This chronology provides the initial works done by poets (or publishers) and the ¤rst developments in particular areas of digital poetry. Many (but not all) of these events are discussed in the following chapters. As a record of advancements that occurred within the genre, this document aims to be encompassing and inclusive though not complete. Every work by every artist is not highlighted, and undoubtedly more works will be brought to my attention upon the publication of this book.
1959
• First programs of computer poems, “Stochastische Texte” (a text generator ) by Theo Lutz
1960
• Oulipo founded
• Brion Gysin’s permutation poem “I am that I am” programmed by Ian Somerville
1961
• Nanni Balestrini’s “Tape Mark I” created with code and punched cards on an IBM 7070
• Rul Gunzenhäuser, “Weinachtgedicht” (automatic poems)
1962
• “Auto-Beatnik” (Time, May 25)
1963
• Balestrini, “Tape Mark II”
• Clair Philippy, five poems published in Electronic Age (“blank verse at the rate of 150 words a minute”)
1964
• Jean Baudot, La machine a écrire (text generator)
• Phillipy creates strophes using a vocabulary with one hundred words with the assistance of computer
• L. Couffignal and A. Ducrocq create “Un doute agréable couleur de lotus endormi . . . ,” an imitation surrealist poem created on Calliope hardware system
1965
• Emmett Williams uses 101 most used words from Dante’s Divine Comedy to create “Music,” a computer poem
• Lionel Kearns, “Birth of God/uniVerse” (visual poem)
1966
• Williams, “The IBM Poem”
• Gerhard Stickel, “Autopoeme,” “Monte-Carlo-Texte”
1967
• Baudot, “Rephrase”
1968
• “The Computer and the Arts” exhibition, Institute of Contemporary Art, London
• E. M. de Melo e Castro, Roda Lume (videopoem)
• Alison Knowles and James Tenney, “A House of Dust”
• Tenney, “Hank and Mary, a love story, a chorale”
• Douglas Englebart, “Augment”
1969
• Jackson Mac Low, “PFR-3 Poems”
• Svante Bodin, “Transition to Majorana Space” xx / Chronology
1970
• Alan Sondheim, “4320”
• Carl Fernbach-Flarsheim, The Boolean Image/Conceptual Typewriter
• Dick Higgins, Computers for the Arts
1971
• Louis Milic, “Returner”
• Gerrit Krol: APPI: Automatic Poetry by Pointed Information
• Waldemar Cordeiro, “Arteônica” (exhibit of computer art)
1972
• Aaron Marcus, “The City Sleeps but Someone Is Watching”
• Erthos Albino de Souza, “Le tombeau de Mallarmé”
1973
• Richard W. Bailey edits Computer Poems anthology
1974
• rjs, Energy Crisis Poems
1975
• Richard Kostelanetz, 3 Prose Pieces (video)
• “Europalia” event in Brussels
• Albino de Souza, “Ninho de Metralhadoras”
• Cordeiro, “Gente”
1976
• Angel Carmona, “Poemas V2: Poesía compuesta por una computadora”
1979
• Philippe Bootz, combinatory poems on minicomputer
• Sondheim, “TI59 Poems,” “Iceland” (generators)
• Csaba Tubak, “Electronic Game and Tool for Writers”
1980
• Jean-Pierre Balpe, “Poèmes d’amour”
• Robert Adrian founds ARTEX Chronology / xxi
1981
• Silvestre Pestana, “Povo-Ovo”
• Charles O. Hartman, poetry composer (the Scansion Machine)
1982
• Eduardo Kac, “Não” (animated poem)
• A.L.A.M.O. (workshop of mathematics and computer-assisted literature)
• Roger Laufer and Michel Bret, Deux mots
• Julio Plaza, “luzazul”
• Augusto de Campos, “pluvial . . . ®uvial”
• Alice Ruiz, “acende apaga . . . apaga acende . . . vagalume”
1983
• Kac, “Holopoems”
• John Cayley, “wine ®ying”
1984
• Hugh Kenner and Joseph O’Rourke, TRAVESTY software
• Swift Current (online magazine)
• bpNichol, First Screening (animated poems in Apple BASIC)
• THE ALCHEMIST (diskette magazine)
1985
• Les Immatériaux (A.L.A.M.O.) exhibit at Pompidou Center, Paris
• John Cage, “Mesostics” (published on the WELL)
• Art Access, online (Minitel) publication, France
• Fred Truck, Art Com Electronic Network on the WELL
• Lenora de Barros, “Entes . . . Entes . . . ”
• Kostelanetz, Antitheses
• Joao Coehlo, Universo
1986
• Bootz, telematic poems, “Metamorphose”
• Michael Newman, The Poetry Processor
• Geof Huth, “Inchworms” (Apple BASIC)
• Harry Polkinhorn, Bridges of Skin Money (visual poems)
• Robert Pinsky, “Mindwheel” xxii / Chronology
• Enzo Minarelli, “Volto Pagina” (video) • Kac, Tesão (videotext)
1987
• mIEKAL aND, Zaum Gadget, PataLiterator
• Xexoxial Endarchy, Internalational Dictionary of Neologisms (HyperCard version)
• Huth founds dbqp press • Judith Kerman, Interactive Poem Demo Animated Picture Poems
• Albertus Marques, Chuva
1988
• Jim Rosenberg, Intergrams
• Cayley, “wine ®ying” converted to diskette
• Your Personal Poet, Computer Poet Corporation (generator)
• Andrew Stone, Haiku Master
• William Dickey, HyperCard poems
• Louis Crew, Poetease (program)
1989
• Alire produced on diskette (multiple authors)
• Melo e Castro, Signagens (digital videopoems)
• Hartman, DIASTEXT
• Rod Willmot, “Everglade” (hypertext poem published by Hyperion SoftWord)
• Clemente Padín, “AIRE” (video)
1990
• André Vallias, “Nous n’avons pas compris Descartes”
• Robert Kendall, kinetic poems created for DOS
• Jim Andrews, And Yet magazine
• Minarelli, Polypoesia
1991
• Cayley’s Indra’s Net (HyperCard)
• AWOPBOP founded (University at Albany)
• “PoetryStar” (instructional program, Chatfield Software)
• Dickey, “Heresy”
1992
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
1993
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
1994
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
1995
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”
• Dickey, “Heresy”