Projects

About the Project

           Required for students who signed for the course at the 500 level.   
          Work out the details of a full scientific paper (or theme)
          Some suggested topic are provided below

Deadlines

           Abstract submission:        May 11th, 2024
                                                                  ABSTRACT     +   tentative TABLE of CONTENTS
                                                                  Send it to andres@pdx.edu 

           Presentation  (Optional) :    Starts on May 28th, 2024
            Write-up due on:                June 14th, 2024
                                                                  Electronic submission  andres@pdx.edu

Examples of write-up report and presentation   

           Bernard Landon                  Presentation on  Super lenses 

           Eli Cabeli                                 Journal quality report on  Classical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency 

           Bernard Landon                  Journal quality  Report on  Super lenses 

   John_Drew                              Report  on Classical and Quantum Approach to Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

Suggested Topics

Beam Splitters/ Mach Zender Interferometer                     

• •  Zeilinger   General properties of lossless beam splitters in interferometry (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281981%29%20Zeilinger%20General%20properties%20of%20lossless%20beam%20splitters%20i                          

  • Z. Y. Ou and L. Mandel Derivation of reciprocity relations for a beam splitter from energy balance (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281989%29%20EXCELLENT%20%20- %20%20MANDL%20Derivation%20of%20reciprocity%20relations%20for%20a%20beam%20splitter%20from%20energy%20balance.pdf ) 

Spontaneous parametric down conversion             

• • Fanto, Erdmann, Alsing, Peters and Galvez  Multipli-entangled photons from a spontaneous parametric downconversion source (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282011%29%20TypeI%20andII%20downconversion___GALVEZ_%20%20Multiple-entangled%20Photon%20SPDC%20source.pdf)         

Interference using Single Photons                            

• • Single Photon Interference (setting of the problem (http://singlephoton.wikidot.com/single-photon-interference)                         

  •   P. Grangier, G. Roger and A. Aspect  Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281986%29_ASPECT%20MachZender_A%20New%20Light%20on%20SINGLE%20PHOTON%20Inter (It addresses the concept of              "single photon state".)                           

  • D. F. Walls A simple field theoretic description of photon interference (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281977%29 WALLSA%20simple%20field%20theoretic%20description%20of%20photon%20interference.pdf)  

  •  Dirac points out that the interference between the two beams does not arise because photons of one beam sometimes annihilate photons from the other and sometimes combine to produce four photons. “This would contradict the conservation of energy. The new theory which connects the wave functions with probabilities for one photon gets over the difficulty by making each photon go partially into each of the two components. Each photon then interferes only with itself. Interference between two different photons never occurs.”                          

  • T. Hellmuth, H. Walther, A. Zajonc, and W. Schleich Delayed-choice experiments in quantum interference (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281987%29MachZehnder_PHYSICAL-ReVIEW%20Delayed-choice%20experiments%20in%20quantum%20interference.pdf )     "The light ideal for single photon interference experiments is antibunched light.                         

  • H. Paul Photon Antibunching (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281982%29%20H-Paul_Photon%20antibunching-Part-1.pdf)  (pages 1061 to 1101). Page 1102 (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281982%29%20HPaul_Photon%20antibunching-Part-2.pdf)                  

Electromagnetic/Mechanical Induced Transparency  

• • •  Stephen E. Harris; Electromagenetically Induced Transparency   Physics Today,         

    • Garrido, Martinez, Nussenzveig; Classical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency 

    • John_Drew (report) Classical and Quantum Approach to Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

    • A. J. Olson and S. K. Mayer; Electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium (2008)

    • H. Xiong and Y. Wu Optomechanically Induced Transparency 

    • P. R. Hemmer and M. G. Prentiss  Coupled-Pendulum Model of the  Stimulated Raman Effect (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281988%29_Coupledpendulum%20model%20of%20the%20stimulated%20resonance_Raman_effect.pdf )    

• C. H. Holbrow, E. Galvez, and M. E. Parks Photon quantum mechanics and beam splitters (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282002%29%20Galvez%20%20Photon%20quantum%20mechanics%20and%20beam%20splitters.                         

