jun 1979 Resignation of Prime Minister Patrick R. John
29 Jan 1980 Resignation of President Fred Degazon
1 Oct 2000 Death of Prime Minister Rosie Douglas
6 Jan 2004 Death of Prime Minister Pierre Charles
17 Sep 2012 Resignation of President Nicholas Liverpool
Saint Kitts and Nevis
27 Feb 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
26 Jul 1974 Member of the Caribbean Community
23 May 1978 Death of Premier Robert L. Bradshaw
18 May 1979 Death of Premier Paul Southwell
19 Sep 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
23 Sep 1983 Member of the United Nations
10 Aug 1998 Referendum in Nevis approves independence (to no effect due to insufficient turnout)
Liechtenstein
11 Feb 1929 Death of Prince Johann II
25 Jul 1938 Death of Prince Franz I
13 Nov 1989 Death of Prince Franz Joseph II
18 Sep 1990 Member of the United Nations
Monaco
26 Jun 1922 Death of Prince Albert I
9 May 1949 Death of Prince Louis II
14 Sep 1982 Death of Grace, Princess of Monaco
28 May 1993 Member of the United Nations
6 Apr 2005 Death of Prince Rainier III
San Marino
1 Oct 1957 Provisional government established after the failure to elect a new Regency
2 Mar 1992 Member of the United Nations
Palau
1 Jan 1981 Autonomy within the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
30 Jun 1985 Assassination of President Haruo I. Remeliik
20 Aug 1988 Suicide of President Lazarus Salii
1 Oct 1994 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United States
15 Dec 1994 Member of the United Nations
3 Sep 1995 Member of the South Pacific Forum
Tuvalu
1974 Referendum approves secession from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony
1 Oct 1975 Secession from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony
1 Oct 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth
16 Sep 1980 Member of the South Pacific Forum
Feb 1986 Referendum rejects abolition of the monarchy
5 Sep 2000 Member of the United Nations
8 Dec 2000 Death of Prime Minister Ionatana Ionatana
30 Apr 2008 Referendum rejects abolition of the monarchy
Nauru
25 Mar 1943 Execution of Administrator Frederick Royden Chalmers by Japanese occupation authorities
31 Jan 1968 Independence from a United Nations trusteeship administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
29 Nov 1968 Member of the Commonwealth
5 Aug 1971 Member of the South Pacific Forum
14 Sep 1999 Member of the United Nations
10 Mar 2003 Death of President Bernard Dowiyogo