Bartonella, Salmonella, Parvovirus B-19
Rheumatol Int. 2007 Jun;27(8):747-51. Epub 2007 Mar 31. Outcome of patients with arthritis and parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial membranes. Schmid S, Bossart W, Michel BA, Brühlmann P. Department of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloria-strasse 25, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
To investigate the follow-up of the 17 patients during the period of 1995-2001 of the outpatient Clinic for Rheumatology at the University Hospital of Zurich with arthritis and the presence of parvovirus B19 DNA demonstrated by PCR in synovial biopsies. Seventeen patients of 163 with arthritis, which were routinely examined by needle arthroscopy during 1995-2001 with a positive parvovirus B19 DNA by PCR of synovial biopsy were reevaluated. Investigations included medical history, clinical examination and blood tests.
Joint fluid was taken on patients with joint effusion. The observation period of the 17 patients (F:M = 11:6) was 2-8 years (Ø = 6.5 years). In 8 of 17 patients the arthritis could not be classified neither at entry nor during the follow up of the study.
The arthritis could be diagnosed in six patients early in the onset of the disease and included three cases of lyme arthritis of the knee joint, two cases with arthritis following a gastrointestinal infection (one with Salmonella typhimurium--positive faecal test--and the other one with a culture negative agent), one patient probably had an infection-associated arthritis after a gastrointestinal infection with Entamöeba histolytica (Schirmer et al. in Rheumatol Int 18:37-38, 1998; Kasliwal in Am J Proctol Gastroenterol Colon Rectal Surg 32:12, 16, 28, 1981; Haslock and Wright in J R Coll Phys Lond 8:1554-162, 1974; Than-Saw et al. in Trop Geogr Med 44:355-358, 1992) with remission after antibiotic therapy.
After a disease course of 9 months one patient could be classified as rheumatoid arthritis in the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated antibodies but lack of rheumatoid factor. One patient with polyarthritis developed psoriasis of the skin 22 months later. From the nine patients with unclassified arthritis 4 (45%) got into complete remission with no symptoms or signs of joint inflammation after a disease course of 9-45 months, whereas 5 (55%) still demonstrate active non erosive arthritis (disease duration between 3 and 10 years).
The presence of parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial tissue of patients with joint inflammation does not allow the diagnosis of parvovirus induced arthritis. If the arthritis remains unclassified and without erosions over time a virus associated aetiology may be assumed. However, no definitive diagnosis is possible even in the presence of parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial tissue.
Clin Med Res. 2003 Jan;1(1):5-12 Comment on: Clin Med Res. 2003 Jan;1(1):37-42. Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: west nile virus, lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Reed KD, Meece JK, Henkel JS, Shukla SK Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, USA. reed.kurt@marshfieldclinic.org
Wild birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens, either as a reservoir host or by dispersing infected arthropod vectors. In addition, bird migration provides a mechanism for the establishment of new endemic foci of disease at great distances from where an infection was acquired. Birds are central to the epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature.
The initial spread of WNV in the U.S. along the eastern seaboard coincided with a major bird migration corridor. The subsequent rapid movement of the virus inland could have been facilitated by the elliptical migration routes used by many songbirds. A number of bird species can be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, but most are not competent to transmit the infection to Ixodes ticks. The major role birds play in the geographic expansion of Lyme disease is as dispersers of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks.
Aquatic waterfowl are asymptomatic carriers of essentially all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combinations of influenza A virus. Avian influenza strains do not usually replicate well in humans, but they can undergo genetic reassortment with human strains that co-infect pigs. This can result in new strains with a marked increase in virulence for humans. Wild birds can acquire enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., by feeding on raw sewage and garbage, and can spread these agents to humans directly or by contaminating commercial poultry operations.
Conversely, wild birds can acquire drug-resistant enteropathogens from farms and spread these strains along migration routes. Birds contribute to the global spread of emerging infectious diseases in a manner analogous to humans traveling on aircraft. A better understanding of avian migration patterns and infectious diseases of birds would be useful in helping to predict future outbreaks of infections due to emerging zoonotic pathogens.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002 Jul;25(4):229-36. Investigation of Bartonella infection in ixodid ticks from California. Chang CC, Hayashidani H, Pusterla N, Kasten RW, Madigan JE, Chomel BB. Department of Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
A total of 1253 ixodid ticks (254 tick pools) collected between the end of 1995 and the spring of 1997 from six California counties (El Dorado, Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Cruz, Shasta and Sonoma) were examined for the presence of Bartonella DNA by PCR of the citrate synthase gene. Of 1,119 adult Ixodes pacificus ticks tested, 26 (11.6%) of 224 pools, each containing five ticks, were positive (minimum percentage of ticks harboring detectable Bartonella DNA, 2.3%).