• Valerio Scarani, and Antoine Suarez Introducing quantum mechanics: One-particle interferences (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281998%29MachZehnder_Introducing%20quantum%20mechanics-%20One-particle%20interferences.pdf )                  

Miltiparticle interferometry                        

•  D. Greenberger, M. Horne, A. Zeilinger Multiparticle Interferometery and the Principle of   Superposition (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281993%29%20Zeilinger%20Multiparticle%20Interferometer%20and%20the%20Superposition%2   

(Andres' notes on Multipartcle Interference           (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/NOTES%20Multiparticle%20interference_0.pdf )  )                                      

• R. Ghosh and L. Mandel. Observation of Nonclassical Effects in the Interference of Two photons (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281987%29%20Observation%20of%20Nonclassical%20Effects%20in%20the%20Interference%20c      

Plasmons in Nanostructures
Diffraction places a fundamental limit on the smallest scales at which light can be controlled. nanoparticles arrays are candidates
              to circumvents  the barrier.

Chain of particles plasmonic antennas

• Niek F. van Hulst, "Light in chains (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/Opti cs__Light_in_Chains_%20Plasmons_%281%29.pdf) ", Nature 448, 141 (2007). 

• Rene´ de Waele, A. Femius Koenderink, and Albert Polman, “Tunable Nanoscale Localization of Energy on Plasmon Particle Arrays (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/Opti cs_Chain_of_particles_anthena_Localization_of_energy_plasmon_pa ,” Nano Letters 7, 2004 (2007). 

These antennas take advantage of the fact that:
- Light becomes coupled to the ‘plasma’ of free electrons at the surfaces of any metal.
- Are generally accepted as the best way to get round the limitation imposed by diffraction and so convert light into nanoscale-localized energy.
- Plasmon coupling and interference can be engineered to optimize photon energy transport  and localization. 

Plasmons in Nanowires 

• A.V.Akimov et al , "Generation of single optical plasmons in metallic nano wires coupled to quantum dots (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/Single_optical_plasmons_in_metallic_nanowirescoupled_to_QD_NATURE- 2007_%281%29.pdf) ," Nature 450, 402 (2007).
  Sub-wavelength confinement of optical fields near metallic nano-structures. When a single CdSe quantum dot is optically excited in close proximity to a silver nanowire, emission from the quantum dot couples directly to guided surface plasmons in the nanowire, causing the wire’s ends to light up.

• Single photon transitors
  Darrick E. Chang et al, "Single-photon_transistor using nanoscale surface plasmons," Nature Physics 3, 807 ( 2007)
  www.nature.com/naturephysics

Other Cluster Topics

1) Classical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency 

(https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282002%29__Classical_analog_of_EMinduced_transparency.pdf) 

C. L. Garrido Alzar, M. A. G. Martinez, P. Nussenzveiga Am. J. Phys. 70, 37 (2002) (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282002%29_Classical_analog_of_EMinduced_transparency_0.pdf) 

"We present a classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency EIT. In a system of just two coupled harmonic oscillators subject to a harmonic driving force, we reproduce the phenomenology observed in EIT. We also describe a simple experiment with two linearly coupledRLC circuits which can be incorporated into an undergraduate laboratory." 

Optomechanically Induced Transparency (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282018%29_Part-1--OPTOMECHANILALLY_INDUCED_TRANSPARENCY_PRINT_0.pdf) Part-1 (

 (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282018%29Part-4-- OPTOMECHANILALLY_INDUCED_TRANSPARENCY_PRINT.pdf) 

H. Xiong and Y. Wu; Applied Physics Reviews 5, 031305 (2018) Additional references: Stark effect in Rapidly Varying Fields (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281955%29_Starkeffect_in_Rapidly_Varying_fields.pdf) 

Metamaterials and Electromagnetic Induced Transparency (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282009%29_MetamaterialInduced_Transparency___Fano-resonance_and%20slow%20light_2.pdf) 

Previous reports from students who worked on this topic:  

 Eli Cabely, "Review of Classical Analog of em Induced Transparency " Report (2011) (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/2011_%20Eli_Cabeli_REPORT__Classical_analog_of_Electromagnetically% 

 Notice, Eli's work concentrated on the circuit analogy. 

John Drew, A Classical and Quantum Approach to EIT (2012) (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282012%29_John_Drew_Classical_and_Quantum_Approach_to%20_Elec 

 Notice, John's work concentrated on the mechanical oscillator analogy. 

