Academic Motivation: a student's choice of what activity to engage in, leth level of effort given during the engagement, persistence in completing the task, and emotional reactions to the academic endeavour (Zimmerman, 2000).
On-task behaviour: when students are performing the assigned activity in a focused manner while following the rules or expectations of the classroom (Burgoyne and Ketcham, 2015)
Self-Efficacy : The belief that an individual has that they are able to accomplish a desired outcome based on their execution of a particular behaviour (Bandura, 1977)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): neurobehavioural disorder that includes significant academic and sensory motor problems, some of which typically comes in the form of difficulty sitting and paying attention (Schiling, Washington, Billinglsey, and Dietz, 2003)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): developmental disorder that causes children to have varying behaviours and developmental levels. Some have difficulty with engagement, attention, and appropriate behaviour (Schilling and Schwartz, 2004)
Disruptive Behaviour: when a student is not performing an assigned task and exhibits behaviours that may disrupt the learning of others. Disruptive behaviours include; behaviour such as talking out inappropriately, touching others without permission, etc. (Bicard et al., 2012)
Alternative Seating: refers to various forms of seating other than traditional desk and chair. Alternative seating allows for movement and flexibility. It allows students to change positions, rock, and/or roll (California Department of Education: School Facilities and Transportation Services Division, 2016)
Stationary Movement Devices (SMD's): seating options that include therapy balls, cushions, stationary bicycles etc. These devices allow students to move (to varying degrees) while they are learning (Fedwa et. al., 2011)
Therapy Balls: Therapy balls are inflatable balls that were originally designed for and used as a strength training device to improve core strength and balance (Tunstall, 2009)
Therapy Cushions: inflatable discs that were originally designed and used as a strength training devices aimed at aiding core strength and balance. (similar to a therapy ball) (Umeda and Deitz, 2011)