Bartonella PCR-positive ticks were identified in five counties but none of the ticks from Los Angeles County was positive. Among 47 nymphal I. pacificus ticks collected in Sonoma County, one (10%) positive pool out of 10 pools was identified (minimum percentage of ticks harboring detectable Bartonella DNA, 2.1%). Among the 54 Dermacentor occidentalis grouped in 12 pools from Orange County, one pool (8.3%) was PCR positive for Bartonella and similarly one pool (14.3%) was positive among the 30 Dermacentor variabilis ticks grouped in seven pools.
None of the three D. occidentalis from El Dorado County were positive. None of the nine tick pools positive for Ehrlichia phagocytophila were positive for Bartonella. Following our previous findings of Bartonella PCR-positive adult I. pacificus ticks in central coastal California, this is the first preliminary report of the presence of Bartonella DNA in I. pacificus nymphs and in Dermacentor sp. ticks. Distribution of Bartonella among ixodid ticks appears widespread in California. PMID: 12135237 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Infect Dis. 1998 Feb;177(2):409-16. Cosegregation of a novel Bartonella species with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti in Peromyscus leucopus. Hofmeister EK, Kolbert CP, Abdulkarim AS, Magera JM, Hopkins MK, Uhl JR, Ambyaye A, Telford SR 3rd, Cockerill FR 3rd, Persing DH. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Hofmeister.Erik@Mayo.edu
During surveillance for various tickborne pathogens in the upper Midwest during the summer and early fall of 1995, a Bartonella-like agent was detected in the blood of mice that were concurrently infected with Borrelia burgdorferi or Babesia microti (or both). The organism was isolated in pure culture after inoculation of blood from wild-caught mice into C.B-17 scid/scid mice.
Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and the citrate synthase genes showed that the novel Bartonella species and a Bartonella isolate from a mouse captured on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, were closely related to each other and secondarily related to Bartonella grahamii and Bartonella vinsonii. Further analysis of Peromyscus leucopus blood and tissue samples demonstrated that the novel Bartonella species was exclusively found in conjunction with B. burgdorferi and B. microti. Patent coinfection with these agents may be relatively frequent in naturally infected mice. PMID: 9466529 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Immunol. 2001 Jan 1;166(1):473-80. Borrelia burgdorferi and other bacterial products induce expression and release of the urokinase receptor (CD87). Coleman JL, Gebbia JA, Benach JL. State of New York Department of Health, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5120, USA. jcoleman@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87) is a highly glycosylated 55- to 60-kDa protein anchored to the cell membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety that promotes the acquisition of plasmin on the surface of cells and subsequent cell movement and migration by binding urokinase-type plasminogen activator. uPAR also occurs in a soluble form in body fluids and tumor extracts, and both membrane and soluble uPAR are overexpressed in patients with tumors. uPAR may be a factor in inflammatory disorders as well.
We investigated whether Borrelia burgdorferi could stimulate up-regulation of cell membrane uPAR in vitro. B. burgdorferi, purified native outer surface protein A, and a synthetic outer surface protein A hexalipopeptide stimulated human monocytes to up-regulate membrane uPAR as measured by immunofluorescence/FACS and Western blot. The presence of soluble uPAR in culture supernatants, measured by Ag capture ELISA, was also observed. LPS from Salmonella typhimurium and lipotechoic acid from Streptococcus pyogenes also induced the up-regulation of both membrane and soluble uPAR protein by monocytes.
Up-regulation of uPAR was induced by conditioned medium from B. burgdorferi/monocyte cocultures. The up-regulation of uPAR by B. burgdorferi was concomitant with an increase in uPAR mRNA, indicating that synthesis was de novo. The expression and release of uPAR in response to B. burgdorferi and other bacterial components suggests a role in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease as well as in other bacterial infections.