2) 

(https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282002%29_Classical_analog_of_EMinduced_transparency_0.pdf ) 

Coupled-Pendulum Model of the  Estimulated Raman Effect (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281988%29_Coupledpendulum%20model%20of%20the%20stimulated%20resonance_Raman_effect.pdf) 

P. R. Hemmer and M. G. Prentiss J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 5, 1613 (1988) A set of three classical coupled pendulums is used to model the stimulated resonance Raman interaction. This model provides a simple, intuitive, physical description of the resonance Raman process and can also be used to interpret experimental observations, including the dynamics of Raman-induced transparency, the physical nature of Ramsey fringes in separated-field excitation, and the effects of off-resonant laser excitation. The model has also been extended to suggest what might be observed for strong laser fields. Metamaterial-Induced Transparency.  Sharp Fano Resonance and Slow Light (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282009%29_MetamaterialInduced_Transparency___Fano-resonance_and%20slow%20lightPRINT_0.pdf) By Nikitas Papasimakis and Nikolay I. Zheludev OPN 20 23 (2009) Inspired by the study of atomic resonances, researchers have developed a new type of metamaterial. Their work paves the way toward compact delay lines and slow-light devices 

3) TRACKING INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES with NANOMETER PRECISION 

The image-size of an individual particle is limitted by diffraction. However, the center of the image can be determined arbitrarily precisely, given a sufficient number of photons (N) in the spot to overcome the noise present in the analytical system (CCD camera). Thus, calculation of the centroid of the images of individual fluorescent particles and molecules allows localization and tracking in light microscopes to a precision about an order of magnitude greater than the microscope resolution. This project focuses in describing in more detail the first two papers listed below. 

R. E. Thompson, D. R. Larson, and W. W. Webb, "Precise Nanometer Localization Analysis for individual Fluorescent Probes," Biophysical Journal 82 , 2775 (2002) (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/Optics_project_Thompsom_Precise_nanometer_localization_WEBB2002.pdf) 

S. T. Hess, T. P.K. Girirajan, M. D. Mason, "Ultra-High Resolution Imaging by Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy," Biophysical Journal 91, 4258 (2006). (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/Optics_project_PALM_Hess-biophysicalJournal-2006.pdf) 

Precise Nanometer Localization Analysis for individual Fluorescent Probes (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/Optics_project_Thompsom_Precise_nanometer_localization_WEBB2002.pdf) 

X. Qu, D. Wu, Laurens Mets, and N. F. Scherer, "Nanometer-localized multiple single-molecule      

• fluorescence microscopy," PNAS 101, 11298 (2004).       In this paper, nanometer accuracy has been demonstrated for two to five single      molecules within a diffraction-limited area. The techniques is identified as NALMS  microscopy. 

Benjamin Smith, PSU student, "Localization of particles with nanometer precision," Report2011. 

5) FLUORESCENCE NANOSCOPY 

PUSHING THE RESOLUTION-LIMITS of CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL MICROSCOPY Background. Conventional Optical microscopy would be the preferred tool for characterizing biological dynamic events with nanometer spatial resolution given its simple use, relatively low cost, and, quite important, non-invasive character. Unfortunately, diffraction effects prevent conventional optical microscopy from providing spatial lateral resolution better than λ/2 (where λ~ 500 nm is the wavelength of the radiation used) as enunciated by Ernst Abbe in 1873.

 A key aspect to overcome this limitation is to reduce the number of fluorescently labeled molecules that are excited simultaneously. Here we mention two methods that have been very successful:

 a) Reducing the radius of the diffraction limited spot (exploiting non linear effects), “ the  effective size of the exciting beam is reduced by stimulated emission depletion (STED), in  which a doughnut-shaped quenching beam is wrapped around the excitation spot. The  result is akin to sharpening a pencil to draw finer lines. By scanning the “sharpened” spot  over the sample, an image is built pixel by pixel, with a resolution currently down to 20  nm.” [Ref 1,  cited below]. 

b) Turning on a random subset of widely separated fluorophores, identifying their location with nanometer precision, and then turning them of; this cycle is repeated until a desired  resolution has been achieved. In this second approach, “microscopy techniques (termed  PALM and STORM) take advantage of molecules that can be turned on and off with different  light sources.

•  Using low activation intensity, a small and random subset of molecules in the field of view is activated. 

• Next, a conventional image is taken, in which activated emitters appear as sparse spots. 

• The molecules are then deactivated through photobleaching or by switching back to their off state. Each spot has a diffraction-limited extension of ~ λ/2, but its center can be localized with much higher accuracy , in practice down to 10 to 40 nm. 

