• Decrease in lung elasticity thus less lung capacity
• Decrease in number of alveoli (air sacs)
• Increase in size of alveoli
• Increase in diameter of alveolar ducts and bronchioles
• Decreased cilia lining in the respiratory tract
• Hypotonia (decreased respiratory muscle strength)
• Calcification of costal cartilages (rib, white elastic substance attached to bone)
• Increase in chest diameter

Potential Resulting Conditions

• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
• Pneumonia

• Any sudden or unexplained change in the individual should be investigated medically
• Changes in lung capacity can occur
• Decreased gas exchange may occur
• Decreased oxygen saturation level may be reported
• Decreased exercise tolerance may be observed
• Decreased cough reflex may occur
• Increased potential for airway obstruction may occur
• Increased risk of aspiration may occur
• Increased risk of respiratory infections may be noted/reported
• Obstructive sleep apnea may occur
• Pain may be reported/observed