The Dewey Decimal system is a number-based system that we use for organizing books into categories. Dewey is broken down into ten mail categories, and each of those is broken into ten, and so on. The chart below will give you an overview of what's in each category.
The more specific your number gets (say, 973.775 instead of 900), the more specific your topic is:
900 is History & Geography
970 is History of North America
973 is the United States
973.7 is the American Civil War
973.77 is Civil War Hospitals, Charities, and Prisons
973.775 is the book Women doctors and nurses of the Civil War.
For a complete list (to the ones place) of Dewey categories, visit OCLC's Dewey Summaries page.