By repeating the activation-imaging-deactivation cycle many times, a composite image  made up of the positions of all individual molecules is created, much like in a  pointillist painting."  [Ref 1]

 F. Pinaud and M. Dahan, “Zooming Into Live Cells,” Science 320, 187 (2008).

 5.1) Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) 

S. Weiss, “Shattering the diffraction limit of light,” PNAS 97, 8747 (2000) Stefan Hell, "Towards Fluorescence Nanoscopy" By Stefan Hell. Nature Biotechnology Vol 21, 1347 (2003). The paper includes: the concept of resolution, the principle of breaking the diffraction barrier, estimultaed emission depletion microscopy. A disadvantage of STED is the requirement of intense pico-second pulses, which induces photo-bleaching of the dye, although current development include success using low power sources. 

5.2) Photoactivatable Fluorophores  

J. Lippincott-Schwartz and G. H. Patterson,“Development and Use of Fluorescent Protein Marker in Living Cells (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282003%29_Development_and_use_of__Fluorescent_Protein_Markers_R ,” Science 300, 87 (2003). 

This is a review on the use of fluorescence markers for visualizing, tracking motion, and quantification of events in living cells. The last section of the article focuses on the photo-modulatable fluorescence proteins.

 Quote from the paper: "These type of fluorophore proteins display little initial fluorescence under excitation at the imaging wavelength but increase their fluorescence after activation by irradiation at a different wavelength. Three molecules—PAGFP , Kaede, and KFP1—have been shown to display 30-fold increases in fluorescence after photoactivation. PA-GFP) exhibits up to 100-fold increases in fluorescence excitation at 488 nm when illuminated with 413-nm light. Although Kaede displays the largest contrast between preand postphotoactivation (2000- fold) and is therefore the best choice for marking single cells within a population, both it and KFP1 self-associate to form tetramers. This makes them problematic as fusion tags. their lifetime are being observed tags, unlike the A victoria– derived PAGFP whose self-association is weak and which can be used as a reliable protein reporter Potoactivation of KFP1 with light of 532 nm  is likely to be less harmful to cells than the near-ultraviolet light of 400 nm required to photoactivate PAGFP and Kaede." 

6) STRUCTURED-ILLUMINATION MICROSCOPY 

The key in SIM is the detection of the (low) beat frequencies (the latter produced between the reference structured-illumination frequency and the sample's high-frequency components), which can then be deconvoluted to obtain the sample's spatial high-frequency components. M. G. L. Gustafsson, D. A. Agard, J. W. Sedat, " I5M:3D wide field light microscopy with better than 100 nm axial resolution" Journal of Microscopy, Vol.195, 10 (1999). 

"Seven fold improved axial resolution has been achieved in three-dimensional wide field fluorescence microscopy, using a novel interferometric technique in which the sample is observed and/or illuminated from both sides simultaneously using two opposing objective lenses. Separate interference effects in the excitation light and the emitted light give access to higher resolution axial information about the sample than can be reached by conventional wide field or confocal microscopes." 

Mats G. L. Gustafsson, "Nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy: Wide-field fluorescence imaging with theoretically unlimited resolution," PNAS vol. 102, 13081 (2005) 

7)  https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282002%29_Classical_analog_of_EMinduced_transparency_0.pdf) OPTICAL PARAMETRIC DOWNCONVERSION (OPD) 

There are two ways, referred to as type I and type II, of downcoversion process. In type I the downconverted photons propagate with the same polarization. That is, both photons are extraordinary rays (e rays), or both photons are ordinary rays (o rays), and the pump polarization is orthogonal to the downconverted photons. In type II, the downconverted photons propagate with opposite polarizations; that is, one photon is an e ray and the other photon is an o ray 

Type-I and Type-II: 

M. L. Fanto, R. K. Erdmann, P. M. Alsing, C. J. Peters and E. J. Galvez. Multipli-entangled photons from a spontaneous parametric downconversion source downconversion source (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%282011%29%20TypeI%20andII%20downconversion___GALVEZ_%20%20Multiple-entangled%20Photon%20SPDC%20source.pdf). Proc. of SPIE 8057, 805705-1 (In "Quantum Information and Computation IX", edited by Eric Donkor, Andrew R. Pirich, Howard E. Brandt) 2011. 

Type-I A. Migdall. Polarization directions of noncolinear phase mathced optical parametric downconversion output. (https://www.pdx.edu/nanogroup/sites/www.pdx.edu.nanogroup/files/%281997%29%20TypeI%20%20Polarization%20directions%20of%20noncolinear%20phase%20mathced%20optical%20parametric%20downconversion%20output.pdf)   J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 1093-1098  (1997).