Reciting the Pledge of Allegiance is meant to bring Americans together. The conclusion of the Pledge, “with liberty and justice for all,” refers to two important American principles: the right to personal freedom and the right to be treated fairly.

“Under God” was added in 1954, during America’s Cold War with the Soviet Union. This addition was meant to signify that, unlike the Soviet Union, America was a religious nation. To many people, this addition makes sense. Historically, America has primarily been a nation of religious people. However, many Americans choose to not follow any religion, and many do not believe in God. Does the “liberty” promised at the end of the Pledge mean that all Americans, including those who choose to not follow any religion, should be free to say the Pledge without saying something they don’t believe?

This circle graph shows the results of an AP-Ipsos Public Affairs poll of American adults.

Option 1: 

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Most Americans wanted “under God” removed from the Pledge.

B. Most Americans had no opinion.

C. There were 7 Americans who wanted to keep “under God” for every one American who wanted it removed.

D. There were 9 Americans who wanted to keep “under God” for every one American who wanted it removed.

Option 2: 

Three Americans have been selected at random. Based on the poll above, what is the probability that all three are in favor of keeping “under God” in the Pledge?